A 


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LATIN  LESSONS 


ADAPTED  TO 


ALLEN  AND  GREENOTJGH’S  LATIN  GRAMMAR 


PREPARED  BY 


A 

R.  F.  LEIGHTON,  Ph.  D. 


REVISED  EDITION. 


BOSTON 

PUBLISHED  BY  GINN  AND  HEATH. 

1879. 

BOSTON  COLLEGE  LIBRARY 
CHESTNUT  HILL,  MASS. 


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Q  5  ft'f 

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Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1876,  by 

R.  F.  LEIGHTON, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


University  Press  :  John  Wilson  &  Son, 
Cambridge. 


PREFACE 

TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


Before  the  printing  of  this  edition,  I  have  carefully  revised 
the  Lessons.  They  have  been  considerably  simplified,  more 
carefully  graded,  and  the  more  difficult  sentences  entirely 
omitted.  This  has  given  space  to  increase  correspondingly  the 
Exercises  to  he  translated  into  Latin.  Definite  directions  in 
regard  to  the  amount  of  the  grammar  to  be  learned  have  been 
given  under  each  Lesson.  An  effort  has  also  been  made  to 
give  the  pupil  a  clear  idea  of  the  noun-stem,  verb-stem,  and 
present-stem,  and  some  insight  how  words  are  built  up  from 
roots  and  stems  by  means  of  significant  endings.  The  references 
to  Section  9  of  the  Grammar,  explaining  the  simpler  changes 
and  combinations  of  the  letters,  have  been  largely  increased. 
The  quantity  of  each  syllable  has  been  marked,  except  when 
the  rules  referred  to  apply.  The  Latin-English  Vocabulary 
has  been  prepared  by  Professor  R.  F.  Pennell,  and  will  be 
found,  it  is  believed,  admirably  suited  to  its  purpose :  he  has 
also  taken  charge  of  the  correction  and  revision  of  the  proof. 


Leipzig,  Ger.,  April,  1876. 


II 


1  n *  l 

a  U 


R.  F.  L. 


PBEFACE. 


This  book  has  been  prepared  to  accompany  Allen  and 
Greenough’s  Latin  Grammar.  In  addition  to  exercises  for 
elementary  drill,  going  systematically  over  the  entire  ground 
of  the  Etymology  and  Syntax,  it  aims  to  furnish  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  interesting  reading  matter,  on  subjects  suited  to 
the  capacity  of  the  pupil,  to  prepare  him  to  read  the  usual 
Latin  authors  with  ease  and  profit ;  while  the  Notes  are  de¬ 
signed  to  supply  all  necessary  information  on  the  subjects  of 
synonym.es,  ancient  geography,  Roman  history,  and  antiqui¬ 
ties.  Questions  for  examination  and  review,  with  vocabularies, 
complete  the  volume. 

Much  care  and  study  have  been  spent  on  the  order  and 
arrangement  of  the  Lessons,  especially  in  the  earlier  part, 
aiming  mainly  at  these  two  things,  —  first,  to  introduce,  very 
early  in  the  course,  a  comparison  of  the  simpler  verb-forms , 
which  are  easier  than  nouns,  and  open  the  way  to  a  much 
larger  range  of  expression;  and  secondly,  to  give  not  bare 
words  and  their  inflections,  but  sentences  from  the  start , 
both  questions  and  answers,  in  natural  and  easy  succession. 
The  first  associations  with  any  language,  especially  when 
learned  by  the  young,  ought  to  be  such  as  make  it  as  nearly 
as  possible  like  a  living  tongue ;  the  scientific  study  of  it 
should  follow,  not  go  before,  some  familiar  elementary  knowl¬ 
edge  of  what  it  is  in  actual  speech.  Teachers  who  use  this 


VI 


PREFACE. 


book  may  find  it  desirable,  further,  to  save  the  learner  from 
those  mistakes  which  often  cling  in  the  memory  long  after 
the  correction  of  them  has  been  forgotten,  by  reading  the  les¬ 
sons  with  their  classes  in  advance  :  the  value  and  importance 
of  frequent  reviews  are  too  plain  to  need  recommendation 
here.  The  Lessons,  including  considerably  more  than  a  hun¬ 
dred  exercises,  Latin  and  English,  are  so  arranged  that  each 
gives  practice  on  what  has  gone  before ;  those  to  be  written 
in  Latin  being  based  on  the  exercises  in  translation  immedi¬ 
ately  preceding.  Taken  in  course,  they  will  be  found  an  am¬ 
ple  preparation  for  any  of  the  more  advanced  manuals  of 
Latin  Composition.* 

The  Reading  Lessons  which  follow  are  largely  made  up 
from  modern  Latin,  —  a  few  Fables  of  yEsop,  and  extracts 
from  “  Viri  Romse,”  —  owing  to  the  almost  absolute  lack  in 
classic  authors  of  matter  at  once  simple  in  style  and  suitable 
for  elementary  practice.  These  are  followed  by  Woodford’s 
Epitome  of  the  First  Book  of  the  Gallic  War,  which  gives 
the  main  thread  of  the  narrative  in  Csesar’s  own  words,  omit¬ 
ting  the  more  difficult  constructions  and  parenthetical  clauses. 
The  Notes  to  this  portion  of  the  book  have  been  prepared  on 
the  theory  that  it  is  better  to  give  too  much  than  too  little 
at  this  stage  of  the  course.  Hence,  besides  very  numerous 
references  to  the  grammar,  the  full  explanation  of  construc¬ 
tions,  and  frequent  exhibition  of  synonymes,  many  details  have 
been  given  of  history,  antiquities,  etc.,  which  will  prove,  if 
not  essential  at  first,  yet  useful  in  the  pupil’s  later  studies. 
.Some  may  prefer  that  he  should  get  this  information  by  his 
own  research ;  but  my  own  experience  as  a  teacher  convinces 

*  They  have  been  expressly  arranged  as  an  introduction  to  the  brief 
but  very  complete  “Latin  Composition”  by  Professor  W.  F.  Allen. 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


me  how  little  likely  this  is  to  be  done,  and  how  little  danger 
there  is  of  putting  these  matters  within  too  easy  reach. 

Without  entering  into  the  discussion  as  to  the  best  method 
of  pronouncing  Latin,  I  may  be  permitted  to  urge  the  great 
advantage  and  importance  of  knowing  thoroughly  the  'phonetic 
value  of  the  letters  of  the  Roman  alphabet ,  and  their  simpler 
changes  and  combinations  (as  given  in  the  first  two  sections 
of  the  Grammar),  as  a  key  to  many  of  the  difficulties  of  in¬ 
flection  and  derivation.  This  is  quite  aside  from  the  question 
of  pronunciation,  -which  must  after  all  be  governed  by  the 
prevailing  usage.  For  the  convenience  of  those  who  adopt 
the  so-called  English  method,  a  few  simple  rules  are  given. 
It  will  be  understood,  of  course,  that  they  have  no  claim  of 
authority  or  scientific  value,  and  are  a  mere  enumeration  of 
accidental  errors  and  corruptions  which  the  Roman  tongue 
has  encountered  in  its  blending  with  modern  speech. 

To  the  authors  of  the  Latin  Grammar,  and  to  Professor 
Allen  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  I  desire  to  express 
my  obligations  for  the  very  serviceable  aid  which  they  have 
afforded  me  in  the  preparation  of  this  book. 


Melrose,  Mass.,  August,  1872. 


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CONTENTS 


♦ 


PAGE 

Rules  of  Pronunciation . ix 

Definitions . xii 

INFLECTION  OF  NOUNS. 

First  Declension . 1 

Subject  and  Predicate . 2 

Subject  and  Object . 3 

Questions . .  4 

Prepositions . 5 

Second  Declension . 6 

Adjectives :  First  and  Second  Declension . 8 

Subject  and  Copula . 9 

Indicative  Mood  of  Sum . 10 

The  Verb  Sum . 11 

First  Conjugation  :  Active  Voice . 12 

Third  Declension  :  Liquid  Stems . 14 

Third  Declension  :  Mute  Stems . 15 

Third  Declension :  Vowel  Stems . 16 

Adjectives :  Third  Declension . 17 

Comparison  of  Adjectives . 18 

Irregular  Comparison . 19 

Adverbs  and  Conjunctions . 20 

Fourth  Declension . 20 

Fifth  Declension . 22 

Genitives  in  -ius . 23 

Numerals . 24 

PRONOUNS. 

Personal  Pronouns . 26 

Demonstrative  Pronouns . 27 

Relative  Pronouns . 28 


X 


CONTENTS. 


PRONOUNS  ( continued ).  page 

Interrogative  Pronouns . 29 

Indefinite  Pronouns . 30 

Correlatives . 32 

Infinitives  and  Participles  . 32 

Gerunds  and  Supines . 33 

Present  Subjunctive  . 33 

Imperfect  Subjunctive . 34 

Perfect  and  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  . . 35 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Indicative  :  Passive  Voice  .  .  35 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative  :  Passive 

Voice . 36 

Imperative  and  Infinitive  Moods  and  Participles  :  Passive  Voice  38 

Subjunctive  Mood  :  Passive  Voice  . . 38 

First  Conjugation . 39 

Second  Conjugation . 41 

Third  Conjugation . 42 

Fourth  Conjugation . 44 

Deponents . 45 

Verbs  in  -io  :  Third  Conjugation . 46 

Irregular  Verbs . 49 

Irregular  Verbs  ( continued ) . ^ . 50 

Irregular  Verbs  ( continued ) . 51 

Defective  and  Impersonal  Verbs  :  Periphrastic  Forms  ...  52 
Word-Formation.  —  Derivation . 53 

SYNTAX. 

Apposition . 55 

Agreement  of  Adjectives . 55 

Syntax  of  Relatives . 56 


CASES. 

Genitive . 

Genitive  ( continued )  .  . 

Dative . 

Dative  ( continued )  .  . 

Accusative  and  Vocative 
Accusative  and  Infinitive 

Ablative . 

Time  and  Place  .  .  . 
Use  of  Tenses  .  .  . 


57 

58 

59 

60 
62 

63 

64 
66 
68 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


MOODS.  PAGE 

Conditional  Sentences . 69 

Comparative  and  Concessive  Clauses  . . 71 

Temporal  Clauses . 72 

Casual  Clauses . 74 

Final  Clauses . 75 

Consecutive  Clauses  .  76 

Indirect  Discourse  * .  .  78 

The  Infinitive . 80 

Wishes  and  Commands . 83 

Relative  and  Intermediate  Clauses . 84 

Substantive  Clauses . 85 

Questions . 87 

Participles . 88 

Gerund  and  Gerundive . 90 

Supine . .  .  92 

The  Roman  Calendar . 93 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES . 97 

FABLES . 105 

EXTRACTS  FROM  YIRI  ROMiE . 109 

WOODFORD’S  EPITOME  OF  C^SAR.  Book  1 . 134 

NOTES . 153 

QUESTIONS  FOR  REVIEW . 195 

EXAMINATION  PAPERS . 207 

ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY . 213 

LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY . 253 

INDEX  OF  SYNONYMES  . 261 


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BULES  OF  PEOSUIOIATIOF 


I.  ACCORDING  TO  THE  “  ENGLISH  METHOD.” 

N.  B.  —  The  long  or  short  vowel-sound  indicated  in  these  rules  is  wholly  independent 
of  the  quantity  of  the  vowels  by  the  rules  of  Latin  Prosody. 

1.  In  Monosyllables,  the  vowel  has  — 

a.  The  long  sound,  if  it  ends  the  syllable  :  as,  si,  me,  spe. 

b.  The  short  sound,  if  followed  by  a  consonant :  as,  ah,  cum ,  hoc, 
has ;  except  post,  monosyllables  in  es,  and  (in  plural  cases)  os,  where  it 
has  the  long  sound  :  as,  res,  hos,  &. 

2.  An  accented  Penult  has  — 

a.  The  long  vowel-sound  before  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  l 
or  r),  or,  before  a  vowel  or  diphthong :  as,  pa'ter,  lib-er-d'lis,  d&us, 
sa'ara,  pa'tris. 

b.  The  short  vowel-sound  before  two  consonants  (except  a  mute  followed 
by  l  or  r),  or  x :  as,  reg'num,  rexH. 

3.  An  accented  Antepenult  has  — 

a.  The  long  vowel-sound  before  a  vowel :  as,  e'adem,  hi1  e-mis,  fit'- 
e-rat. 

b.  The  short  vowel-sound  before  a  consonant  :  as,  in'su-la,  i-tin'e-ris. 

Exceptions.  —  (a.)  u  before  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  l  or  r) 
has  the  long  sound  :  ju’ve-nis,  lu'ri-dus,  puHri-dus  ;  but  before  bl,  the 
short  sound  :  as  in  res-pub'li-ca. 

(b.)  a,  e,  o,  before  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  l  or  r)  followed 
by  two  vowels,  the  first  of  which  is  e,  i,  or  y,  have  the  long  sound :  as 
impe'ri-um,  do'ce-o,  a'cri-a. 

4.  In  all  unaccented  syllables  the  vowel-sound  is  — 

a.  Long,  if  followed  by  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  l  or  r)  :  as, 
do-lo'ris  ;  but  final  syllables  ending  in  a  consonant  are  short,  in  a  vowel, 
long  :  as,  con-sul  (except  es,  and  in  plur.  cases  os  at  the  end  of  the  word). 

b.  Short,  before  x,  or  any  two  consonants  :  as,  bel-lo'rum,  rex-is'set 


DEFINITIONS 


- ♦ - 

Articles,  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Pronouns,  Yerbs,  Adverbs,  Prepo¬ 
sitions,  Conjunctions,  and  Interjections  are  called  Parts  of  Speech. 
There  is  no  Article  in  Latin. 

A  Noun  is  the  name  of  any  thing :  as,  homo,  man  ;  navis,  ship. 

If  a  noun  is  the  name  of  a  person,  or  of  a  thing  spoken  of  by  its  own 
name,  as  if  it  were  a  person,  it  is  a  Proper  Noun ;  if  not,  it  is  a  Com¬ 
mon  Noun.  Thus  in  the  sentence  Roma  magna  est  urbs,  Rome  is  a 
great  city,  Roma  is  a  proper,  and  urbs  a  common  noun. 

An  Adjective  is  a  word  used  to  define  a  quality :  as,  cams,  dear ; 
bonus,  good. 

Comparison  shows  the  degree  of  the  quality  :  as, 

Positive.  Comparative.  Superlative. 

cams,  dear.  carior,  dearer.  carissimus,  dearest. 

bonus,  good.  melior,  better.  optimus,  best. 

A  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun :  as,  he  for  the  man. 

The  First  Person,  ego,  I,  nos,  we,  is  the  person  speaking  ;  the  Second 
Person,  tu,  vos,  you,  is  the  one  spoken  to  ;  the  Third  Person,  he,  she,  it, 
they,  is  that  spoken  of,  and  has  no  personal  pronoun  in  Latin,  Demon¬ 
stratives  being  often  used  instead. 

A  Demonstrative  denotes  a  particular  person  or  thing :  as,  hie,  this, 
ille,  that. 

A  Relative  refers  to  a  person  or  thing  before  spoken  of :  as,  qui,  who, 
quod,  which. 

The  person  or  thing  referred  to  is  called  the  Antecedent :  as,  homo 
qui  venit,  the  man  who  came. 

An  Interrogative  asks  a  question  :  as,  quis  adest  ?  who  is  here  ?  ubi- 
nam  gentium  sumus  ?  where  in  the  world  are  we  ? 

A  Yerb  is  a  word  which  tells  an  action  or  condition :  as,  veni,  1 
came  ;  cecid.it,  he  fell. 

Mood  denotes  the  manner  of  an  action  :  as,  venit,  he  came  (Indicative) ; 
venisset,  he  might  have  come  (Subjunctive). 


DEFINITIONS. 


xvii 

Tense  denotes  the  time  of  an  action  :  as,  currit,  he  runs  (Present) ; 
cucurrit,  he  ran  (Past). 

Of  Voices,  the  Active  speaks  of  a  person  doing  the  action  :  as,  ferit, 
he  strikes  ;  the  Passive,  as  suffering  it :  as,  feritur,  he  is  struck. 

A  Participle  expresses  the  action,  etc.,  of  a  verb  in  the  form  of 
an  adjective:  as,  feriens,  striking ;  ictus,  struck. 

An  Adverb  is  a  word  which  qualifies  the  meaning  of  adjectives, 
verbs,  or  adverbs :  as,  acerrime  ferit,  he  strikes  very  hard. 

A  Preposition  is  a  word  which  expresses  the  relations  between 
other  words :  as,  in  oppidum  venit,  he  came  to  town  ;  pro  patria 
mori,  to  die  for  one's  country. 

A  Conjunction  is  a  word  which  connects  other  words  or  sen¬ 
tences  :  as,  procerus  et  validus,  tall  and  strong. 

Interjections  are  exclamations :  as,  heus !  halloo  l 

Gender  is  distinction  as  to  sex,  and  is  Masculine  of  male  crea¬ 
tures:  as,  rex,  king ;  Feminine  of  female  creatures:  as,  regina, 
queen ;  Neuter  of  things:  as,  solium,  throne. 

Things  without  sex  are  Neuter  in  English :  as,  stone ,  tree.  But  in 
Latin  they  are  frequently  masculine  or  feminine  :  as,  lapis,  stone  (masc.); 
arbor,  tree  (fern.).  This  is  called  Grammatical  Gender. 

Number  signifies  how  many ,  and  is  Singular  when  one  is  spoken 
of :  as,  vir,  man  ;  Plural  when  more  than  one :  as,  viri,  men. 

Case  is  the  form  a  noun  takes  to  show  its  relation  to  other  words : 
as,  pueri  currunt,  the  boys  run  (Nominative) ;  pueri  soror,  the 
boy's  sister  (Genitive). 

This  relation  is  generally  shown  in  English  by  prepositions  ;  as,  gesta 
Romanorum,  the  deeds  of  the  Romans ;  invidia  mihi,  envy  against 
me. 

Quantity  is  the  time  taken  in  pronouncing  a  vowel  or  a  syllable, 
in  comparison  with  other  syllables. 

Thus  in  the  word  strengthen,  the  first  syllable  is  long  and  the  second 
short  in  quantity  or  time,  though  they  are  both  called  short  in  quality 
or  sound  ;  in  submit,  the  first  is  long  and  the  second  short,  in  quantity, 
though  the  latter  has  the  accent. 

Quantity  is  reckoned  much  more  important  in  Latin  than  in  English, 
and  often  shows  the  difference  in  the  meaning  of  words.  Thus  levis 
(long  e)  means  smooth  ;  levis  (short  e),  means  light ;  cecidit  is  he  fell ; 
cecidit,  he  cut  or  felled. 


XVI 11 


DEFINITIONS. 


Emphasis  is  stress  of  voice  on  an  important  word  or  phrase :  as, 
cowards  run ;  but  brave  men  stand. 

Accent  is  stress  of  voice  on  a  particular  syllable :  as,  the  necessary 
reserves. 

A  Proclitic  is  a  word  without  accent  of  its  own,  that  seems  to 
lean  on  the  word  after  it ;  an  Enclitic  is  one  that  seems  to  lean  on 
the  word  before  it. 

Thus  in  the  sentence,  The  boys ,  and  girls  too,  are  here,  —  the  is  a  pro¬ 
clitic,  and  too  an  enclitic. 

In  Latin,  the  enclitics  que,  and,  ve,  or,  ne,  whether,  and  sometimes 
cum,  with,  are  written  as  part  of  the  preceding  word.  Thus  in  Latin, 
the  sentence  given  above  would  be,  pueri  puellseque  adsunt. 

For  Definitions  in  Syntax,  see  §  171. 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Before  beginning  these  Lessons,  the  pupil  need  only  learn 
the  general  signification  of  the  cases,  §  31,#  and  the  declension  of 
stella*.  The  sections  to  which  each  lesson  especially  refers  are 
designated  at  the  bottom. 


LESSON  I. 

FIRST  DECLENSION.  §  85.1 


Vocabulary. 


&qua,2  ae,  f.,  water. 
stella,  ae,  f.,  star. 
luna,  ae,  F.,  moon. 
ripa,  ae,  f.,  river-bank. 
fama,  ae,  f.,  report. 


nauta,  ae,  m.,  sailor. 
puella,  ae,  f.,  girl. 
rosa,  ae,  f.,  rose. 
agricbla,  ae,  m.,  farmer. 
victoria,  ae,  f.,  victory. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  RSsa.3  2.  Aquae.  8.  Luna.  4.  AgricSlarum.4 
5.  Puellarum.  6.  Puellae  agricolarum.4  7.  Ripis.  8. 
RSsa  puellae.  9.  Lunam.  10.  Agricolas.  11.  RSsIs 
puellarum. 

1  Learn  §§  35,  36,  c  and  e,  and  §  31,  a-h.  2  §  348,  4  and  9. 

*  The  references  are  to  Allen  and  Greenough’s  Latin  Grammar. 


2 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


3  There  is  no  article  in  Latin:  the  word  rosa  may  mean  a  rose , 
the  rose,  or  simply  rose. 

4  Masculine  by  signification.  §  29;  §  348,  10,  and  §  31,  b. 

Note. — The  quantity  of  the  syllables  will  be  marked  in  the 
vocabularies  except  where  the  rules  of  §  18  or  those  referred  to  at 
the  bottom  of  the  page  apply.  The  pupil  should  be  required  to 
account  for  the  quantity  of  those  vowels  to  which  the  rules  apply. 
The  vocabularies  should  be  committed  to  memory  by  the  pupil 
before  beginning  to  translate  the  exercise. 


LESSON  II. 


SUBJECT  AND  PREDICATE.  §§  204,171-174. 


Vocabulary. 


regina,  ae,  f.,  queen. 
insula,  ae,  f.  ,  island. 
casa,  ae,  f.,  cottage. 
laudo,1  praise. 
porto,1  carry. 
dono,1  give. 

amo,  I  love. 

amas,  thou  lovest. 

amat,  he  loves. 


scriba,  ae,  m.,  clerk. 
via,  ae,  f.  ,  way ,  road. 
serva,  ae,  f.,  female  slave. 
pugno,1  fight. 
tolero,1  endure. 
monstro,1  point  out ,  show. 

amamus,  we  love. 
amatis,  you  love. 
amant,  they  love. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudat,2  laudamus.  2.  Portas,  portatis,  portant 
3.  Monstramus,  pugnamus.  4.  Regina3  laud&t.  5. 
Scribae  portant.  6.  Nautae  pugnant.  7.  Puellae  lau¬ 
dant.  8.  Reginae  donant. 

1  These  verbs  are  inflected  in  the  present  tense  like  amo :  for 
the  quantity  of  the  final  o,  see  §  348,  7. 


t 


LESSONS  II.,  III.  3 

2  Notice  that  the  personal  pronouns  I,  thou ,  &c.,  are  contained 
in  the  endings  of  the  verb:  thus,  laudat  is  not  merely  praise ,  but 
he  ( she  or  it)  praises.  The  nominative  of  the  personal  pronouns  is 
rarely  expressed  in  Latin.  See  §  206,  a. 

3  When  the  subject  of  the  verb  is  expressed,  the  pronoun  is  not 
needed  in  English:  thus,  agricola  portat,  the  farmer  carries,  not 
the  farmer  he  carries. 

Note.  —  The  general  rules  of  pronunciation  are  given  on  page 
xiii  of  the  Lessons;  the  rules  of  quantity,  §  18.  Remember  that 
a  vowel  in  a  syllable  long  by  position  merely,  has  the 
short  sound. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  carries,  we  carry,  they  carry.  2.  They  fight, 
he  fights.  3.  The  sailor  carries.  4.  The  queen  praises. 
5.  Thou  givest,  you  give.  6.  The  clerk  gives.  7.  The 
clerks  give.  8.  We  point  out.  9.  They  point  out. 


LESSON  III. 

SUBJECT  AND  OBJECT.  §§  237  and  224. 


Vocabulary. 


filia,  ae,  daughter. 
pecunia,  ae,  money. 
terra,  ae,  f.,  land. 
incola,  ae,  c.,  inhabitant. 
do,1  give. 

&ro,  plough. 
devoro,  devour. 


rana,  ae,  f .,frog. 

ciconia,  ae,  f.,  stork. 

matrona,  ae,  f.,  married  woman. 

silva,  ae,  f.  ,  wood,  forest. 

paro,  prepare. 

seco,  cut. 

voco,  call. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Agricftla  nautas  vScat.  2.  VScamus  inc51as.  3.  V<5- 
c a tTs  puellam.  4.  Agricblae  naut&m  vScant.  *  5.  DSmus 


4 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


rbsas  2  puellis.  6.  Agricolae  silvas  secant.  7.  Matronae 
rbsas  filiabus3  dant.  8.  Ciconia  ranam  devorat.  9. 
Agricola  viam  nautis4  monstrat. 

1  Inflect  these  verbs  like  amo.  2  See  §  348,  9  and  10. 

8  See  §  36,  e.  4  See  §  348,  9  and  ex.  in  is. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  calls  the  sailors.  2.  The  farmers  cut  the  wood. 
8.  They  call  the  clerks.  4.  The  sailor  ploughs  the 
water.  5.  The  farmers  plough  the  land.  6.  The  sailor 
calls  (his)  1  daughter.  7.  The  stork  devours  the  frogs. 
8.  The  farmer  shows  the  way  to  the  sailor.  9.  The 
queen  gives  money  to  (her)  daughter. 

1  Words  in  parentheses  are  not  to  be  translated. 


LESSON  IV. 


QUESTIONS.  §  210. 1 


Vocabulary. 


UtSra,  ae,  f.,  letter  {pi  alphabet), 
literae,  (ph),  f.,  letter,  epistle. 
delecto,  delight. 
narro,  narrate ,  tell. 

Galba,  ae,  m.,  Galba. 
ancilla,  ae,  maid-servant. 


poeta,  ae,  m.  ,  poet. 
perfuga,  ae,  m.,  deserter. 
insidiae  (ph),  f.,  snares. 
umbra,  ae,  f.  ,  shade. 
non  (adv.),  not. 
fabula,  ae,  f.,  story. 


Translate  into  English. 


1.  Matronane2  puellam  vocat?  Vbcat.  2.  Nonne 
Galba  insidias  parat?  8.  Agricbla  puellis  viam  mon¬ 
strat.  4.  Num  3  poeta  reginae  4  rosam  dat  ?  5.  Nonne 

regina  ancillas  vocat  ?  Non  vocat.  6.  Umbra  silvarum  5 
agrlcblas  delectat. 


1  Learn  §  210,  a  and  c ;  also  §  19,  a,  b,  and  c;  §  28,  a,  b ,  c  (read  the 
note),  §  29,  c,  §  30,  b ;  with  171,  a  and  b. 


*  §  19,  c  and  §  212. 
4  §  225. 


LESSONS  I V.,  V. 


3  §  348,  1,  2,  and  3. 
6  §  213. 


5 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Does  the  sailor  call  ?  Yes.  2.  Does  the  farmer 
plough  ?  No.  3.  Does  the  sailor  call  (his)  daughter  ? 
Yes.  4.  Does  the  deserter  give  a  letter  to  the  queen  ? 
No.  5.  Does  he  tell  the  story  to  the  poets?  6.  The 
farmer  shows  the  way  to  (his)  daughter.  7.  Does  the 
clerk  give  the  queen  the  letter  ? 1  8.  The  moon  delights 
the  farmer.  9.  Does  the  shade  of  the  wood  delight  the 
poet  ? 

1  §  79,  c. 

- «#> - 


LESSON  V. 
PREPOSITIONS.  §  152.1 


Vocabulary, 


fSra,  ae,  f.,  wild  least. 
sto,  stand. 
nato,  swim. 
ambulo,  walk. 
vblo  ,fy. 

provincia,  ae,  f.  ,  province. 
porta,  ae,  f.,  gate. 


aquila,  ae,  F.,  eagle. 
ora,  ae,  f.,  shore. 
medicina,  ae,  f.,  medicine. 
copia,  ae,  f.,  abundance. 
copiae  (pi.),  forces. 
et,  conj.,  and. 
sed,  conj.,  but. 


.  Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ferae  in  2  silva  stant.  2.  Ad  silvam  ambulamus, 
et  stamus  in  umbra.  3.  Nonne  nautae  in  aqua  ad  oram 
insulae  natant?  4.  Nautae  cum  puellis  ambulant.  5. 
Flliaene  ad  silvam  ambulant?  6.  Agricola  viam  per 
silvam3  sScat.  7.  Nauta  in  (ori)  insulae  ora  stat. 

1  Learn  §  152,  a,  b,  and  c. 

2  All  the  prepositions  govern  either  the  accusative  or  the  ablative. 
See  §  260. 


c 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


3  For  the  arrangement  of  the  Words  in  a  Latin  sentence,  learn 
§  343,  and  §  344,  a. 

Note,  —  The  preposition  in,  with  the  accusative,  means  into ; 
with  the  ablative,  it  means  in;  ad  and  per  are  followed  by  the 
accusative;  ad  means  to;  per,  through:  cum  is  followed  by  the 
ablative,  and  means  with ,  in  company  with. 

Syn.  — Porta  is  used  of  a  city;  janua,  of  a  house. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  swim  in  the  water.  2.  The  farmers  stand  in 
the  woods.  3.  The  eagles  fly  to  the  island.  4.  Do  the 
sailors  stand  on  the  shore  of  the  island  ?  5.  The  sailor 

swims  in  the  water.  6.  We  walk  through  the  woods 
towards  the  cottage.  7.  The  sailors  (do)  not  stand  on 
the  shore.  8.  We  swim  to  the  shore  of  the  island. 


♦ 


LESSON  VI.  ' 

SECOND  DECLENSION.  §  38.1 

Vocabulary. 


ager,  agri,2  m.  ,  field. 
faber,  fabri,  m.,  smith. 
equus,  i,  m.  ,  horse. 
dbminus,  i,  m.,  master. 
pabulum,  i,  n.  ,  fodder. 
donum,  i,  n.;  gift. 
hortus,  i,  m.,  garden. 
regnum,  i,  n.,  kingdom. 
servus,  i,  m.,  slave. 
arvum,  i,  n.,  ploughed  field. 


magister,  tri,  m.,  master ,  teacher. 
gener,  generi,  m.,  son-in-law. 
venit,  he  (she,  it)  comes. 
ludus,  i,  m.,  school. 
campus,  i,  m..,  field. 
puer,  eri,  m.,  boy. 
amicus,  i,  m.,  friend. 
janua,  ae,  f.,  door. 
legatus,  i,  m.,  ambassador. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  man. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Magister  cum  pueris  in  agro  ambulat.  2.  Puer  in 
januam  venit.  3.  Pueri  ( we  boys )  in  aqua  nStamus. 


LESSON  YI. 


7 


4.  Vocamus  puellas  in  hortum.  5.  Domini  in  arvo  cum 
servis  ambulant.  6.  Gener  e3  casa  venit.  T.  Puere 
silva  venit  et  in  aqua  ad  insulam  natat.  8.  Vir  cum 
servo  in  arvum  venit.  9.  Vir  ab  insulae  ora  ambulat. 

1  Learn  §§  38,  39,  a  and  b;  also  §  40,  a,  b ,  c,f;  §  348,  6  and  7. 

2  §§  348,  10,  349,  and  350. 

3  The  preposition  ex  (e  before  consonants)  is  followed  by  the 
ablative,  and  means  out  of:  a  (a  before  consonants,  ab  before 
vowels  and  consonants)  means  from,  away  from ;  it  means  by,  when 
used  with  a  passive  verb  to  express  the  person  by  whom  any  thing 
is  done. 

Syn.  — Ager  is  the  field  in  general;  arvum,  the  ploughed  field ; 
and  campus,  the  enclosed  field  or  plain. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  teachers  call.  2.  The  boys  swim.  3.  The 
men  give  the  money  to  the  clerk.  4.  He  calls  the  boys 
out  of  the  garden  into 1  the  road.  5.  Does  the  master 
call  the  boys  ?  No.  6.  The  slave  comes  into  the  field 
with  (his)  master.  T.  The  boy  comes  into  the  garden. 
8.  The  girl  comes  out  of  the  garden  and  walks  towards 
(ad)  the  field.  9.  He  walks  in  the  field  with  (his) 
son  and  daughter.  10.  The  boy  walks  away  from  the 
water.  11.  The  sailor  comes  out  of  the  water. 

1  Observe  the  distinction  between  the  prepositions  in  and  ex, 
and  ad  and  ab.  In  (with  the  accusative)  and  ex  denote  motion 
to  and  from  the  inside  of  a  place ;  ad  and  ab  (or  a)  denote  motion 
to  and  from  the  outside  of  a  place.  Thus,  venit  in  Italiam,  when 
one  comes  into  Italy;  ex  Italia,  when  one  comes  out  of  Italy;  but 
ad  Italiam,  to  Italy,  when  there  is  no  notion  of  entering  into  Italy 
conveyed;  just  so  ab  Italia,  away  from  Italy,  when  it  is  simply 
expressed  that  he  came  away  from  Italy  (which  he  had  not  en¬ 
tered). 


8 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  VII. 

ADJECTIVES  :  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

§  81. 1 


Vocabulary. 


amplus,  a,  um,  large. 
noster,  tra,  tram,  our. 
meus,  a,  um  (voc.,  m.,  mi),  my. 
liberi,  orum  (pi.),  m.,  children. 
saxum,  i,  n.  ,  rock. 
rapidus,  a,  um,  swift. 
intro,  enter. 


altus,  a,  um,  high  or  deep. 
latus,  a,  um,  broad. 
fluvius,  i,  m.,  river. 
liber,  era,  erum ,free. 
pulcher,  chra,  chrum,  beautiful. 
liber,  bri,  m.,  book. 
nego,  deny. 


Translate  into  iEnglisb. 

1.  Nauta  in  alta  &qua  stat.  2.  Agricola  latam  viam 
per  silvam  sScat.  3.  Puer  in  magno  fluvio  stat.  4. 
Liberi  in  pulchro  horto  stant.  5.  Legatus  liberum  virum 
vocat.  6.  Aquila  trans2  magnum  fluvium  vblat.  7. 
Pulchrae  puellae  cum  magistro  ambulant. 


1  Leam  §  81,  and  §  82  ;  §  186,  and  §  31. 

2  The  preposition  trans  is  followed  by  the  accusative,  and  means 
across;  inter,  between ,  among ;  and  propter,  on  account  of. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  man  gives  a  beautiful  gift.  2.  They  call  the 
free  man.  3.  The  farmer  walks  towards 1  the  dense 
forest.  4.  They  walk  into  the  large  garden.  5.  The 
boy  comes  across  the  large  river.  6.  The  eagles  fly 
across  the  large  rivers.  7.  The  children  stand  in  the 
deep  water. 

1  Observe  that  when  there  is  motion  towards  a  person  or  place 
(except  to  names  of  towns),  a  preposition  with  the  accusative  is 
used:  the  dative  is  wrong. 


LESSON  VIII. 


9 


LESSON  VIII. 

SUBJECT  AND  COPULA.  §171  to  §178. 


Vocabulary. 


longus,  a,  um,  long . 
bellum,  i,  n.  ,  war. 
molestus,  a,  um,  troublesome. 
bonus,  a,  um,  good. 
magnus,  a,  um,  large. 
granum,  i,  n.,  seed ,  kernel. 

sum,  I  am. 

Ss,  thou  art  ( you  are). 

est,  he  (she,  it)  is. 


aula,  ae,  f.,  hall. 
densus,  a,  um,  thick,  close. 
clarus,  a,  um,  clear,  bright. 
parvus,  a,  um,  small. 
murus,  i,  m.,  wall. 
populus,  i,  m.,  people. 

sumus,  we  are. 

estis,  you  are. 

sunt,  they  are. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Stellae  sunt  clarae.  2.  Puella  est  parva.  3.  Flu¬ 
vius  est  magnus.  4.  Sumus  ( we  are )  nautae.  5.  Puer 
non  est  magnus.  6.  Luna  et  stella  clarae  sunt.1  T. 
Puella  est  nautae  filia.2  8.  Est  (it  is)  casa  agncblae. 
9.  Incolae  insularum  nautae3  sunt.  10.  Est  *  (there  is) 
parva  insula. 


1  When  there  are  two  subjects,  the  verb  is  plural.  See  §  205. 

2  See  §  36,  e. 

0 

3  Notice  that  the  predicate  after  the  verb  to  be  is  in  the  same  case 
as  the  subject. 

4  In  English,  when  the  subject  is  indefinite,  we  use  the  word 
there  with  the  verb  to  be;  as,  insula  est  parva  may  mean:  the 
island  is  small ,  an  island  is  small,  (there)  is  a  small  island,  (it)  is  a 
small  island,  or  the  island  is  a  small  (one). 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  way  is  long.  2.  The  moon  is  bright.  3. 
The  fields  are  large.  4.  The  inhabitants  of  the  island 
are  sailors.  5.  The  islands  are  not  small.  6.  The  son 


9 


10 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


of  the  sailor  is  in  the  garden.  7.  She 1  is  the  daughter 
of  the  sailor.  8.  The  moon  and  stars  are  bright.  9. 
There2  is  a  large  island.  10.  He  is  an  inhabitant  of 
the  island.  11.  We  are  farmers,  not  sailors.  12.  The 
rivers  are  deep.  13.  The  children  are  good. 

1  See  Lesson  II.  Note  2.  2  See  Note  4,  previous  page. 


LESSON  IX. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD  OF  Sum.  §119. 


Vocabulary. 


oppidum,  i,  n.,  town. 
praelium,  i,  n.,  battle. 
locus,1  i,  M.,  place. 

Deus,2  i,  m.,  God. 
templum,  i,  n.,  temple. 
heri  (adv.),  yesterday. 
cur  (adv.),  why. 
moz,  soon. 

Translate  i 


miser,  era,  Srum,  wretched. 
schola,  ae,  f.,  school. 
periculum,  i,  n.,  danger. 
castra,3  orum  (pi.),  n.,  camp. 
socer,  eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 
ira,  ae,  f.,  anger. 
laetus,  a,  um,  glad ,  joyful. 
Romulus,  i,  m.,  Romulus. 

English. 


1.  Yir  est  laetus.  2.  Sum  laetus.  3.  Es  laetus. 
4.  Mox  erimus  in  silva.  5.  Regina  erat  pulchra. 
6.  Erantne  puellae  in  silva?  7.  In  multis  praeliis  fui¬ 
mus.  8.  Yiri  in  praelio  fuerant.  9.  Cur  hSri  in  schola 
non  fuisti  ?  10.  Agricolae  silvas  magnas  densasque  4 

secant. 

1  See  §  79,  c. 

2  See  page  18  of  Grammar. 

3  Declined  like  the  plural  of  donum ;  for  the  meaning,  see  §  79,  c. 

4  Notice  that  et  connects  words  which  are  considered  inde¬ 
pendently  and  of  equal  importance,  while  -que  joins  a  word  closely 
to  another  as  belonging  to  it;  thus,  in  pueri  puellaeque  ludunt, 


LESSONS  IX.,  X. 


11 


the  hoys  and  girls  are  playing,  -que  connects  the  words  under  one 
proposition,  while  in  pueri  student  et  puellae  ludunt,  the  hoys 
study  and  the  girls  play ,  et  connects  two  distinct  propositions. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  were  joyful.  2.  They  were  joyful.  3.  I  was 
joyful.  4.  I  have  been  in  the  garden.  5.  I  was  in  the 
garden.  6.  They  will  soon  be  in  the  woods.  7.  They 
had  been  in  danger.  8.  The  man  had  been  in  danger. 
9.  Was  the  farmer’s  son  in  the  large  garden?  10. 
The  farmer  sees  the  large  and  beautiful  town. 


LESSON  X. 


THE  VERB  Sum.  §  119. 

Vocabulary. 


absum,  am  absent  or  distant. 
adsum,  am  present  or  near. 
arm  a,  orum  (pi.),  n.,  arms. 
justus,  a,  um,  just. 
columna,  ae,  f.,  column. 
Romanus,  a,  um,  Roman 
probus,  a,  um,  upright. 
attentus,  a,  um,  attentive. 


semper  (adv.),  always. 
aedificium,  i,  n.,  building. 
negotium,  i,  n.,  business. 
multus,  a,  um,  many. 
creber,  bra,  brum,  frequent. 
frumentum,  i,  n.,  corn. 
beatus,  a,  um,  happy. 
discipulus,  i,  M.,  pupil. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Nova  aedificia  erant  alba.  2.  Agricolae  mox 
Srunt  in  silva.  3.  Fuimus  heri  in  oppido.  4.  Semper 
a  praelio  abero.  5.  Puella  aegra  erat.  6.  Fuistisne 
hSri  in  oppido  ?  Non  fuimus,  sed  cras  erimus.  7.  Ab- 
fuSntis  a  praelio.  8.  Probi  este,  pueri,  et  beati  entis. 
9.  Discipuli  sint  (sunto)  attenti.  10.  Estne  copia 1  fru¬ 
menti  in  agris  ?  Non  est. 

1  §  79,  c. 


12 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  town  was  small,  but  beautiful.  2.  The  col¬ 
umns  of  the  hall  are  white.  3.  We  were1  yesterday 
in  the  garden.  4.  The  pupils  will  be  attentive.  5. 
We  have  been  on  the  bank  of  the  deep  river.  6.  There 
had  been  many  battles  near  the  city.  7.  The  forces  of 
the  Romans  were  often  in  wars  and  battles.  8.  Be 
just.  9.  Be  attentive,  pupils.2 

1  The  English  imperfect  tense  is  to  be  translated  into  Latin  by 
the  imperfect  when  it  describes ;  by  the  perfect  (aorist)  when  it 
simply  states  a  fact.  See  §§  277  and  279- 

8  Use  the  vocative.  See  §  241. 


LESSON  XI. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION  :  ACTIVE  VOICE,  p.  76, 1 

Indicative  and  Imperative  Moods. 


Vocabulary. 


Horatius,  i,  m.,  Horatius. 
inceptum,  i,  n  ,  undertaking. 
regno,  rule  as  king. 
convoco,  call  together. 
sScundo,  prosper. 
provoco,  appeal. 
conjuro,  plot ,  conspire. 
tuus,  tua,  tuum,  thy. 
gaudium,  i,  n.,  joy. 

Latini,  orum  (pi.),  m.,  Latins. 


libtSro,  liberate. 
dimico,  fight. 

occupo,  seize ,  take  possession  of. 
conclamo,  cry  out  together. 
simulo,  pretend. 

Amulius,  i,  m.,  Amulius. 
ferrum,  i,  N.,  iron ,  sicord. 
suus,  a,  um,  his ,  her ,  their  (own). 
avus,  i,  m.,  grandfather. 
aut  (conj.),  or. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  M&gister  discipulum  laudabat.  2.  MSgistri  disci¬ 
pulos  laudabant.  3.  Gaudium  simulavistis.  4.  L&tini 


LESSON  XL 


13 


contra  pbpulum  Romanum  conjurant.  5.  HSratius  ad 
pbpulum  provocavit.  6.  Agricolae  arva  sua  arabant. 
7.  Dii  nostra  incepta  secundant.  8.  Romulus  Svurn 
suum  liberavit,  Amuliumque  necavit.  9.  Imperator 
oppidum  novum  in  insula  parva  occupaverat.  10. 
Para  bellum.  11.  Narrate  fabulam.  12.  Laudata 
probos  pueros.  13.  Ferro 2  pro  sua  patria  dimicant 
Horatii. 

1  Learn  §  112,  a  andc;  also  §§  349,  350,  and  351 ;  108,  a,  b,  c,  and  d. 

2  See  §  242,  and  §  248. 

Syn.  —  Provoco  is  to  appeal  to  the  people  ;  appello,  to  appeal 
to  one  magistrate  from  the  decisions  of  another. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  praised  the  pupil.  2.  They  have  praised  the 
pupil.  3.  They  will  praise  the  pupil.  4.  The  man  has 
called  his  daughter.  5.  Praise  the  pupil.  6.  Praise 
ye  the  teacher.  7.  They  were  fighting 1  with  the 
sword.  8.  They  fought  with  the  sword.  9.  He  has 
fought  well  with  the  sword.  10.  Horatius  appealed  to 
the  people.  11.  The  fields  are  not 2  large.  12.  Call 
the  men  from  the  fields.  13.  They  will  not  prosper 
our  undertaking. 

1  Notice  that  when  with  expresses  the  means  or  instrument  of  the 
action,  it  must  be  translated  by  the  ablative  alone;  when  it  denotes 
accompaniment ,  the  preposition  cum  must  be  used. 

2  When  not  belongs  to  the  verb,  the  non  in  Latin  must  precede 
the  verb;  as,  aula  non  est  ampla,  the  hall  is  not  large. 


14 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XII. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  :  LIQUID  STEMS.  §  44.1 

Vocabulary. 


consul,2  ulis,  m.,  consul. 
genus,  eris,  n.,  race,  class,  kind. 
pater,  tris,  m.,  father. 
leo,  onis,  m.,  lion. 
soror,  oris,  f.,  sister. 
homo,  inis,  m.,  man ,  person. 
Caesar,  aris,  C cesar. 
victor,  oris,  m.,  victor. 
nomen,  inis,  n.,  name. 


dolor,  5ris,  m.,  pain. 
litus,  oris,  n.,  shore. 
sententia,  ae,  f.,  opinion. 
frater,  tris,  m.,  brother. 
eloquentia,  ae,  f.,  eloquence. 
scelus,  eris,  n.,  crime. 
creo,  choose ,  make. 
varius,  a,  um,  various. 
orator,  oris,  m.,  orator. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Consul  eloquentiam  oratoris  3  'laudat.  2.  Frater 
sororem  amat.  3.  Fratres  in  litore  maris  cum  sororibus 
stant.  4.  Romulus  fratrem  liberavit.  5.  Ira  causa  est 
multorum  scelerum.  6.  Bonos  homines  laudamus.  7. 
Copiae  ad  oppidum  festinabant.4 

1  Learn  §§  44,  48,  49,  and  50 ;  read  §  48,  a,  b,  c ,  d ,  and  e. 

2  §§  349  and  350. 

3  What  is  the  stem  ? 

4  Festino,  hasten  impatiently ,  hurry ;  propero,  hasten  with  energy , 
but  without  hurry  or  impatience. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  men  have  praised  the  boys.  2.  The  boy  has 
called  (his)  sister.  3.  The  father  called  (his)  son.  4. 
The  friend  of  the  orator  walks  in  the  garden.  5.  The 
consul  praised  the  man.  6.  The  brother  was  standing 
with  his  sister  on  the  shore.  7.  They  have  praised  the 
eloquence  of  the  consul.  8.  The  brother  walks  with 
his  sister  in  the  garden. 


LESSON  XIII. 


15 


LESSON  XIII. 


THIRD  DECLENSION:  MUTE  STEMS.  §  44.1 


Vocabulary. 


urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city. 
lex,2  legis,  f.,  law. 
miles,  itis,  m.,  soldier. 
lapis,  idis,  m.,  stone. 
trabs,  trabis,  f.,  beam,. 
corpus,  oris,  n.,  body. 
justus,  a,  um,  just. 


pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 
flumen,  inis,  n.,  river. 

(ops),  opis,  f.,  aid;  (pi.  wealth). 
comes,  itis,  c.,  companion. 
validus,  a,  um,  strong. 
hiems,  emis,  f.,  winter. 
solitudo,  inis,  f.,  wilderness. 


Translate  into  English. 


1.  Trabes  sunt  longae.  2.  Frater  fratri  fert  (bears) 
Spem.3  3.  Miles  lapide  comitem  occidit  (kills).  4. 
Vastae  in  iis  (those)  locis  solitudines  erant.  5.  Romu¬ 
lus  nomen  novae  urbi  dat.  6.  Lex  est  justa.  T.  Trabes 
novi  pontis  longae  sunt  et  validae. 

1  Learn  §§  44,  46,  and  47,  and  Rule  26. 

2  §  348,  2.  . 

8  The  word  is  not  found  in  the  nominative.  See  §  79,  c. 

Syn.  —  Flumen  (fluo,  to  flow') ,  properly  the  stream ,  is  used  as  a 
general  term  for  river ;  fluvius,  river  ;  amnis,  a  broad ,  deep  river ; 
rivus,  a  brook. 


Translate  into  Latin. 


1.  The  laws  were  just.  2.  The  rivers  are  deep.  3. 
The  winter  has  been  long.  4.  We  have  been  in  the 
city.  5.  The  beams  of  the  bridge  are  strong.  6.  The 
soldiers  have  fought.  7.  He  gave  a  name  to  the  city. 
8.  The  soldiers  have  called  the  consul.  9.  The  beams 
of  the  bridges  are  strong.  .  • 


16 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XIV. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  :  VOWEL  STEMS.  §  51.» 


Vocabulary. 


turris,  is,  r.,  tower. 
hostis,  is,  c.,  enemy. 
piscis,  is,  m .,fsh. 


civis,  is,  c.,  citizen. 
nubes,  is,  f.,  cloud. 
canis,  is,  c.,  dog. 


clades,  is,  f.,  slaughter. 
mare,  is,  n.,  sea. 


latro,  hark. 

niger,  gra,  grum,  Hack. 

vasto,  lay  icaste. 

valles,  is,  f.,  valley. 

rupes,  is,  f.,  rock. 

avis,  is,  f.,  bird. 

notus,  a,  um,  known. 

imperator,  oris,  m.,  commander. 


Translate  into  English. 


1.  Canis  latrat.  2.  Nubes  est  nigra.  3.  Nonne 
hostes  agros  vastant  ?  4.  Multae  turres  altae  erant  in 

ripa.  5.  Magna  erat  hostium  clades.  5.  Imperator  hos¬ 
tium  2  oppida  occupat.  7.  Magister  librum  puSro  d&t. 

1  Learn  §§  51,  52,  54,  1 ;  55,  a- e;  56,  a,  b;  57,  a,  b;  65,  a,  b,  and  c. 

2  Notice  that,  in  nouns  of  the  third  declension,  the  stem  either  is 
the  same  as  the  nominative,  as  consul,  consul  -is ;  or  becomes  the 
same  after  being  modified  according  to  §  48,  as  nomen,  nominis, 
§  48,  b ;  or  that  s  is  added  to  the  stem  to  form  the  nominative,  as 
hostis,  hosti  -s,  §  51 ;  44. 

Syn.  —  Hostis  is  a  foreign  enemy  in  war ;  inimicus,  a  private , 
personal  enemy ;  adversarius,  any  opponent. 


Translate  into  Latin. 


1.  The  dogs  barked.  2.  The  dogs  barked  (were 
barking).  3.  The  dogs  barked  (have  barked).  4. 
The  enemy  (plur.)  took-possession-of 1  the  town.  5. 
The  master  gives  his  book  to  the  boy.  6.  Did  you  call 
the  dog  ?  No.  7.  The  slaughter  of  the  enemy  in  battle 
was  great.  8.  The  sea2  is  deep. 

1  Took  possession  of  is  really  a  compound  verb,  and  is  to  be  ren¬ 
dered  by  occupo,  governing  the  accusative. 

2  Notice  that  neuter  vowel  stems  which  have  nominative  in  §,  SI, 
ar,  have  i,  in  the  ablative  sing. ,  ia,  in  nom.  pi. ,  and  ium  in  the 
gen.  pi. 


LESSON  XV. 


17 


LESSON  XV. 

*•> 

ADJECTIVES  :  THIRD  DECLENSION.  §  84.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Puer  est  tristis.  2.  Reges  sunt  potentes.  3.  Con- ' 
silium  ducis  audax  est.  4.  Miles  forti  animo  pugnat. 

5.  Naves  hostium  sunt  celeres  2  6.  Tempus  vitae  hu¬ 
manae  breve  est.  7.  Miles  vulnus  grave  tolerat.  8. 
Equites  veloces  ad  silvam  festinant.  9.  Vita  est  brevis. 
10.  Milites  sunt  audaces. 

1  Learn  §§  84,  85  ;  and  the  declension  of  the  examples. 

2  Note.  —  The  penult  will  be  marked,  unless  the  rules  account  for 
the  quantity.  §  350. 

Syn.  —  Consilium,  advice ,  counsel ;  concilium,  an  assembly,  a 
meeting  (of  part  of  the  people).  Lex  is  a  law  passed  in  a  comitia 
(an  assembly  of  the  whole  people) ;  scitum,  one  passed  in  a  con¬ 
cilium. 

Populus  (originally  the  patricians)  came  to  include  the  whole 
people;  plebs  (pleo,  to  Jill),  a  part  of  the  people,  an  inferior  class 
until  equality  was  established  by  the  Licinian  Laws,  b.c.  367 ;  the 
Roman  people  in  their  civil  capacity  were  called  Quirites . 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boys  were  sad.  2.  The  horse  is  swift.  3. 
The  soldiers  were  brave.  4.  The  king  gives  large  re¬ 
wards  to  the  soldiers.  5.  Lions  are  powerful  animals. 

6.  We  live  outside-of  the  city.  7.  The  ships  of  the 
enemy  are  in  the  river.  8.  The  king  comes  to  the  city 
with  a  large  number  of  soldiers.  9.  The  ships  of  the 
king  were  swift.  10.  The  gods  are  immortal.  11.  We 
are  on-this-side-of  the  river.  12.  We  were  in  the  power 
of  the  king.  13.  The  soldiers  swim  across  the  river 
and  assault  the  town.  14.  They  are  walking  alongside 

2 


18 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


(praeter)  a  large  river.  15.  The  farmer  cuts  a  road 
in  the  thick  forest.  16.  We  swim  in  deep  water.  17. 
The  sailors  do  not  stand  on  the  shore,  but  swim  in  the 
deep  water  from  the  island  to  the  bank. 


LESSON  XVI. 

COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES.  §  89.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Sumus  potentes.  2.  Estis  potentiores.  8.  Reges 
sunt  potentissimi.  4.  Noctes  brevissimae  sunt  aestate.2 
5.  Cicero  erat  vir  doctissimus.  6.  Aqua  est  gravior 
quam  aer.  7.  Roma  clarissima  urbs  erat.  8.  Lux  est 
velocior  quam  sSmtus.  9.  Remus  grat  matri3  simil¬ 
limus.  10.  In  bello  miserrimi  sunt  agricolae.  11. 
Itinera  grant  difficillima. 

1  Learn  §  89,  a  and  b  ;  §  86.  2  In  summer.  §  256. 

3  Rule  15,  page  256. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  are  happy.  2.  Not  all  soldiers  are  brave.  3. 
The  men  were  happy.  4.  Air  is  lighter  than  water.1 
5.  The  men  are  powerful.  -6.  Light  is  swifter  than  the 
wind.  7.  The  soldiers  are  more  powerful.  8.  The 
wind  is  swift.  9.  The  journey  is  very  difficult.  10. 
The  swiftest  animals  are  not  always  the  strongest. 
11.  The  nights  are  very  short.2  12.  The  soldiers  are 
very  brave. 

1  Use  the  nominative. 


2  Use  the  superlative. 


LESSON  XVII. 


19 


LESSON  XVII. 

IRREGULAR  COMPARISON.  §  90.* 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Horatius2  erat  bonus  poeta,  Vergilius  melior,  Ho¬ 
merus  optimus.  2.  Nihil3  est  melius  quam  sapientia. 
3.  Sol  major  est  quam  terra.  4.  Luna  minor  est  quam 
terra.  5.  Plurima  et  maxima  animalia  sunt  in  mari. 
6.  Homerus  est  veterrimus4  omnium  Graecorum  poe¬ 
tarum.5  7.  Reges  cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et 
Smicitiam  confirmant.  8.  Tullus  Hostilius  proximo 
regi 6  dissimilis  fuit.  9.  Caesar  ex  loco  superiore  vSnit. 
10.  Oppidum  est  in  citeriore  Gallia. 

1  Learn  §§  90,  91,  with  a  and  b.  4  See  §  89,  a. 

2  See  §  40,  b  and  c.  6  Rule  10. 

*  See  §  77,  1.  6  To  the ,  etc. ;  Rule  15. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

J  .  '  _  _  .  /  •  r 

1.  The  moon  is  large.  2.  The  sun  is  larger.  3.  The 
earth  is  larger  than  the  moon.  4.  The  next  king  was 
Tullus  Hostilius.  5.  Caesar  establishes  peace  with  the 
nearest  states.  6.  The  worst  kings  are  not  happy.  7. 
The  horses  are  very  swift.  8.  The  animals  are  very 
large.  9.  The  cities 1  are  small.  10.  The  moon  is 
smaller  than  the  earth. 

1  Nouns  of  one  syllable  which  have  the  nominative  in  ns  and 
rs,  as  well  as  nouns  in  is  and  es  not  increasing  in  the  genitive 
(§  349),  and  monosyllables  in  two  consonants,  having  ium  in  the 
genitive  plural. 


20 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XVIII. 

ADVERBS  AND  CONJUNCTIONS.  §  92.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Hostes  Italiam  longe  lateque  vastaverunt.  2.  Mi¬ 
lites  acriter2  pugnant.  3.  Neque  pater  neque  filius 
virum  laudant.  4.  Filia  generi  pulchre  pingit  (paints'). 
5.  Milites  fortiter  pugnant.  6.  Miles  vulnus  grave  pa¬ 
tienter  tolerat.  7.  Liberi  erant  non  magni,  sed  b<5ni3 
pulchrique.  8.  Homines  sunt  aut  felices,3  aut  infelices. 

1  Learn  §  92  and  §  148,  a  and  b ;  §  154,  a  and  b ;  and  §§  207  and 
208. 

2  Explain  the  formation  of  the  adverb. 

3  Form  an  adverb  from  the  adjective :  also  see  §  348,  5,  2. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  men  fought  bravely.  2.  The  soldiers  fought 
more  bravely.  3.  The  soldiers  endured1  their  wounds 
very  patiently.  4.  Men  are  either  large  or  small.  5. 
Neither  the  soldier  nor  the  commander  was  in  the 
battle.  6.  Both  the  soldier  and  commander  were  in 
the  battle.  7.  They  have  laid  waste  the  fields  far  and 
wide. 

1  Use  tolero. 


LESSON  XIX. 

FOURTH  DECLENSION.  §  68.1 
Present  Indicative  of  the  four  Conjugations. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudo,2  exerceo,  duco,  erudio.  2.  Laudas,  exerces, 
ducis,  erudis.  3.  Laudat,  exercet,  ducit,  erudit.  3. 


LESSON  XIX. 


21 


Dux  exercitum  nostrum  exercet.  4.  Sapientes  3  luctum 
et  moerorem  deponunt.  5.  Agricola  taurum  cornibus4 
tenet.  6.  Pater  domus  aedificat.  7.  Lusus  animos 
puerorum  delectat.  8.  Dominus  sub  solis  occasum  ad 
oppidum  cum  servis  venit.  9.  Puellae  acubus  pin¬ 
gunt.5 

1  Learn  §§  68,  69,  70,  d,  e,  and  f;  §  115,  a  and  2 ;  also  §  122,  a,  b, 
and  c.  The  present  tense  of  the  different  conjugations  will  be  found 
on  pages  76,  80,  82,  86,  respectively. 

2  §  351 ;  also  §  348,  9,  ex.  in  us. 

8  §  188. 

4  Rule  26. 

6  acubus  pingo,  embroider. 

Syn.  —  Oppidum  is  a  fortified  town ,  a  fortress ;  urbs,  a  city  (with 
reference  to  its  buildings);  civitas,  a  state ,  a  community  living 
under  the  same  laws. 

Syn.  — Doceo,  to  teach;  edoceo,  to  make  one  learn;  perdoceo, 
to  teach  thoroughly ;  erudio  (e  and  rudis,  rough),  to  instruct ,  lit.,  to 
bring  from  a  rough  condition;  edilco,  to  educate ,  whether  in  a 
physical  or  moral  sense. 

Translate  into  Latin, 

1.  We  praise,  we  exercise,  we  lead,  we  instruct.  2. 
They  praise,  they  exercise,  they  lead,  they  instruct.  3. 
You  lead  the  army.  4.  The  armies  are  brave.  5.  My 
brothers  are  building  a  house.  6.  The  leaders  of  the 
armies  fight  bravely.  7.  He  teaches  the  boy.  8.  Ani¬ 
mals  have  sharp  senses.  9.  The  fields  produce  (gignunt) 
a  great  abundance  of  fruit.  10.  Men  like  to  hear 1  the 
singing  of  birds.  11.  The  walls  of  the  house  are  strong. 
12.  There  are  a  great  number  of  houses  in  the  city.  13. 
The  girls  are  embroidering.  14.  The  girl  embroiders. 

1  Like  to  hear ,  libenter  audiunt. 


22 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XX. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION.  §  72.* 

Imperfect  Indicative. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudabam,2  exercebam,  ducebam,  erudiebam.  2. 
Laudabat,  exercebat,  ducebat,  erudiebat.  3.  Spes  vic¬ 
toriae  milites  delectabat.  4.  Exercitus  in  magnam 
planitiem  veniebat.  5.  Dux  in  primam  aciem3  curre¬ 
bat.  6.  Imperator  fortis  exercitum  educebat  et  aciem 
instruebat.  7.  Milites  circiter  meridiem  pugnabunt. 
8.  Spes  Romanos  deserebat. 

1  Learn  §§  72,  73,  and  74,  d ;  also  §  115,  b;  the  imperfect  tense 
of  the  conjugations ;  for  the  quantity,  §  348,  5,  1,  with  §  350,  and 
§  347,  a,  2. 

2  Give  the  verb-stem  of  each. 

3  In  the  first  rank  or  line ,  i.  e.  the  van. 

Syn.  —  Exercitus  (exerceo,  to  exercise )  is  the  drilled  army ; 
acies,  the  army  drawn  up  in  battle  array ;  and  agmen  (ago,  move), 
the  army  on  the  line  of  march. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  were  praising.  2.  They  were  exercising. 
3.  They  were  leading.  4.  They  were  instructing.  5. 
We  were  praising.  6.  We  were  exercising.  7.  We 
were  leading.  8.  We  were  instructing.  9.  The  plain 
was  large.  10.  Caesar  was  coming  with  a  large  army. 
11.  The  cavalry  was  coming  into  the  plain.  12.  Hope 
delighted  the  army.  13.  The  soldiers  were  fighting 
with  great  fury.  14.  The  boys  were  playing  in  the 
broad  field.  15.  We  see  many  new  buildings  in  the 


LESSONS  XX.,  XXI. 


23 


small  town.  16.  The  boy  was  coming  across  the  field 
into  the  farmer’s  garden.  17.  A  farmer  cultivates  (his) 
field  outside  the  walls  of  the  city,  and  carries  (his) 
produce  (fruges)  in  a  boat 1  across  the  river  into  the 
town.  18.  The  farmer  was  leading  (his)  daughter 
home  (domum)  from  the  city.  19.  The  wind  was 
rolling  great  waves  to  the  shore.  20.  There  were 
many  large  ships  in  the  harbor.  21.  We  swim  from 
the  small  island  in  the  deep  water  to  the  shore.2 

1  See  Rule  26. 

2  Syn.  —  Ripa,  a  bank ,  as  of  a  river ;  litus,  8ris,  the  shore  of  the 
sea  (the  line  which  separates  the  land  from  the  sea),  the  strand ; 
ora,  the  coast  (of  the  land). 


LESSON  XXI. 

GENITIVES  IN  -ius.  §  83. 

Future  Indicative  of  the  Four  Conjugations.  §  128-183. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudabis,  exercebis,  duces,  erudies.  2.  Laudabit, 
exercebit,  ducet,  erudiet.  8.  Milites  in  unum 1  locum 
venient.  4.  Miles  ex  altSra  parte  urbis  veniet.  5. 
Milites  utriusque  exercitus  sunt  fortissimi.  6.  Uter 
nomen  nSvae  urbi  dabit?  7.  Spes  tota  Romanos  de- 
sSrit.  8.  Alius  alium2  amat.  9.  Alius  aliud  dictitat. 
10.  Uter  erat  in  horto  ?  11.  Fratres  amant  alter3  al¬ 

terum.  12.  Alii  puerum  laudabant,  alii  culpabant. 

1  §  347,  a,  1.  2  §  203,  c.  3  In  apposition  to  fratres. 


24 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  see  many  and  strange  animals  in  the  sea.  2. 
Romulus  gave  another  name  to  the  new  city.  3.  Some 
praise  Caesar,  others  blame  him.  4.  The  father  with 
(his)  daughter  comes  to  the  sea-shore.  5.  To  which 
(of  the  two)  does  he  give  the  praise  ?  6.  The  boy  sits 

easily  on  (in)  (his)  horse.  7.  The  horses  leap  into  the 
water  and  swim  to  the  bank.  8.  A  wolf  runs  out  of 
the  forest  into  the  field ;  the  boys  fear  the  wolf,  and 
flee.  9.  Do  you  see  the  slave  with  his  master  in  the 
garden?  No.  10.  The  farmer  alone  ploughs Nthe  field. 
11.  The  brothers  love  each  other.  12.  Some  insist  on 
(flagitant)  one  thing,  some  another.  13.  Some  praise 
one  thing,  some  another. 


LESSON  XXII. 

NUMERALS.  §  94.i 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Yir  duos  filios  habet.  2.  Quot  horas  h£bet  unus 
dies  ?  Quattuor  et  vlginti.  3.  Quot  dies  habent  quattuor 
anni?  Mille  quadringentos  sexaginta.  4.  Qu5t  horas 
habet  unus  annus  ?  Octo  milia  septingentas  sexaginta. 
5.  In  legione  Romana  erant  cohortes  decem,  manipuli 
triginta,  centuriae  sexaginta.  6.  Oppidum  Remorum 
ab  castris  octo  milia2  passuum  aberat.  7.  Amicus  meus 
habet  duos  filios  et  duas  filias.  8.  Piratae  viginti  ta¬ 
lenta  postulant.  9.  Septem  erant  ( there  were)  reges 
Romani ;  primus  Srat  Romulus,  secundus  Numa  Pom- 


BOSTON  COLLEGE  LIBRAS 
CHESTNUT  HILL,  MABS. 


LESSON  XXII.  25 

pilius,  tertius  Tullus  Hostilius,  quartus  Ancus  Martius, 
quintus  Tarquinius  Priscus,  sextus  Servius  Tullius, 
septimus  Tarquinius  Superbus.  10.  P&ter  pueris  binos 
libros3  dabit.  11.  Quota  hora  est  ?  Tertia.  12.  Frater 
meus  agit  (is  in )  annum  quartum  et  vicesimum. 

1  Learn  §  94  (cardinals),  with  a,  b ,  c,  d,  ande;  also  the  method 
of  forming  the  ordinals,  distributives,  and  numeral  adverbs,  §§  95, 
96. 

8  See  §  94,  e. 

8  Two  books  apiece. 

Syn.  — Litera,  a  letter  of  the  alphabet;  epistola,  or  literae  (pi.), 
a  letter ,  an  epistle ;  literae  also  signifies  letters ,  i.  e.  literature;  hu¬ 
manitas,  refinement ,  culture ,  civilization. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boy  has  six  books.  2.  The  men  have  ten 
apples.  3.  Fifty  boys  are  in  the  school.  4.  In  the  city 
are  ten  thousand  soldiers.  5.  One  year  has  three  hun¬ 
dred  and  sixty-five  days.  6.  How  many  days  have  five 
years  ?  7.  Five  years  have  eighteen  hundred  and 

twenty-five  days.  8.  Caesar  will  come  with  ten  ves¬ 
sels.  9.  The  consul  has  sixty  vessels.  10.  Caesar  leads 
out  five  legions  from  Italy.  11.  The  commander  was 
assaulting  the  town  with  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men. 
12.  The  town  is  six  miles  distant.  13.  They  demand 
six  hundred  talents.  14.  The  master  gave  the  boys 
three  books  apiece.  15.  What  (quota)  o’clock  (hour) 
is  it  ?  The  fifth.  16.  The  boy  is  in  his  tenth  year. 
17.  My  father  is  in  his  sixty-second  year. 


26 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XXIII. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS.  §  98.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ego  vbco.  2.  Tu  vocas.  8.  Amicus  vbcat.  4. 
Nos  narramus.  5.  Yos  salutatis.  6.  Ego  fleo.  7.  Tu 
rides.  8.  Nos  siimus  potentes,  sed  vos  estis  pbtentiores. 
9.  Tu  es  tristis.  10.  Romulus  vi2  se  defendit.  11. 
Omnes  homines  se  amant.  12.  In  me  et  in  te  St  in 
nobis  omnibus  est  animus  immortalis.  18.  Fratres  se 
Smant.3  14.  Tu  laudas  me,  sed  ego  te  culpo.  15.  Pueri 
in  horto  nobiscum4  ambulabunt.  16.  Ego  et  frater  am¬ 
bulamus.5  17,  Ego  scribebam,  tu  legebas,  et  frater 
pingebat. 

1  Learn  §  98,  b ,  c ,  and  d;  §  99,  a,  b,  d,  and  e ;  §§  195  and  196; 
§194  and  a;  §  206,  a;  also  §  348,  6. 

2  See  §  61. 

3  The  brothers  love  each  other.  4  See  §  99,  e. 

5  If  there  are  two  subjects  connected  by  and ,  the  verb  is  gen¬ 
erally  plural;  if  the  subjects  are  of  different  persons,  the  verb  takes 
the  first  person  rather  than  the  second,  the  second  rather  than  the 
third.  §  205,  a . 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  I  play,  thou  playest,  the  friend1  plays.  2.  We 
play,  you  play,  the  friends  play.  3.  We  were  praising, 
you  were  praising.  4.  The  men  were  praising  the  boys. 
5.  He  comes  in  company  with  you.  6.  He  comes  in 
company  with  us.  7.  I  give  (to)  you  the  book.  8. 
I  will  praise  you.  9.  You  will  praise  me.  10.  The 
boys  will  love  each  other.  11.  We  all  love  you.  12. 


LESSONS  XXIII.,  XXIV. 


27 


The  boy  was  walking  with  me  in  the  garden  yesterday. 
13.  My  brother  and  I  were  walking  in  the  king’s  gar¬ 
den.  14.  You  are  reading,  but  I  am  writing. 

1  §  98,  b. 


LESSON  XXIV. 

DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS.  §  100.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Illi  virum  laudant.  2.  Hoc  bellum  est  saevis¬ 
simum.  3.  Hujus  discipuli  diligentiam  laudo.  4. 
Hic  puer  diligens  est,  ille  iners.  5.  Vastae  in  iis  15cis 
solitudines  grant.  6.  Aqua  eos  in  sicco  ( dry  land )  re¬ 
linquit.  T.  Illi  acriter  pugnant.  8.  Is  orabat  populum. 
9.  Ille  solus  me  laudabat.  10.  Fratres  se  amabant. 
11.  Ipse  tu  me  laudabas.  12.  Ego  ipse  te  laudabam. 
13.  Ipse  magister  me  laudabit.  14.  Ille  puer  nimium 
se  amat.  15.  Laudabo  illius 2  filium.  16.  Est  idem, 
qui 3  semper  fuit.  17.  Eadem  dictitat.  18.  Pater  fili¬ 
am  suam  et  filiam  ejus  ad  se  vocabat.  19.  Haec  sen¬ 
tentia  mihi 4  pl&cet,  illa  displicet.  20.  Multi  hSmmes 
de  eisdem  rebus  eodem  die  5  non  eadem  sentiunt. 

1  Learn  §§  100,  101,  102,  with  a,  b,  c,  d ,  and  e  ;  also  §  195. 

2  For  his  or  her  (not  referring  to  the  subject),  ejus  should  be 
used  when  not  emphatic;  illius,  if  the  word  is  emphatic;  istius,  if 
very  emphatic  or  at  all  sarcastic. 

8  Qui,  as.  4  §  227.  6  §  256. 

Translate  into  Eatin. 

1.  I1  give  you  this  book,  and  you  give  me  that.  2. 
The  boy  is  in  that  place.  3.  The  soldiers  are  in  that2 


28 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


town,  and  the  enemy  in  this.  4.  There  was  a  bridge 
over  (in)  that  river.  5.  He  hastens  across  this  river 
into  that  cottage.  6.  These  mountains  are  lofty.  7. 
You  yourself  will  give  me  this  book.  8.  In  the  same 
places  (there)  are  many  new  buildings.  9.  Those 
mountains  are  lofty ;  these  are  rugged.  10.  Caesar 
hastened  with  all  his  forces  to  the  same  place.  11. 
The  king  himself  leads  his  army.  12.  On  this  side  of 
these  mountains  (there)  are  many  large  rivers.  13.  I 
myself  will  praise  you.  14.  This  man  praised  me  ;  but 
that  (one)  blamed  me.  15.  We  say  the  same  things. 

1  Ego  must  be  expressed,  because  contrast  is  denoted. 

s  Ille  refers  to  what  is  remote;  hie,  to  what  is  near.  See  §  102, 
a  and  b. 

- » 

LESSON  XXV. 

RELATIVE  PRONOUNS.  §  103. 

Perfect  and  Pluperfect  Indicative.  §  128-  132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudavi,  exercui,  duxi,  erudivi.  2.  Laudavit, 
exercuit,  duxit,  erudivit.  3.  Lauda(vi)sti,2  exercuisti, 
duxisti,  erudi(vi)sti.  4.  Lauda(ve)ram,  exercueram, 
duxeram,  erudi(v)eram.  5.  Lauda(ve)rat,  exercuerat, 
duxerat,  eriidi(v)erat.  Puer,  qui  studet,  discit.3  6. 
Felix  est  is  rex,  quem  omnes  cives  amant.  7.  Rex 
Numitori,  qui  natu  major4  erat,  regnum  reliquit.  8. 
Multi  homines  aedificaverunt  d5mos,  in  quibus  non 
habitaverunt. 


1  Learn  §§  103,  104,  a  and  e;  also  §  180,/;  §  115,  c,  and  §  198. 

2  See  §  128,  a. 

8  See  §  124,  c,  1.  «  See  §  91,  b. 


LESSONS  XXV.,  XXVI. 


29 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  have  praised,  we  have  exercised,  we  have  led, 
we  have  instructed.  2.  They  have  praised,  they  have  ex¬ 
ercised,  they  have  led,  they  have  instructed.  3.  They 
had  praised,  they  had  exercised,  they  had  led.  4.  We 
had  praised,  we  had  exercised,  we  had  led.  5.  The 
boy  whom  you  have  blamed  was  my  brother.  6.  The 
soldiers  who  have  assaulted1  the  town  have  repulsed 
the  enemy.  T.  The  deserter  hastened  across  the  moun¬ 
tains  which  are  in  Farther  Gaul,  and  came  at  evening2 
to  Csesar’s  camp.  8.  The  man  has  built  a  house  in 
which  he  has  not  lived.  9.  1  have  boys  in  my  school 
who  have  studied  diligently  and  learned  rapidly. 

1  Syn.  —  Oppugno  is  to  assault;  obsideo,  to  besiege. 

3  At  evening ,  vesperi. 


LESSON  XXVI. 

INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS.  §  104.1 
Future  Perfect.  §  128-132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Lauda(vS)ro,  exercuero,  duxero,  erudi(v)8ro. 
2.  Lauda(v)erit,  exercuerit,  duxerit,  erudi(v)erit.  3. 
Quis  me  vocat  ?  4.  Quis  scribit  has  literas  ?  5.  Quid 

ago?  6.  Quod  carmen  legis?  7.  Quis  tibi  hunc  li¬ 
brum  dedit?  8.  Cum  epistftlam  scripsero,  ad  te  veniam. 

1  Learn  §  104,  with  a;  also  §  171,  with  a,  6,  c,  and  d ;  §  115,  a,  1. 


30 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  shall  have  praised,  we  shall  have  exercised, 
we  shall  have  led,  we  shall  have  instructed.  2.  They 
shall  have  praised,  they  shall  have  exercised,  they  shall 
have  led,  they  shall  have  instructed.  3.  Who  has 
called  us  ?  4.  What  have  you  done  ?  5.  Which  book 

have  you?  6.  Who  has  instructed  you?  7.  Who 
gave  the  business  to  you  ?  Caesar.  8.  Who  is  the 
leader  of  the  army  which  the  enemy  have  sent  to  Italy  ? 
9.  Who  gave  you  that  book  ?  10.  Who  built  that 

house  in  which  you  are  living?  11.  Whose  book  is 
this  which  I  have  found  in  my  garden  ?  12.  Whose 

boys  are  those  whom  you  are  teaching  in  your  school  ? 
13.  Who  of  you  have  studied  diligently  ?  14.  Who  is 
walking  towards  the  city  ? 


LESSON  XXVII. 

INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS.  §  105.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Narravit  quidam  coram  me  istam  fabulam.  2. 
Narrabit  aliquis  coram  me  illam  fabulam.  3.  Quamli¬ 
bet  (or  quamvis)  fabulam  mihi  narrate.  4.  Pro  sua 
quisque  patria  dimicat.  5.  Quidam  ex  militibus  de¬ 
cimae  legionis  veniebat.  6.  Faber  est  suae  quisque 
fortunae.  7.  Unusquisque  nostrum3  Smmum  immor¬ 
talem  habet.  8.  Ecquis 2 -in  horto  est?  9.  Numquis 
in  horto  est  ?  10.  Quisnam  domi  est  ?  11.  Quod 

facinus  commisit  ?  12.  Uterque  Sliquod  telum  tenuit. 

1  Learn  §  105,  with  a,  b,  c ,  d ,  and  e;  §  202,  e. 


LESSON  XXVII. 


31 


2  Ecquis  simply  asks  a  question ;  numquis  asks  a  question,  but 
expects  the  answer  no. 

8  §  216,  with  a,  1  ;  also  §  99,  b. 

Syn.  —  Quisque,  each  one  ;  uterque,  each  (of  two)  ;  unusquis¬ 
que,  each  one  ;  quivis  and  quilibet,  any  one  you  choose ,  aliquis  and 
quispiam,  some  one  (it  matters  not  who)  ;  neut.  something ,  adj.  any ; 
quidam  (pi.  some),  a,  a  certain,  i.e.  some  definite  person  ;  quis- 
quam,  any,  when  it  is  denied  that  there  are  any;  quis  (after  si,  ne, 
num,  ec-),  any. 

Note.  —  Observe  that  when  the  neuter  is  used  as  a  noun,  it 
takes  the  form  quid;  but  when  used  as  an  adjective,  quod. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Some 1  soldiers  are  brave.  2.  Csosar  sent  a  certain 
soldier  to  the  town.  3.  Each  one  will  fight  for  his 
country  with  the  sword.  4.  Some  one  will  tell  this 
story.  5.  Is  any  one  at  home  2  to-day  ?  6.  A 3  man 

was  walking  in  my  garden.  7.  The  boys  are  present 
whom  you  praised  yesterday.  8.  I  will  give  the  book 
to  any  of  the  scholars  (you  wish).  9.  Is  not  a3  man 
the  maker  of  his  own  fortune  ? 

1  Use  aliquis.  2  At  home,  domi. 

3  When  a  means  a  certain  or  some,  it  is  to  be  translated  by  ali¬ 
quis  or  quispiam. 

Note.  — Any  is  to  be  translated  by  aliquis  or  quispiam  when 
it  means  some;  in  negative  sentences  or  interrogative  sentences 
implying  a  negative  answer,  by  quisquam  or  ullus  ;  and  when  it 
means  any  you  please,  any  you  wish ,  by  quilibet  or  quivis. 


32 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XXVIII. 

CORRELATIVES.  §  106.1 

Imperative  Mood.  §  128-132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Lauda,  exerce,  scribe,  Sbedi.  2.  Laudate,  exer¬ 
cete,  scribite,  bbedite.  3.  Tacete,  pueri.2  4.  Disce, 
puer.  5.  Quales  duces,  tales  sunt  milites.  6.  Quot 
homines,  tot  sententiae.  7.  Vires  exercete,  pueri.  8. 
Ab  his  rebus  animum  tuum  avoca.  9.  Conservate 
fortunas  vestras. 

1  Learn  §  105,  g;  in  §  106  the  corresponding  demonstrative  and 
relative  forms;  also  §  112,  c  ;  §  348,  5,  3. 

2  §  241. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Praise  those,  exercise  those,  write  those,  obey 
those.  2.  Praise  ye,  exercise  ye,  write  ye,  obey  ye. 
3.  Call  the  boy.  4.  Learn,  boys.  5.  Exercise  your 
bodies,  boj^s.  6.  As  (are)  the  masters,  so  are  the 
slaves.  7.  As  (is)  the  teacher,  so  are  the  scholars.  8. 
Do  not  admire  ( ne  miratus  sis')  all  things 1  which  have 
the  show  of  glory.  9.  Carefully  train  your  children  ; 
praise  the  good ;  punish  the  bad. 

1  Omnia.  §  189,  b. 

— — »  . 

LESSON  XXIX. 

INFINITIVES  AND  PARTICIPLES.  §  128  -  132.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Caesar  in  Gallia  hiemare2  constituit.  2.  Milites 
urbem  custodire  debent.  3.  Audivistine  me  id  dlcen- 


LESSONS  XXIX.,  XXX.,  XXXI. 


S3 


tem  ?  3  4.  Magister  puerum  vidit  in  horto  s&dentem. 
5.  Caesar  cupientibus 4  signum  dat.  6.  Scipio  in  Afri¬ 
cam  trajecit  ( passed  over),  Carthaginem  oppugna¬ 
turus.5 

1  Learn  §  113,  a ,  b,  c,  and  d;  and  §  122,  a,  b ,  and  c. 

*  §  112,  c?,  and  Rule  38  ;  §  271  ;  also  learn  §§  289,  290  ;  §  288. 

8  When  I  said  that,  lit.  saying  that,  §  186. 

*  To  (men)  desiring  it. 

5  To  attack,  for  the  purpose  of  attacking. 


♦ 


LESSON  XXX. 

GERUNDS  AND  SUPINES.  §114.* 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ars  navigandi2  utilissima  est.  2.  Ars  sapienter 
vivendi  est  difficillima.  3.  Hostes  urbem  nostram  ex¬ 
pugnare  student.  4.  Venio  te  rogatum.  5.  Cupiditates 
difficiles  sunt  coercitu.  6.  Virtus  homines  avbcat  a  pec¬ 
cando.  7.  In  urbem  migravi  habitatum. 

1  Learn  §  114,  a  and  b;  Rules  41  and  42,  or  §§  295,  302,  303,  the 
inflection  under  §  128-  132. 

1  §  298. 

- » 

LESSON  XXXI. 

PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE.  §  112.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Fidem  servemus.2  2.  In  horto  ambulemus.  3. 
LltSras  scribamus.  4.  Leges  observemus.  5.  Sit  pau- 

8 


34 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


per,  sit  miser  ;  at  est  frater  meus.  6.  Dux  impgrat  ut 
milites  stationes  suas  servent.3  7.  Oro  ut  Dii  incepta 
nostra  secundent.  8.  Cura,  ut  pueri  corpus  exerceas, 
&nimum  excolas,  mentem  erudias. 

1  Learn  §  112,  with  b  (read  the  note),  c,  and  d ;  also,  §  266,  the 
inflection  of  the  tense. 

2  See  examples  on  p.  60  of  the  Grammar,  form  the  tenses  from 
the  present  stem  active,  §  127. 

3  Translate,  that  the  soldiers  keep  their  stations.  Notice  that  pri¬ 
mary  tenses  are  followed  in  the  subordinate  clause  by  primary 
tenses,  secondary  by  secondary,  §  285,  286. 


LESSON  XXXII. 

IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE.  §  128-132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Dux  imperabat  ut  milites  stationes  servarent.  2. 
Scribit  ut  nos  moneat.  3.  Scripsit  ut  nos  mbneret.  4. 
Hannibal  magnum  exercitum  in  Italiam  duxit,  ut  cum 
Romanis  pugnaret.1  5.  Imperator  castris  exercitum 
eduxit  ut  urbem  expugnaret.  6.  Tantus  timor  omnem 
exercitum  occupavit,  ut  omnium  animos  perturbaret. 
7.  Curabam,  ut  puSri  corpus  exerceres,  animum  ex¬ 
coleres,  mentem  erudires.  8.  Caesar -in  Italiam  magnis 
itineribus  contendit*,  ut  duas  ibi  legiones,  conscri¬ 
beret. 

1  Translate,  to  Jight ;  duxit  is  a  secondary  tense,  and  is  followed 
by  the  imperfect  subjunctive. 


LESSONS  XXXHL,  XXXIV. 


35 


LESSON  XXXIII. 

PERFECT  AND  PLUPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE.  §  128-132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Non  dubito  quin  1  Caesar  hostes  superaverit.  2. 
Non  dubitabam  quin2  Caesar  hostes  superavisset.  3. 
Nemo  dubitabat  quin  milites  fortissime  pugnavissent. 

4.  Nemo  dubitat,  quin  puerum  semper  bene  educaverim. 

5.  Nemo  dubitat,  quin  pater  puerum  semper  bene  edu¬ 
caverit.  6.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  puerum  semper  bene 
educavissem.  7.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  pSter  puerum 
semper  bene  educasset.3 

1  Translate,  (but)  that  Ccesar  has,  etc. 

2  Translate,  (but)  that  Ccesar  had ,  etc. 

3  §  128,  a:  form  the  tenses  of  the  present  stem  active. 


LESSON  XXXIV. 

PRESENT,  IMPERFECT,  AND  FUTURE  INDICATIVE  : 

PASSIVE  VOICE.  §  128.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudor,  exerceor,  ducor,  erudior.  2.  Laudatur, 
exercetur,  ducitur,  eruditur.  3.  Laudabar,  exercebar, 
ducebar,  erudiebar.  4.  Laudabatur,  exercebatur,  du¬ 
cebatur,  erudiebatur.  5.  Laudabor,  exercebor,  ducar, 
erudiar.  6.  Laudabitur,  exercebitur,  ducetur,  erudi¬ 
etur.  7.  Puella  ornatur.  8.  Magister  discipulum 
laudat.  9.  Discipulus  a  magistro  laudatur.2  10.  Re¬ 
ges  bella  p&rant.  11.  Bella  a  regibus  p&rantur.  12. 
Pueri  a  magistro  dbcentur.  13.  Epistbla  a  regina 


36 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


scribetur.  14.  Castellum  a  Labieno  muniebatur.  15. 
Bellum  a  Caesare  finiebatur.  Vir3  fortis  ab  inimicis 
honoratur.4 

1  Learn  the  inflections  of  the  tenses;  also  §  111, with  a  and  b. 

2  §  246. 

8  Syn.  — Homo,  mis,  a  man ,  a  human  being ,  includes  both  sexes; 
vir,  a  man ,  a  distinguished  man ,  a  husband. 

4  Form  the  tenses  of  the  perfect  stem  active. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  are  praised,  wo  are  exercised,  we  are  led,  we 
are  instructed.  2.  You  are  praised,  you  are  exercised, 
you  are  led,  you  are  instructed.  3.  We  were  praised, 
we  were  exercised,  we  were  led,  we  were  instructed. 
4.  You  were  praised,  you  were  exercised,  you  were  led, 
you  were  instructed.  5.  We  shall  be  praised,  we  shall 
be  exercised,  we  shall  lead,  we  shall  be  instructed.  6. 
You  will  be  praised,  you  will  be  exercised,  you  will  be 
led,  you  will  be  instructed.  7.  The  boys  are  praised  by 
the  teachers.  8.  The  boys  are  taught  by  their  teachers. 
9.  The  letters  are  written  by  the  queen.  10.  The  war 
will  be  finished  by  Csesar.  11.  The  boys  will  be  pun¬ 
ished  by  their  teachers. 


LESSON  XXXV. 

PERFECT,  PLUPERFECT,  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT  IN¬ 
DICATIVE  :  PASSIVE  VOICE.  §  128-132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Milites  a  duce  laudati  sunt.1  2.  Pueri  in  litSrarum 
studiis  exerciti  sunt.  3.  Puella  ornata  est.  4.  Disci- 


LESSON  XXXV. 


37 


pulus  a  magistris  laudatus  est.  5.  Discipuli  a  magistris 
docti  grant.  6.  Rex  ornatur,  rex  ornatus  est.2  7.  Pa¬ 
ramur,  parati  sumus,  parabamur,  parati  eramus.  8. 
Puer  punitus  erat.  9.  Puer  a  magistro  punitus  grat.3 
10.  Pueri  a  magistro  moniti  grant. 

1  §  121,  a,  b,  and  c ;  §§  127  and  186. 

2  Translate  exercises  7  and  8,  and  distinguish  accurately  the  mean¬ 
ing  of  each  tense  :  §  111,  a  and  b  ;  §  115,  b. 

3  Form  the  tenses  of  the  supine  stem  active. 

Syn. — Imperium  (impero),  the  supreme  power  (the  full  im¬ 
perium  was  the  union  of  the  military  and  civil  authority),  an 
empire;  regnum,  the  royal  power ,  a  kingdom;  principatum,  the 
chief  authority. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  have  been  praised,  we  have  been  exercised, 
we  have  been  led,  we  have  been  instructed.  2.  You 
have  been  praised,  you  have  been  exercised,  you  have 
been  led,  you  have  been  instructed.  3.  We  had  been 
praised,  we  had  been  exercised,  we  had  been  led,  we 
had  been  instructed.  4.  You  had  been  praised,  you 
had  been  exercised,  you  had  been  led,  you  had  been 
instructed.  5.  The  boy  is  (being)  called  by  his  teacher. 
6.  The  boy  is  called  by  his  teacher.  7.  The  boy  has 
been  called  by  his  teacher.  8.  The  soldiers  are  (being) 
praised  by  the  king.  9.  The  soldiers  are  praised  by  the 
king.  10.  The  soldiers  have  been  praised  by  the  king. 
11.  The  soldiers  were  (being)  praised  by  the  king.  12. 
The  soldiers  were  praised  by  the  king.  13.  The  boys 
have  been  punished  by  their  teacher.  14.  The  boys  had 
been  punished  by  their  teacher.  15.  The  war  had  been 
finished  by  the  commander. 


38 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XXXVI. 

IMPERATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE  MOODS  AND  PARTI¬ 
CIPLES  :  PASSIVE  VOICE.  §  128-132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Puer,  bene  1  educare,  strenue  exercere,  probe  ex¬ 
colare,  diligenter  erudire.  2.  Puer,  bene  educator, 
strenue  exercetor,  probe  excolitor,  diligenter  eruditor. 
3.  Agri  vastari  non  debent.  4.  Dicit  puer  se 2  lauda¬ 
tum  esse.  5.  Boni  discipuli  student  exerceri  in  lltera- 
rum  studiis.  6.  Sapientes  3  semper  ratione  4  rggi  student. 
7.  Credo  eum  illos  pueros  laudaturum  esse.  8.  Divitia¬ 
cus  flens  a  Caesare  haec  5  petebat. 

1  Learn  the  inflection  ;  review  §  112,  c  and  d ;  also  §  113,  a,  b, 
and  d  ;  §§  288  and  289  ;  read  §  269,  a ,  b ,  c,  d,  1,  2,  and  3. 

2  That  he  was  praised,  §  288. 

3  §  188.  4  See  Rule  26.  5  These  things . 


♦ 

LESSON  XXXVII. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD:  PASSIVE  VOICE.  §  128-  132. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  PSter  curat,  ut  ggo  bene  educer,1  strenue  exercear, 
pr5be  excolar,  diligenter  erudiar.  2.  Magister  curat 
ut  nos  bene  educemur.2  3.  Milites  nostri  pugnant  ut 
urbs  servetur.  4.  Magister  curat  ut  discipuli  diligenter 
erudiantur.  5.  Magister  curabat,  ut  discipulus  bene 
educaretur,  strenue  exerceretur,  probe  excolaretur,  dili¬ 
genter  erudiretur.  6.  Flebat  puer,  quod  librum  ami- 


LESSON  XXXVII.,  XXXVIII. 


89 


sisset.3  7.  Non  est  dubium,  quin  discipulus4  a  me  bene 
monitus  sit.6  8.  Non  est  dubium,  quin  urbs  a  militibus 
expugnata  sit. 

1  That  1  am ,  etc.  2  We  are. 

3  Had  lost.  See  §  180,  and  §  321,  a.  4  Give  the  derivation. 

6  Give  the  verb-stem. 


LESSON  XXXVIII. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION.  §128.* 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ego  te  laudabam,2  tu  me  culpabas,  frater  judicabat. 
2.  Ego  te  laudabo,  tu  me  culpabis,  frater  judicabit.  8. 
Ego  ambulavi,  tu  vigilasti.3  4.  Ego  ambulaveram,  tu 
vigilaveras.  5.  Ego  te  laudavero,  tu  me  culpaveris, 
frater  judicaverit.  6.  Tu  in  horto  ambulabas.  7. 
B6nos4  semper  laudabo.  8.  Alii5  me  laudabant,  alii6 
culpabant.  9.  Discipulus  magistrum  orat,  ut7  fabu¬ 
lam  narret.  10.  Discipuli  magistrum  orabant,  ut  fabu¬ 
lam  narraret.  11.  Cum  hostes  agros  de  vastavissent, 
urbem  ipsam  oppugnaverunt.  12.  Virtus  homines  avo¬ 
cat  a  peccando.  13.  Milites  acriter  pugnando  urbem 
liberaverunt.  14.  Magister  discipulum  laudat.  15. 
Discipulus  a  magistro8  laudatur.  16.  Arbores  terram 
ornant.  17.  Terra  arboribus9  ornatur.  18.  Ora  et 
l&bora.  19.  Discipulus  laudetur.10  20.  Liberi  a  paren¬ 
tibus  educantor.  21.  Ego  laudabar,  tu  culpabaris.  22. 
Urbs  oppugnabatur.  28.  Ego  laudabor,  tu  culpaberis. 
24.  Urbs  oppugnabitur.  25.  Urbs  ab  hostibus  oppug¬ 
nata  est.  26.  Urbs  oppugnata  erat.  27.  Remus  a 
fratre  liberatus  est.  28.  Romulus  et  Remus  in  iisdem 
lbcis  educati  fuerant. 


40 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


1  Learn  the  inflection  of  the  verb ;  review  the  definitions  under 
§§  108,  111,  115  ;  read  §§  116,  117,  and  126,  a . 

2  §  127  ;  also  §§  126,  a,  121  ;  also  read  §  123  ;  the  verb-stem  lauda 
=  present  stem ;  form  all  the  tenses  of  the  present  stem. 

8  §  128,  a.  4  The  good.  §  188.  6  Some.  6  Others. 

7  To  relate ,  etc.,  §  286.  8  §  263.  9  Rule  26. 

10  Let  the  student  he  praised. 

Syn.  — Vulnero,  to  wound  by  a  cut  or  thrust;  saucio,  to  wound 
in  any  way. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Thou  tightest,  he  fights,  they  fight.  2.  We  praise, 
we  were  praising,  we  will  praise.  3.  They  command, 
they  were  commanding,  they  will  command.  4.  They 
have  demanded,  they  had  demanded,  they  will  have 
demanded.  5.  They  are  wounded,  they  had  been 
wounded.  6.  They  are  blamed,  they  were  blamed, 
they  had  been  blamed.  7.  The  soldiers  were  wounded. 
8.  The  soldiers  have  been  wounded  by  the  enemy.  9. 
The  masters  praise  the  pupils.  10.  The  pupils  are 
praised  by  the  masters.  11.  The  soldiers  give  the 
signal.  12.  The  signal  is  given  by  the  soldiers.  13. 
Romulus  liberates  Remus.  14.  Remus  is  liberated  bv 

4/ 

Romulus.  15.  The  brothers  were  educated  in  those 
places.  16.  He  gives  the  business  to  his  brother..  17. 
Do  you  see  the  road  which  has  been  cut  through  the 
forest  by  the  enemy  ?  18.  The  enemy  has  been  seen. 

19.  Csesar  hastened  across  the  river.  20.  The  enemy 1 
hastened  into  Gaul  and  laid  waste  the  fields.  21.  You 
praise  me.  22.  Others  praise  you.  23.  One  says  one 
thing,  another  another.  24.  He  is  the  same  to-day  that 
he  will  be  to-morrow.  25.  He  is  the  same  boy  that  runs 
from  the  thick  wood  across  the  wide  field,  and  swims  in 
the  deep  water  to  the  shores  of  the  island. 


‘  Plural. 


LESSON  XXXIX. 


41 


LESSON  XXXIX. 

SECOND  CONJUGATION.  §  130.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Hostes  timent.2  2.  Magister  puerum  docet.  3. 
Viri  puerum  monent.  4.  Rex  Albanorum  duos  filios 
habuit.  5.  Pater  vSlet.  6.  Cur  tacuistis  ?  7.  Mentes 
vestras  in  literarum  studio  exercuistis.  8.  Haec  civitas 
floru&rat.  9.  Hostes  in  urbibus  manserunt.  10.  Curo, 
ut3  corporis  vires  exerceam.  11.  Curabam,  ut  corporis 
vires  exercerem.  12.  Tacete,  pueri.  13.  Vide,  ne4 
contra  virtutis  praecepta  pecces.  14.  Laudare5  disci¬ 
pulum  debemus.  15.  Caesar  in  Gallia  detinebatur. 
16.  Discipuli  a  magistro  docentur.6  17.  Llterae  in 
civitate  nostra  florebunt.  18.  Milites  jussi  sunt  pug¬ 
nare.5  19.  Regis  cbmites  in  urbe  visi  erant.  20.  Pater 
curat,  ut  ego  exercear.  21.  P&ter  curabat,  ut  ego  ex¬ 
ercerer.  22.  Debemus  laudari.5  23.  Hostes  in  castris 
manent. 

1  Learn  the  inflection  of  the  verb;  review  §§  112,  113,  and  114; 
read  §  126,  b;  §  124. 

8  The  verb-stem  =  present  stem,  time-o. 

8  To  exercise ,  etc.  4  That  you  do  not ,  etc. 

5  §  112,  d ,  or  §  271. 

6  Doceo  forms  its  supine  without  a  connecting  vowel. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  masters  teach  the  boys.  2.  The  masters  were 
teaching  the  boys.  3.  The  enemy  will  remain  in  the 
city.  4.  The  king  has  two  sons.  5.  Caesar  had  five 
legions.  6.  They  see  the  city  which  the  enemy  are 
assaulting.  7.  The  enemy  remained  within  the  walls.1 


42 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


8.  Caesar  admonished  the  tribunes.  9.  Did  the  enemy 
detain  Caesar  in  Gaul  ?  10.  She  mourned  her  brother. 

11.  Caesar  was  detained  by  the  Gauls.  12.  Six  vultures 
were  seen  by  Remus.  13.  The  enemy  have  remained 
in  their  camp.  14.  Caesar  has  been  detained  in  Gaul. 
15.  The  tribunes  have  been  admonished  by  Caesar.  16. 
The  soldiers  remain  around  the  city.  17.  The  enemy 
remained  on  this  side  of  the  river.  18.  Remain  in  the 
city.  19.  I  see  the  forces  of  the  enemy  in  the  dense 
forest. 

1  Walls  of  a  city;  see  synonymes. 

- ♦ - 

LESSON  XL. 

THIRD  CONJUGATION.  §  131! 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ego  18go,2  tu  scribis,  frater  pingit.3  2.  Ego  pinge¬ 
bam,  tu  scribebas,  frater  legebat.  3.  Hostes  urbem 
cingent.  4.  Discipuli  literas  scribent.  5.  Caesar  aciem 
instruxerat.  6.  Ille  urbem  muris  cinxit.  7.  Lupa 
matrem4  se  gessit.5  8.  Procas  Numitori,  qui  natu  major 
erat,  regnum  rSlIquit.  9.  Curo,  ut  praeceptor  pueri 
animum  excolat.  10.  Curabam,  ut  praeceptor  pueri 
animum  excoleret.  11.  Disce,  puer.  12.  Puer,  ne  con¬ 
tempseris  (perf.  subj.)  praecepta  magistrorum  tuorum. 
13.  Educ6  nos,  dux,  contra  hostes.  14.  Urbs  a  civibus 
defenditur.  15.  Puer  ab  omnibus  diligebatur.  16. 
Urbs  muro  cingetur.  17.  Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus 
urbem  in  iisdem  locis,  ubi  expositi  ediicatique  fuSrant, 
condiderunt.  18.  Inde  duae  lSgiones,  quae  proximae 


LESSON  XL. 


43 


conscriptae  grant,  totum  agmen  claudebant.  19.  Pueri 
petunt,  ut 7  e  schola  dimittantur.  20.  Pueri  pgtebant 
ut  e  schola  dimitterentur.  21.  Scribens8  et  legens 
multum  didici. 

1  Review  §  108  to  §  116  ;  read  §  126,  c ;  §  125. 

8  Verb-stem  leg-o  =  present  stem. 

3  Form  the  perfect,  accounting  for  the  euphonic  changes,  §  123,  c,  3. 

4  In  apposition  with  se  :  as  a  mother. 

8  Form  the  tenses  from  the  perfect  stem. 

6  §  128,  c.  7  To  he,  etc.  8  By  writing,  etc. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  read,  we  write,  they  read,  they  write.  2.  We 
were  writing  the  letter,  we  will  write  the  letter.  3.  We 
have  written,  we  had  written,  we  shall  have  written. 
4.  We  draw  up  the  line  of  battle,  we  were  drawing  up 
the  line,  we  have  drawn  up  the  line,  we  had  drawn  up 
the  line.  5.  The  boy  reads  the  book.  6.  The  book  is 
read  by  the  boy.  7.  Read  the  book,  boys.  8.  The  boy 
asks  to  be  1  dismissed  from  school.  9.  Romulus  has  en¬ 
compassed  the  city  with  a  wall.  10.  The  consuls  rule 
the  republic.  11.  Caesar  drew  up  his  army  in  the  city. 
12.  A  wolf  ran  from  the  forest  across  the  field.  13.  He 
enrolled  the  legion  in  Gaul.  14.  The  republic  was  ruled 
by  the  consuls.  15.  The  city  was  founded  by  Romulus. 
16.  They  were  educated  in  these  places.  17.  The  city 
has  been  encompassed  by  a  wall.  18.  Two  legions  were 
enrolled  in  Farther  Gaul  by  Caesar.  19.  The  legions 
which  Caesar  enrolled  in  Hither  Gaul  assaulted  the  city. 
20.  Are  the  boys  playing  in  the  field  ?  No  ;  they  are 
running  towards  (ad)  the  woods. 

1  Use  ut  with  the  present  subj. 


44 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XLI. 

FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  p.  86.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Puer  dormit.2  2.  Punimus  puerum.  3.  Milites 
castra  muniunt.  4.  Puer  dormiebat.  5.  Puniebamus 
puerum.  6.  Milites  castra  muniebant.  7.  Puer  dor¬ 
miet.  8.  Puniemus.  9.  Milites  castra  munient.  10. 
Punivimus  puerum.  11.  Claram  vocem  hujus  avis  non 
audivisti.  12.  Milites  castra  muniverant.  13.  Remus 
moenia  transiluit.  14.  Caesar  bellum  finiverat.  15. 
Pueri  in  scholam  veniunt  ut  legant  et  scribant.  16. 
Pueri  in  schblam  veniebant  ut  3  legerent  et  scriberent. 
17.  Praeceptor  puerorum  mentes  erudito.  18.  Ne  puni¬ 
veris4  pueros.  19.  Pueri  a  magistro  erudiuntur.  20. 
Milites  nostri  in  aciem  educuntur,  et  hostes  castra  mu¬ 
niunt.  21.  Castra  a  militibus  muniebantur.  22.  Imprbbi 
a  magistratibus  punientur.  23.  Bellum  a  Caesare  fini¬ 
tum  est.5  24.  Pater  curat,  ut  &go  diligenter  erudiar. 
25.  Pater  curabat,  ut  ego  diligenter  erudirer.  26.  Im¬ 
probi  puniantur.  27.  Puer  diligenter  erudiatur.  28. 
Caesar  castra  muniri  jubet. 

1  Read  §  126,  d;  §  122  to  d. 

2  Verb-stem  =  present  stem  dormi-o :  notice  that  the  verb-stem 

of  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  conjugations  end  in  a,  e,  I,  and  that 
of  the  third  in  a  consonant  or  u :  hence  the  distinction  of  vowel  and 
consonant  conjugation.  3  To ,  etc. 

4  Perf.  subj.,  do  not ,  etc.  5  Form  the  tenses  of  the  supine  stem. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  sleep,  we  were  sleeping,  we  will  sleep.  2. 
They  punish  the  boy,  they  were  punishing  the  boy,  they 
will  punish  the  boy.  3.  The  soldiers  are  fortifying  their 
camp,  the  soldiers  were  fortifying  their  camp,  the  sol- 


LESSONS  XLI.,  XLII. 


45 


diers  will  fortify  their  camp.  4.  They  have  punished 
the  boy,  they  had  punished  the  boy.  5.  The  boys  come 
to  school  to  read  and  write.  6.  Punish  the  boy.  T. 
The  boys  are  punished  by  the  master.  8.  The  camp 
was  (being)  fortified  by  the  soldiers.  9.  The  camp  is 
(being)  fortified  by  Caesar,  the  camp  will  be  fortified  by 
Caesar,  the  camp  has  been  fortified  by  Caesar,  the  camp 
had  been  fortified  by  Caesar.  10.  They  have  fortified 
the  city.  11.  Caesar  came  to  the  city.  12.  He  has 
come  from  the  city.  18.  Has  Caesar  finished  the  war  in 
Gaul  ?  14.  The  soldiers  surround  the  enemy.  15.  All 

hope  deserted  the  Romans.  16.  Caesar  led  his  army 
into  their  territories.1  IT.  The  city  has  been  fortified  by 
Caesar.  18.  The  war  was  finished  by  Caesar.  19.  The 
enemy  have  been  surrounded  by  the  soldiers.  20.  Come 
with  me.2  21.  Caesar  surrounded  the  city  with  a  wall. 

1  Use  the  plural  of  finis.  2  Mecum. 


LESSON  XLII. 

DEPONENTS.  §  135.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Caesar  suos  milites  cohortatus  est.  2.  Omnes  ad¬ 
mirantur  splendorem  virtutis.  3.  Milites  agros  popu¬ 
labantur.  4.  Mi  fili,2  verere  parentes.  5.  Intuemur 
praeclara  virtutis  exempla.  6.  Virtutis  viam  sequimur. 
7.  Amicus  moritur.  8.  Hostes  urbem  aggrediuntur. 
9.  Puer,  ne  mentitus  sis.  10.  Magnos  liSmines  virtute 
metimur,  non  fortuna.  11.  Praeceptor  gaudebat.  12. 
Cives  maxime  gavisi  sunt.  13.  Remus  Numitoris  greges 
infestare  sSlitus  est. 

1  Leam  §  185,  a,  b,  c,  d,  and  §  186. 


2  See  §  40,  c. 


46 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  admire,  we  fear,  we  approach,1  we  measure. 

2.  You  admire,  you  fear,  you  approach,  you  measure. 

3.  We  admire,  we  were  admiring,  we  have  admired,  we 
had  admired.  4.  We  rejoice,  they  rejoice.  5.  We  have 
rejoiced,  they  have  rejoiced.  6.  We  dare,  we  dared,  we 
have  dared.  7.  We  trust,  we  trusted,  we  have  trusted, 
we  will  trust.  8.  The  garden  of  the  king  is  adorned 
with  many  pine-trees  and  lakes.2  9.  We  like  to  sit3 
under  oak-trees  and  in  caves.  10.  Timid  orators 
tremble  in  every  limb.4 

1  Use  the  proper  tense  of  aggredior.  2  See  §  70,  d. 

8  Lit.,  we  sit  willingly.  4  Lit.,  in  all  their  limbs.  See  Rule  26. 


LESSON  XLIII. 

VERBS  IN  -io:  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  §  131.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Fugiunt,2  fugiebant,  fugient,  fugiant.  2.  JScit,3 
j&ciebat,  j&ciet,  jaciat.  3.  FSdimus,  fodiebamus,  fodiamus. 

4.  CSpimur,  capiebamur,  capiemur,  capiamur.  5.  Mili¬ 
tes  arma  capiunt.  6.  Arma  a  militibus  capiuntur.  7. 
Vir  fossam  fodit.  8.  Fossa  a  viro  foditur.  9.  Amulius 
fratris  filiam  in  vincula  conjecit.  10.  Filia  ab  Amulio  in 
vincula  conjecta  erat.  11.  PrSca  parvulos  in  TibSrim 
abjecit.  12.  Parvuli  a  PrSca  in  Tiberim  abjecti  sunt. 
13.  Milites  lapides  ac  tela  coniciebant.  14.  L&pides  ac 
tela  a  militibus  conjecti  grant. 

1  Learn  the  inflection  of  capio,  p.  83  ;  read  §  126,  c. 

2  Verb-stem  fug-i-o,  present  stem  fugi-o;  form  all  the  tenses  of 

the  present -stem.  .  -  •  --  ^ 


LESSON  XLIII. 


47 


3  Form  a  compound  with  con,  §  10,  b;  the  j  can  be  preserved 
or  it  is  lost,  §  10,  c. 

Syn. — Vinculum  (vincio,  bind) ,  any  thing  that  binds;  catena, 
an  iron  chain  ;  laqueus,  a  halter. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  flee,  we  were  fleeing,  we  will  flee,  we  have 
fled,  let  ns  flee.  2.  They  are  taken,  they  were  taken, 
they  will  be  taken,  they  have  taken,  let  them  take.  3. 
They  take  the  city.  4.  The  city  is  taken  by  the  soldiers. 
5.  Romulus  has  killed  his  brother.  6.  The  city  was 
taken  by  the  soldiers.  7.  They  throw  their  weapons 
among  the  enemy.  8.  The  weapons  have  been  thrown 
among  the  enemy.  9.  They  will  be  received  in  sur¬ 
render  (in  deditionem).  10.  The  boys  were  cast  into 
the  Tiber. 

ADDITIONAL  EXERCISES. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  praise  the  good  men.  2.  We  were  praising 
the  good  men.  3.  We  will  praise  the  good  men.  4. 
We  have  praised  them.  5.  We  had  praised  them.  6. 
Some  praise  me,  others  blame  me.  7.  We  have  liber¬ 
ated  the  soldiers  by  fighting.  8.  We  teach  the  boy. 
9.  They  teach  the  boy.  10.  We  have  taught  him.  11. 
We  had  taught  him.  12.  The  boys  have  ten  books. 
13.  Caesar  had  thirty  ships,  five  thousand,  six  hundred 
and  forty-five  soldiers.  14.  The  boy  is  taught  by  his 
teacher.  15.  You  are  praised  by  good  men.  16.  The 
children  are  playing  in  the  garden.  17.  We  were  writ¬ 
ing  the  letter.  18.  We  have  written  the  letter.  19. 
The  letters  have  been  written  by  us.  20.  The  soldiers 
fortify  the  city.  21.  The  city  is  fortified  by  the  soldiers. 
22.  We  have  admired  the  city.  23.  We  have  promised. 
24.  We  admire  the  men  because  we  are  admired  by 
them.  25.  Romulus  kills  his  brother.'  -26.  The  brother 


48 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


is  killed  by  Romulus.  27.  The  teacher  instructs  the 
boys  ;  the  boys  are  instructed  by  the  teacher.  28.  The 
letter  is  written  (writing)  ; 1  the  letter  has  been  written 
(is  written)  ;  the  letter  was  written  (writing)  ;  was 
written  (had  been  written)  ;  was  written  ;  some  one 
was  writing  a  letter,2  some  one  had  written  a  letter, 
some  one  wrote  a  letter.  29.  My  brother  and  I  (I  and 
my  brother)  were  walking  3  in  the  garden  ;  we  saw  our 
teacher  and  spoke  to  him.  30.  He  teaches  me  the  Latin 
language  :  he  is  kind  and  I  shall  always  praise  him. 
31.  I  often  walk  in  the  fields  to  refresh  4  my  mind.  32. 
This  pupil  studies  well  and  learns  rapidly ;  he  has  a 
tenacious  memory  and  a  good  understanding.  33.  He 
is  often  praised  by  his  teacher  for 5  his  diligence.  34. 
Have  you  been  at  school  to-day  ?  No,  I  shall  come  to¬ 
morrow.  35.  The  boys  had  been  playing  on  the  broad 
plain  ;  their  teacher  called  them  ;  they  immediately  ran 
to  6  school.  36.  It  is  easy 7  to  write,  but  it  is  not  easy  to 
write  well.  37.  The  river  flows  through  a  lake  ;  it  is  a 
large  and  beautiful  lake,  and  is  surrounded  by 8  dense 
woods.  38.  The  boy  is  carefully  trained  by  his  teacher. 
39.  My  pupil  wrote  a  letter  to  his  friend  ;  but  he  did 
not  tell  what9  he  had  written.10  40.  We  shall  dwell  in 
the  city  in  the  summer,11  but  in  the  winter  we  shall  all 
depart  into  the  country.12 

1  §  111,  a;  §  115,  1,  2,  with  b  and  c. 

2  A  convenient  test  is  the  substitution  of  the  active. 

8  See  §  205,  and  a.  4  Present  subjunctive  with  ut. 

6  Propter,  with  acc.  6  Into  ;  use  in,  with  acc. 

7  Use  facile,  neuter  gender.  See  §  270. 

8  Use  the  ablative  without  a  preposition.  See  Rule  26. 

9  Use  quae.  10  Use  the  pluperfect  subjunctive. 

11  The  time  when  is  denoted  by  the  ablative. 

12  Use  rus.  See  §  258. 


LESSON  XLIY. 


49 


LESSON  XLIV. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS.  §  120, 1  and  §  288. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Potest,  pStSrat,  pSterit.  2.  Possumus,  poteramus, 
pStSnmus.  3.  Ego  possum  legere,  tu  potes  scribere, 
sSror  potest  acu2  pingere.  4.  Cura,  ut  possis  aequo 
Snimo3  vitam  relinquere.  5.  Ferimus,  ferebamus,  fe¬ 
ramus,  ferimur,  ferebamur,  feremur,  feramur.  6.  Quid 
fers,  mi  amice  ?  8.  Ferri  laborem  consuetudo  docet. 

9.  Ferte4  viro  auxilium.  10.  Non  omnis  ager,  qui  seri¬ 
tur,  fert  fruges.5  11.  Faustulus  eos  in  casam  tulit. 

1  Learn  §  120,  a  and  b;  §  288 ;  §  271,  and  the  inflection  of 

fero. 

2  For  gender,  cf.  §  69  ;  for  case,  see  Rule  26. 

8  aequo  animo,  with  equanimity.  4  §  128,  c;  §  272. 

6  §46. 

Syn. — Possum,  I  am  able ,  because  I  have  sufficient  power; 
queo,  I  am  able ,  because  circumstances  allow  me  to  do  it. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  You  are  able,  you  were  able,  you  will  be  able.  2. 
They  are  able,  they  were  able,  they  will  be  able.  3. 
Thou  art  able,  thou  wert  able,  thou  wilt  be  able.  4.  We 
bear,  we  were  bearing,  we  will  bear.  5.  We  are  borne, 
we  were  borne,  we  shall  be  borne.  6.  I  am  able  to  read, 
but  not  to  write.  7.  Caesar  was  not  able  to  defend  the 
city.  8.  You  will  not  be  able  to  read  the  book  easily. 
9.  He  has  not  been  able  to  restrain  his  temper. 

4 


50 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  XLV. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS  ( continued ).  §  137.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Volumus,  volebamus,  volemus,  velimus.  2.  Nolu¬ 
mus,  nolebamus,  nolemus,  nolimus.  3.  Malumus,  ma¬ 
lebamus,  m alemus,  malimus.  4.  Ego  vblo  legere,  tu 
vis  scribere,  frater  vult  pingere.  5.  Dic,2  cur  me  comi¬ 
tari  nolis.  6.  Oro  te,  ut  me  cum  ludere  velis.  7.  S5ror 
ambulare  mavult.  Discipuli  volunt  nuntium  scire.  9. 
Amici  domi3  sedere  nolunt.  10.  Amici  ambulare  ma¬ 
lunt  quam  domi  sedere.  11.  Noli4  scribere. 

1  Learn  §  137,  §  138,  1,  2,  and  3,  inflections  of  volo,  nolo,  and 
malo. 

2  §  128,  c.  3  At  home ,  §  258,  d.  4  §  269. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  You  are  wishing,  you  were  wishing,  you  will  be 
wishing.  2.  They  are  unwilling,  they  were  unwilling, 
they  will  be  unwilling.  3.  You  prefer,  you  preferred, 
you  will  prefer.  4.  I  have  wished,  I  had  wished.  5. 
We  wished  to  know.  6.  We  had  been  unwilling.  7. 
The  bo}rs  will  prefer  to  walk.  8.  The  man  wishes  to 
remain  at  home.  9.  Do  you  wish  to  walk  in  the  fields 
with  me  ?*  No  ;  I  prefer  to  remain  at  home.2  10.  We 
shall  be  able  to  lead  the  soldiers  from  the  camp.  11. 
They  were  unwilling  to  depart  from  the  city.  12.  Do 
the  boys  wish  to  play  on  the  plain  ?  No  ;  they  prefer 
to  study.  13.  Do  you  prefer  to  read  or  to  write.  I  do 
not  know  (how)  to  write,  but  I  wish  to  learn. 

1  Mecum.  See  §  99,  e.  2  Use  domi. 


LESSON  XL VI. 


51 


LESSON  XLVI. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS  {continued).  §  140.1 

Translate  into  [English. 

1.  Imus,  Ibamus,  Ibimus,  eamus.  2.  Ego  abeo,  tu  ex 
itinere  redis.  3.  I,  quo  2  te  fata  vocant !  4.  Princeps  3 

Ibat  Horatius.  5.  I,  lictor,  deliga  puerum  ad  palum. 
6.  Jussit  ut  abirem.  7.  Fiunt,  flebant,  flent,  flamus. 
8.  Nemo  fit  casu4  bbnus.  9.  Amicus  fieri  sapiens 
pfttest.  10.  Viri  cautiores  fiunt.  11.  Edimus  ut  viva¬ 
mus  ;  non  vivimus  ut  edamus.  12.  Flat5  lux,  et  lux 
facta  est. 

1  Learn  §  140,  141,  142,  and  a.  2  Whither. 

3  An  adjective  used  for  an  adverb,  first,  or  at  the  head. 

4  By  chance ,  cf.  Rule  26.  6  §  266. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  go,  they  were  going,  they  will  go,  let  them 
go.  2.  They  become,  they  became,  they  will  become. 
3.  They  are  able  to  become  friends.  4.  They  return, 
they  will  return,  they  have  returned.  5.  He  becomes 
a  friend.1  6.  He  has  become  a  friend.  7.  They  differ. 
8.  The  soldiers  bore  aid  to  their  commander.  9.  They 
will  bear  the  wearied  soldiers  into  the  cottage.  10. 
The  fields  bear  fruit.  11.  Aid  is  borne  to  the  enemy. 
12.  The  soldiers  have  endured2  many  hardships.  13. 
The  hardships  have  been  endured  patiently  by  the  sol¬ 
diers.  14.  Many  brave  soldiers  perished  in  the  battle. 
15.  The  king  went  to  the  town.  16.  The  soldiers  per¬ 
ished  by  hunger.  17.  A  great  part  of  the  soldiers  have 
perished  by  hunger.  18.  Caesar  became  consul.  19. 
They  became  unfriendly.  20.  The  burden  will  become 
light.  21.  Endure  these  things,  soldiers.  22.  They 
returned  to  the  camp.  23.  The  enemy  are  not  able  to 


52 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


cross  the  river.  24.  He  was  unwilling  to  depart.  25. 
They  passed  by  the  camp.  26.  The  general  wished  to 
cross  the  river  with  all  his  forces  on  3  a  bridge. 

1  Norn.  §  185.  2  Use  perfero.  3  Use  ablative. 


LESSON  XL VII. 

DEFECTIVE  AND  IMPERSONAL  VERBS  :  PERIPHRAS¬ 
TIC  FORMS.  §  143.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Militibus  2  non  licebit 3  (e)  castris  exire.  2.  Pla¬ 
cuit4  Caesari,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mitteret.5  3. 
Curritur.  4.  Tibi  licet  id  facere.  5.  Hic  liber  tibi 
legendus  est.  6.  Mihi  ire  licuit.  7.  Amandus  est 
ille  puer.  8.  Caesar  castra  moturus  est.  9.  Imperator 
cum  sola  decima  legione  profecturus  erat.  10.  Pugnan¬ 
dum  est  pro  patria.  11.  Patria  amanda  est.  12.  Ais- 
ne  ?  Aio.  Negasne  ?  Nego.  13.  Probos  Smamus, 
improbos  odimus. 

1  Learn  §  143,  a,  b ,  c,  and  §  144  ;  also  §  145  :  read  carefully  §  146, 
a  to  d  ;  also  §  129,  with  §  147,  b  and  c  ;  §  270  and  a. 

3  To  the  soldiers ,  i.  e.  they  will  not  be  allowed .  See  §  227,  e. 

3  Give  a  full  synopsis  (in  the  third  person  singular)  ;  what  is  the 
subject  of  licebit  ? 

4  It  pleased  C cesar ,  i.  e.  Ccesar  determined.  See  §  227. 

6  To  send.  See  §  332,  a. 

Syn.  — Proficiscor,  to  set  out  on  a  journey  ;  iter  facere,  to  travel ,' 
either  at  home  or  abroad ;  peregrinari,  to  travel  abroad. 

Prudentia  (provideo,  foresee ),  foresight ,  practical  judgment , 
knowledge  of  the  laic;  sapientia  (sapio,  taste),  good  taste ,  discern¬ 
ment ,  knowledge  of  the  world:  scientia  (scio,  know),  knowledge,  im¬ 
plying  skill  in  or  acquaintance  with  a  subject. 


LESSON  XL VIII. 


53 


LESSON  XL VIII. 

WORD-FORMATION. —DERIVATION.  §  157.' 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Dux  exercitus  interfectus  est.1  2.  Scriptor 2  legit. 
3.  Orator  eadem  dictitat.3  4.  Milites 4  periculum  ti¬ 
ment.  5.  Quis  nomen5  n5vae  urbi  dat  ?  6.  Rex  vocat.6 
7.  Regina 7  venit.  8.  Impedimenta 8  in  castris  sunt. 
9.  Catilina  in  senatum 9  venit.  10.  Soror  ipsa  paluda¬ 
mentum  confecerat.  11.  Comploratio 10  sororis  ferocis 
juvenis  animum  in  tanto  gaudio 11  publico  movit.  12. 
Filiola  12  viri  in  liorto  ambulabat.  13.  Hominis  animus 
mortalis 13  est.  14.  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in  iisdem 
lScIs  condiderunt.14  15.  Reges  bonos  cives  15  honorant. 
16.  Agricola  Sratrum 16  habet.  17.  Amor  17  gloriae  nos 
impulit.18 

1  The  pupil  should  study  early  the  rules  under  §§10  and  11 :  learn 
§§  157,  161;  read  §§  158,  159,  162,  167,  168,  170,  a,  b,  and  c;  the 
remainder  of  §  162  and  §  163  should  be  carefully  read;  also  §  20. 
Form  nouns  of  agency  from  &mo,  audio,  mSneo,  vinco  (vie),  lSgo, 
venor:  also  a  frequentative  verb  from  scribo,  §  167. 

3  Verb-stem  scrib,  scriptor. 

8  Form  iteratives  from  clamo,  rbgo,  lego,  scribo,  and  vSnio. 

4  §  10,  b. 

5  No-men  (gno)  ;  form  nouns  with  same  suffix  from  fluo,  luceo, 
§  11,  b,  tggo,  ago,  gSro,  fulgeo. 

6  §  158,  b ;  cf.  6  in  vox. 

7  Form  a  word  with  the  suffix  Inus  (in a)  from  gallus,  canis, 
equus,  divus. 

8  Give  the  derivation,  §  163,  c ;  remember  that  stems  and  roots, 
not  nominatives,  are  used  to  form  derivatives,  but  consonant-stems 
either  lose  their  consonant,  or  take  i  as  a  connective  vowel.  Form 
nouns  with  same  suffix  from  dbceo,  impedio,  moveo  §  10,  c?. 


orno. 


54 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


0  Form  nouns  with  same  suffix  from  consul,  tribunus. 

10  Form  nouns  with  same  suffix  from  scribo  (scrib-tio,  §  11  ,/  1, 
scrip-tio),  lego,  contingo  (root,  tag),  obliviscor,  §  123,  2,  1, 
obsideo,  ambio,  imitor,  occido  (§  10,  b). 

11  Form  nouns  with  the  suffix  ium  from  odi,  incendo,  aedifico. 

12  Form  diminutives  from  rex  (re-gis,  reg-ulus),  vox,  frater, 
mater,  navis,  res,  corpus,  hortus,  rivus,  mensa,  silva,  caput, 
saxum,  scutum,  flos  (§  164,  a.)  negotium,  bculus,  lapis,  liber. 

13  Form  an  adjective  with  same  suffix  from  fatum,  rex,  vita. 

14  Cpndo  (dha),  place  together;  also  credo,  place  confidence  in. 

15  Form  adjectives  in  icus  from  civis,  bellum,  classis. 

16  Form  nouns  like  aratrum  from  fero,  lavo. 

17  Form  nouns  with  the  suffix  or  from  clamo,  caleo,  timeo, 
faveo,  furo. 

18  Explain  the  formation  of  the  compound. 

A  few  examples  are  added,  illustrating  the  manner  in  which 
words  are  built  up  from  roots  (“word-building”). 

Boot  ar,  plough,  verb-stem  ==  present  stem,  ara,  verb,  ara-o, 
§  126,  a,  aro,  I  plough;  ara-tor,  §  162,  a,  ploughman;  Sra-trum, 
§  163,  d  (end),  plough;  ara-tio,  ploughing ;  ar-vus,  what  has  been 
ploughed;  subst.  ar-vum,  ploughed field  ;  ara-tiun-cula,  small  ploughed 
field. 

Give  the  meaning  and  form  derivatives  from  the  following :  Root 
spac;  verb-stem,  spec,  see  §  10,  b,  present  stem,  spec-i-o,  §  123, 
b,  2;  spec-to,  §  167,  b;  spec-ta-tor ;  spec-ta-trix ;  spec-ta-tio; 
spec-ulum;1  spec-ta-bilis ;  con-spic-i-o,  §  10,  b;  sus-pic-i-o, 
§11, /3;  circum-spic-i-o ;  in-spic-i-o  ;  adspic-i-o;  pro-spic-i-o ; 
re-spic-i-o,  §  11,/,  3,  note  (end)  ;  lSg-o;  §  11,/,  1 ;  di-lig-o,  §  10,  b, 
and  §  11,/,  3,  n. ;  neg-lig-o,  §  11,/,  1;  intel-lig-o,  §  11,/  3; 
rapio,  rapto,  rap-ax,  rap-aci-tas,  rap-idu-s,  rap-idi-tas,  rap-tor, 
rap-ina,  rap-tio,  rap-tu-m,  rap-tu-s  ;  ped-u-m,  op-pid-um,  ped¬ 
ica,  pe(d)s,  ped-e(t)s,  ped-es-ter,  com-pe(d)-s;  do(da-o),  do-s; 
sto  (sta-o)  ;  sta-t-io ;  fhg-i-o ;  tSg-o ;  fulg-e-o ;  ju-n-go  ;  luc-eo: 
ven-io. 


1  If  the  word  ends  in  c  or  g,  the  termination  is  ulum,  not  culum. 


LESSONS  XLIX.,  L. 


55 


LESSON  XLIX. 

APPOSITION.  §  183.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Proca,  rex  Albanorum,  duos  f Ilios  h&buit.  2. 
Amulius  Rheam  Silviam,  ejus  filiam,  Vestae  sacerdo¬ 
tem  fecit.  3.  Romulus  fuit  rex.  4.  Remum  latrones 
ad  Amulium  regem  perduxerunt.  5.  Romulus  rex  cre¬ 
atus  est.2  6.  Romulum  regem  populus  creavit.  7. 
Consul3  veni  ad  te.  8.  Cicero  pater  patriae  appellatus 
est.  9.  Pro  sua  quisque  patria  dimicant  ferro.4 

1  Learn  §§  183, 184  and  6,  and  185;  also  §§  181,  182. 

2  Crea-o,  verb-stem;  derivatives,  crea-tor,  crea-trix,  crea-tio. 

3  /,  the  consul.  Consul  is  in  apposition  with  ego,  implied  in  the 
termination  of  veni. 

4  They  Jight  with  the  sword ,  each  for  his  country ;  quisque  is  in 
apposition  with  the  subject  of  dimicant. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Csesar,  the  consul,  came  to  the  town.  2.  Cicero 
was  consul.  3.  The  boys  were  led  to  Romulus  the  king. 
4.  Csesar,  (when)  consul,  subdued  Gaul.  5.  He  will  be 
elected  consul.  6.  The  boy  was  called  Romulus.  7. 
Csesar  was  the  conqueror  of  the  Gauls.  8.  The  com¬ 
mander,  a  brave  man,  led  the  army  against  the  enemy  ; 
he  fought  a  great  battle  on-this-side-of  the  river. 

- <* - 


LESSON  L. 

AGREEMENT  OF  ADJECTIVES.  §  186.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Virtus  pulchra  est.  2.  Vastae  in  iis  locis2  solitu¬ 
dines  3  Srant.  3.  Romulus  nomen  novae  4  urbi  dat.  4. 


56 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Reges  sunt  potentes.  5.  Sapientes  (the  wise)  luctum  et 
moerorem  deponunt.  6.  Audi  multa ;  pauca  loquSre. 
7.  Reges  profecti  sunt.  8.  Ego  primus  hanc  orationem 
legi.  9.  Fratres  alter7  alterum  (one  another)  Smant.5 

10.  Summus  (the  top  of)  mons  a  Tito  Labieno  tenetur. 

11.  Hostes  commeatu6  nostros  (our  troops)  prohi¬ 
buerunt. 

1  Leam  §§  186,  d ,  187,  188,  189,  b,  190,  191,  192,  and  193. 

2  See  §  79,  c.  3  See  §  65,  b.  4  See  §  91,  c,  2. 

6  Derivatives  from  the  verb-stem  ? 

6  Composition?  Explain  the  formation.  Rule  28. 

7  In  apposition  to  fratres. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Powerful  kings  have  large  fields.  2.  The  new  city 
has  high  walls.  8.  Remus  founded  a  city  in  the  same 
place  where  he  had  been  educated.  4.  We  are  strong, 
but  you  are  stronger.  5.  The  wise  educate  their  chil¬ 
dren.  6.  They  hear  many  things ;  they  speak  few.  7. 
They  were  educated  in  those  places.  8.  The  journey 
is  short.  9.  The  soldiers  are  brave.  10.  The  soldiers 
killed  a  large  number  of  the  fugitives  (those  fleeing). 

- ♦ - 

LESSON  LI. 

\ 

SYNTAX  OF  RELATIVES.  §  198! 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Puer,  qui  studiosus  est,2  discit.  2.  O  rex,  qui 
regnas,  hbnora  bonos  cives.  3.  Soror  vidit  super  hume¬ 
ros  fratris  paludamentum,  quod  ipsa  confecerat.  4. 
Prbca,  Numitori,  qui  natu  major  Srat,  regnum  reliquit.3 

1  Leam  §§  198,  199,  201,  a  and  e;  §  180,  b  and  c. 
a  §  180,  c.  8  §11,/ 3,  ». 


LESSON  LII. 


57 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  soldier  whom  you  killed  was  my  brother.  2. 
The  men  are  absent  whom  you  blame.  3.  The  boys  are 
here  to  whom  we  gave  the  books.  4.  Caesar  immedi¬ 
ately  hastened  from  the  city  and  came  to  his  army, 
which  was  already  in  Gaul.  5.  They  saw  the  cloaks 
which  they  had  made.  6.  You,  O  kings,  who  have 
governed  the  state,  have  blamed  good  citizens. 


LESSON  LII. 

GENITIVE.  §  213.1 

Translate  into  English. 

I 

1.  Rex  Albanorum  duos  filios  h&buit.  2.  Militis2 
est  duci 3  parere.  3.  Alter  militum  fugit.  4.  Horatius 
aliquantum  spatii  aufugerat.  5.  Amor  gloriae  nos  im¬ 
pulit.  6.  Timor  hostium  4  crescit.  7.  Id  negotii 5  habeo. 
8.  Quid  mihi  consilii  d&tis  ?  9.  Vir  armorum  peritissi- 

mus  &rat.  10.  Unus  (of)  6  ex  his  nuntios  ad  eum  mittit.7 
11.  Caesar,  vir  summi  ingenii  (or  summo  ingenio), 
prudentiam  cum  eloquentia  junxit.  12.  Nostrum  est 
p&rentes  limare.  13.  Caesaris  classis  mille  et  ducen¬ 
tarum  navium  (not  mille  et  ducentis  navibus)  longarum 
fuit.  14.  Hic  liber  fratris  mei  est. 

1  Learn  Rules  8  to  11,  inclusive  (page  256),  and  read  §§  213,  214, 
215,  216  (with  a,  1,  2,  3,  and  4),  217,  and  218 ;  or  the  pupil  can  learn 
§213,  etc.,  or  the  Rules,  as  the  teacher  prefers. 

2  Translate,  It  is  (the  duty)  of  a  soldier ,  §  214,  c. 

8  See  Rule  16. 

4  Translate  this  as  subjective  and  as  objective  genitive. 

6  Derivation?  ®  §  216,  c. 

T  Give  the  principal  parts,  and  account  for  the  euphonic  changes. 


58 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


LESSON  LIII. 

GENITIVE  {continued).  §  21 9.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Miles  l&boris  patiens  erat.  2.  Plena  errorum  sunt 
omnia.  3.  Ille  peritus  rei  militaris  erat.  4.  Soror 
oblita  2  est  fratris.  5.  Frater  oblitus  est  patriae.  6. 
Reminiscere  pristinae  virtutis  Helvetiorum.  7.  Obli¬ 
viscere  caedis  atque  incendiorum.  8.  Animus  meminit 
praetentorum.3  9.  Romani  C.  Gracchum  capitis  dam¬ 
naverunt.  10.  Legatus  gratiam  Caesaris  magni4  existi¬ 
mat.  11.  Virtus  maximi 4  aestimatur.  12.  Te  fortunae 
tuae  poemtet.  13.  Fratris  mei  me  miseret.  14.  Con¬ 
troversiarum  et  dissensionum  obliviscimini.  15.  Magni 4 
reipublicae  interest  omnes  copias  convenire.  16.  Illud 
mea  5  magni 4  interest.  17.  Interest  urbis.  18.  Interest 
exercitus.  19.  Quid  interest  inter  divitem  et  pauperem  ? 
Multum.  20.  Vir  reus  est  criminis.  21.  Absolvunt  te 
judices  injuriarum.  22.  Cujusnam  criminis  Srat  ille 
reus  ?  23.  Aegrotus  6  medicinae  indiget.  24.  Ubi  ter¬ 

rarum  7  fuisti  ? 

1  Learn  Rule  12  and  13;  read  §§  218  {a  and  b),  219,  220,  221  (a 
and  6),  222,  a,  and  223.  3  §  186.  3  The  past  §  189,  b. 

i  §  215,  c.  6  §  222,  a.  6  §  188;  derivation?  7  §  216,  4. 

Syn.  —  Animus,  the  mind ,  the  soul ;  mens,  thought  or  intellectual 
faculty ;  anima,  the  life ,  the  vital  principle. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  fields  of  the  king  are  beyond  the  river.  2.  The 
soldiers  of  the  general  are  on-this-side-of  the  river.  3. 
He  seeks  no 1  reward.  4.  None  of  the  enemy  have  fled. 
5.  Caesar  had  a  fleet  of  sixty  vessels.  6.  The  soldiers 
are  eager  for  glory.  7.  Many  men  are  desirous  of  con¬ 
tention.  8.  He  was  skilled  in  war.  9.  They  fled  some 


LESSORS  LIII-,  LIV. 


59 


distance  from  that  place.  10.  Who  of  us  2  is  wise  ?  11. 

One  of  the  tribunes  fled.  12.  Hatred  towards  the  king 
actuated  the  people.  13.  He  is  desirous  of  pleasure. 

14.  It  is  ( the  dutv^i  of  a  good  orator  to  speak  candidly. 

15.  It  is  (the  part )  of  a  judge  to  hear  patiently.  16. 
He  remembers  his  plan.  17.  He  will  forget  his  promise. 
18.  I  am  ashamed  of  mv  fault.  19.  I  am  vexed  and 
wearied  at  the  folly  of  these  men.  20.  I  repent  of  my 
folly.  21.  I  am  weary  of  my  life.  22.  He  needs  money. 
23.  It  concerns  me.  24.  It  is  the  interest  of  all.  25.  The 
soldiers  have  forgotten  their  dissensions.  20.  They  con¬ 
demned  him  to  death.  27.  Thev  accused  him  of  treach- 

40 

ery.  28.  Ceesar  acquitted  the  soldier  of  the  crime.  29. 
He  is  reminded  of  his  dutv.  30.  A  true  friend  never 
forgets  a  friend.  31.  This  book  is  my  brother’s.  32. 
Thev  are  wearv  of  life.  33.  Thev  have  accused  him  of 
treachery.  34.  We  repent  of  our  folly.  35.  This  book 
is  mv  brother’s.  30.  It  is  (the  pari;  of  a  wise  man  to 
say  little.  37.  The  man  is  (one)  of  great  ability.  38. 
Caesar  had  a  fleet  of  four  hundred  and  sixty  vessels. 

1  Lit-  rsAkiriq  of  revxtrd.  1  §  99. 


LESSON  LIV. 

DATIVE-  | 

Translate  into  En?Ji»h. 

1.  Vir  puSro  librum  d^dit.  2-  Fratres  opem  alter  altari 
ferent.  3.  Parce  mihi.  4.  Probus  invidet  nemini2 
5.  MH&lTcImus  mSIIs.*  6.  Iis  insidiati  sunt  latrones. 
7.  Multi  mihi  sunt  libri.  8.  Milii  Ciceroni  nomen  est ; 
mihi  nomen  Cicero  est.  9.  PAcuit 4  Caesari,  ut  ad  eum 


60 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


legatos  mitteret.  10.  Milites  non  mulieribus,  non  infan¬ 
tibus  pepercerunt.  11.  Caesar  tum  bellum  Ptolemaeo, 
Pompeii  interfectori,  intulit.  12.  Finem  l&bori  nox 
attulit.  13.  Caesar  Hibernis  L&bienum  praeposuit.  14. 
Sex  nobis  filii  sunt.  15.  Caesari  erant  multae  legiones 
et  fideles  amici.  16.  Urbs  hostibus  5  erepta  est. 

1  Learn  Rules  14,  16,  17,  18,  and  19 ;  read  §§  224,  225,  226,  227,  e, 
228,  229,  230,  and  231. 

2  Nullus  is  used  in  the  genitive  and  ablative  instead  of  neminis 
and  nemine. 

3  §  188.  4  Subject?  §  332,  a.  6  §  229. 

Syn. — Infans  (in,  not ,  fari,  to  speak),  an  infant ;  puer,  a  boy, 

from  about  seven  to  sixteen  ;  adolescens  (adolesco,  to  grow ),  a 
youth,  from  about  sixteen  to  twenty-four ;  juvenis,  a  young  man  or 
woman,  from  about  twenty-four  to  forty-five. 

- » . . 

LESSON  LV. 

DATIVE  ( [continued ).  §  23  2.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudandus  est  ille  puer  et  mihi  et  tibi.  2.  Caes&ri 
omnia  erant  agenda.  3.  Duae  legiones  quae  proxime 
conscriptae  grant,  praesidio  impedimentis  grant.  4. 
Caesar  legiones  duas  castris  praesidio  relinquit.  5. 
Remus  erat  matri  simillimus.2  6.  Legatus  equitatum 
auxilio  Caesari  miserat.  7.  Philgsgphia  animo  medetur. 
8.  Populo  Romano  bellum  indixisti.  9.  Filius  patri  est 
similis.  10.  Cives  novis  imperiis  3  studebant.  11.  Caesar 
dat  negotium  Senonibus  reliquisque  Gallis,  qui  finitimi 
Belgis  grant.  12.  Movit  fgroci  juvgni4  Snimum  com¬ 
ploratio  sororis  in  tanto  gaudio  publico.  13.  Atrox  id 
visum  est  facinus  patribus  plebique.  14.  Pax  pgtenda 
est  mihi.  15.  Circumdat  murum  urbi,  or ,  Circumdat 


LESSON  LY. 


61 


urbem  muro.  16.  Sunt  mihi  multi  libri.  17.  Sanavit 
filium  meum,5  or,  Sanavit  mihi  filium.6  18.  In  omnibus 
rebus  te  consulam.  19.  In  omnibus  rebus  consulam  tibi.7 
20.  Seditio8  urbi  excidio  fuit.  21.  Mihi  scribendum 
est.9  22.  Hunc  librum  magister  mihi  praemio  dedit. 

1  Learn  Rules  15  and  20;  read  §§  232,  and  a,  233,  234,  a,  235,  and 
236.  2  §  89,  b. 

3  Innovations  (or  changes  in  the  state  of  affairs),  a  revolution. 

4  §  235,  a. 

3  He  cured  my  son  (not  caring  whose  son). 

6  He  cured  my  son  (out  of  kindness  to  me) . 

7  For  you ,  i.  e.  your  interests. 

8  Translate,  Sedition  proved,  etc.;  give  the  derivation. 

9  Verb-stem  scrib  -o;  derivatives,  scrib  -tor  =  scriptor,  §  11,/,  1 ; 
form  others. 

Syn.  —  Medeor,  to  heal ,  relates  to  the  skill  of  the  physician ; 
sano,  to  heal ,  relates  to  the  efficacy  of  the  medicine. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  gave  me  the  book.  2.  He  gave  the  book  tome. 
8.  The  soldiers  spared  the  fugitives.  4.  He  left  the 
kingdom  to  Numitor.  5.  I  will  consult  my  brother.  6. 
He  satisfies  himself.  7.  This  pleased  the  people.  8.  He 
was  present  in  all  dangers.  9.  The  man  fears  no  one. 
10.  He  gave  the  business  to  me.  11.  The  Gauls  desire  a 
revolution.  12.  He  placed  a  wall  around  the  city.  13. 
She  will  not  marry  that  man.  14.  You  have  declared 
war  against  me.  15.  The  boys  ought  to  study  literature. 
16.  This  seemed  a  bold  deed  to  the  people.  17.  He  will 
consult  my  interests.  18.  It 1  is  wise  to  prefer  virtue 
to  all  things.  19.  The  soldiers  will  obey  their  com¬ 
mander.  20.  This  is  my  2  care.  21.  They  are  unfriend¬ 
ly  to  me.  22.  Do  not  trust  fortune.  23.  The  lieutenant 
has  sent  the  cavalry  as  an  aid  to  Csesar.  24.  His  name 
was  Csesar.  25.  These  boys  must  be  praised  by  us.  26. 


62 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


They  have  declared  war  against  Caesar.  27.  The  sol¬ 
diers  spare  no  one.3  28.  He  fights  for4  his  country. 
29.  His  disposition  was  like  5  that  of  his  friend.  30. 
He  sent  the  army  as  an  aid  to  our  men.6  31.  The  boy 
was  like  his  father.  32.  He  pretended  flight,  because 
he  was  unequal  to  three.  33.  They  are  nearest  to  the 
Belgians.  34.  These  things  must  be  done  by  me.  35. 
I  have  six  books.  36.  Caesar  had  many  faithful  friends. 
37.  Caesar  sent  the  third  line  for  a  protection  to  the 
baggage. 

1  Use  the  gen.  sapientis  est,  etc.  2  Lit.  for  a  care  to  me. 

8  Nemini.  4  §  236,  Rem. 

5  §  234,  d,  Rem.  6  §  188. 


LESSON  LVI. 

ACCUSATIVE  AND  VOCATIVE.  §  237,  and  §  241.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Latrones  Remum  ad  Amulium  regem  perduxerunt. 
2.  Muta  istam  mentem.  3.  Milites  sanguinem  sitiebant. 
4.  Romani  agros  Remorum  depSpulati  sunt,  quos  2  adire 
pfttSrant.  5.  Tres  Curiatii  unum  Horatium  circumste¬ 
terunt.  6.  Consul  Caesarem  sententiam  rSgabat.  7. 
Caesar  omnia  consilia  Aeduos  celat.  8.  Latini  pacem 
ab  Romanis  petierunt.  9.  Milites  ipsi  transire  flumen 
non  dubitaverunt.  10.  “  En  haec,”  inquit,  “  mea  orna¬ 
menta.”  11.  Turris  pedes  ducentos  alta  est.  12.  Ro¬ 
mulus  urbem  Romam  vocavit.  13.  Vir  ille  grammaticam 
nos  docebat.  14.  Grammaticam  a  viro  illo  dScebar.  15. 
Me  miserum  !  omnes  me  rident 3  homines.  16.  Remus 
vallum  transiluit.  17.  Diligenter  cura,  mi  Smice,  vale¬ 
tudinem  tuam. 


LESSONS  LVI.,  LVII. 


63 


1  Learn  Rules  21  to  25  ;  read  §§  237,  and  d ,  238,  239  (a,  5,  c,  and  d ), 
240,  with  a,  6,  c,  and  d ;  also  §  241. 

8  §  237,  d. 

8  Ride  -o,  verb-stem,  rid-e-o;  root  derivatives,  rid  -tor,  §  11,/,  e 
=  ris  -tor,  §  1 1,  b  ==  ris  -or,  ris  -io,  ris  -us. 

Syn.  —  Peto,  to  leg ,  rogo,  to  ask ,  are  general  terms  for  either  a 
request  or  demand;  postulo,  to  demand  as  a  right ;  flagito,  to  de¬ 
mand  with  earnestness ;  posco,  to  ask  as  a  right ,  as  a  price  or  salary. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  lead  Romulus  to  the  king.  2.  He  shows  the 
way  to  the  boy.  3.  Will  you  give  me  a  book  ?  4.  Who 
gave  you  that  book  ?  5.  They  accused  the  soldier  of 

treason.1  6.  I  will  conceal  my  plans  from  you.  T.  The 
guide  shows  the  way  to  the  soldier.  8.  Caesar  demanded 
corn  of  the  iEdui.  9.  They  ask  Caesar  his  opinion.  10. 
Caesar  is  asked2  his  opinion.  11.  Caesar  concealed  all  his 
plans  from  the  enemy.  12.  They  were  not  able  to  cross 
the  river.  13.  Remus  leaped  over  the  wall  which  Romu¬ 
lus  had  made.  14.  The  soldiers  have  laid  waste  the 
fields  which  they  were  able  to  approach.  15.  The  sol¬ 
diers  thirst  for  honors.  16.  Who  taught  you  music  ? 
17.  Will  the  soldiers  cross  the  river  ?  3  18.  Caesar  made 
himself  dictator.  19.  I  ask  thee  thy  opinion. 

1  See  §  220.  3  See  §  239,  Rem.  3  See  §  237,  d. 


LESSON  LVII. 

ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE.  §  272. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Rbsa  floret.  2.  Video  rbsam  florere.  3.  Aqua 
frigida  est.  4.  Sentio  &quam  frigidam  esse.  5.  Amicus 


64 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


aegrotus  est.  6.  Audio  Smlcum  aegrotum  esse.  7.  Sen¬ 
timus  c&lere  ignem.  8.  Rem  intelligere  videor.  9. 
Romani  fortissimi  fuisse  dicuntur.  10.  Tradunt  Ro¬ 
mam  a  Romulo  conditam  1  esse.  11.  Spero  te  ex  ltmSre  2 
mox  rediturum  esse.  12.  Spero  patrem  mox  rediturum 
esse.  13.  Quieto  esse  tibi 3  licet.  14.  Te  v&lere  gaudeo. 

1  Composition?  2  Form  an  adjective  from  iter,  §  164,  A. 

3  See  §  272,  a. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boy  studies.  2.  I  see  that  the  boy  is  studying. 
3.  The  friends  have  returned.  4.  We  hear  that  (our) 
friends  have  returned.  5.  The  soldiers  were  brave.  6. 
The  soldiers  are  said  to  have  been  brave.  7.  I  wish 
that  you  would  return.  8.  I  see  that  the  mountain  is 
large.  9.  I  think  that  the  mind  of  man  is  immortal. 
10.  I  think  that  the  king’s  army  has  returned.  11.  It 
is  related  that  the  Romans  were  very  brave.  12.  I  per¬ 
ceive  that  the  water  is  cold.  13.  You  cannot  be  quiet. 
14.  We  cannot  be  quiet. 


LESSON  LYIII. 

ABLATIVE.  §  242.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Yiri  abstinent  pugna.  2.  Magno  m8tu  me  llbSra- 
bis.  3.  Oculis  videmus,  auribus  audimus.  4.  Opus  est 
nnhi  duce.  5.  Duces  nobis  Spus  sunt.  6.  Yir  dimicat 
ferro.  7.  Nostri  equites  cum  funditoribus2  sagittarius-2 
que  flumen 2  transgressi  sunt.  8.  Solus  potitus  est 
impgrio  Romulus.  9.  Yir  culpa  dignus  est.  10.  Aqua 


LESSON  LYIII. 


65 


est  grSvior  aere  (or  quam  aer).  11.  Sol  major  est  quam 
terra  (or  terra).  12.  Erat  Caesar  excelsa  statura,  nigris 
vggetisque  2  oculis,  capite  calvo.  13.  Multitudine  hos¬ 
tium  castra  nostra  complentur.  14.  Murus  defensoribus 
nudatus  est.  15.  Vir  lapide  interfectus  est.  16.  Vir  a 
milite  interfectus  est.  17.  Milites  ad  castra  Caesaris 
omnibus  copiis  contenderunt.  18.  Amulius,  pulso  fra¬ 
tre,3  regnavit.  19.  Caius  Julius  Caesar,  nobilissima 
genitus  familia,  annum  Sgens  sextum  et  decimum,4 
patrem  amisit. 

1  Learn  Rules  26  to  33,  inclusive,  and  35 ;  read  §§  242,  243,  with  a, 
b,  d ,  e,f,  244,  with  a,  245,  a,  c,  246,  247,  a  and  c,  248,  a,  249,  250,  251, 
252,  a,  253,  254,  b ,  255,  and  a. 

2  Derivation? 

3  By  what  clause  is  pulso  fratre  to  be  rendered  ?  §  180,  c. 

4  When  he  was  in  his  sixteenth  year. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  soldiers  fought  bravely  with  the  sword.  2. 
He  will  liberate  you  from  great  fear.  3.  They  have 
need  of  a  guide.  4.  Caesar  needed  ten  thousand  ses¬ 
terces.  5.  We  see  with  our  eyes.  6.  Caesar,  a  man  of 
the  greatest  talent,  joined  foresight  with  eloquence.  7. 
Caesar  was  born  of  a  very  noble  family.  8.  He  is  praised 
for  his  diligence,  not  for  his  ability.  9.  The  soldier  was 
killed  by  a  javelin.  10.  The  men  were  killed  by  the 
soldiers.  11.  The  earth  is  larger  than  the  moon.  12. 
The  boy  went  to  the  city  in  company  with  his  father. 
13.  Our  camp  is  filled  with  soldiers.  14.  The  sun  is 
larger  and  brighter  than  the  moon.  15.  Caesar  was  a 
man  of  great  eloquence.  16.  Caesar  was  more  powerful 
than  all  (the  rest  of)  the  citizens.  17.  Caesar  will  use 
these  men  as  guides.  18.  Caesar  crossed  the  river  with 
all  his  cavalry.  19.  The  soldier  values  money  highly.1 


66 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


20.  The  king  sold  his  country  for  gold.  21.  The  soldier 
was  lame  in  one  foot.  22.  The  enemy,  having  made  an 
attack  (lit.  an  attack  having  been  made),  put  our  sol¬ 
diers  into  disorder.  23.  When  the  sun  had  risen?  the 
Romans  saw  the  enemy.  24.  After  he  had  heard  these 
things ,  he  led  his  army  to  the  bank  of  the  river.  25. 
When  these  things  were  done,  Csesar  ordered  his  soldiers 
to  set  out. 

1  Magni. 

2  The  sentences  in  italics  are  to  be  translated  by  the  ablative 
absolute. 


LESSON  LIX. 

TIME  AND  PLACE.  §  256.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Primo  concursu  increpuere  arma.  2.  Inita2  aes¬ 
tate,  Caesar  eum  legatum3  misit.  3.  Milites  sScunda 
vigilia,  magno  cum  strepitu  ac  tumultu,  castris  egressi 
sunt.  4.  Castra  amplius  milia  passuum  octo  in  latitu¬ 
dinem  patebant.  5.  Ille  tria  passuum  milia  ab  ipsa  urbe 
castra  posuit.  6.  Consul  in  Italiam  profectus  est.  7. 
Cicero  profectus  est  Athenas,  in  urbem  celeberrimam. 
8.  Consul  Roma  Athenas  profectus  est.  9.  Caesar 
Romam  profectus  est.  10.  Caesar  liberatus  confestim 
Miletum,  quae  urbs  proxime  aberat,  properavit.  11. 
Vixit  Romae.  12.  Scipio  decessit  Corintho.  13.  Puer 
Ibat  domum.  14.  Puer  redierat  rus.  15.  Ultima  hora 
venit  nuntius.  16.  Vir  multos  annos  dbmi  vixit.  17. 
Miles  humi  j&cebat.  18.  Julius  Caesar,  quaestor  fac¬ 
tus,  in  Hispaniam  prbfectus  est.  19.  Caesar  a  Brun- 


LESSON  LIX. 


67 


disio  Dyrrachium  inter  oppositas  classes  gravissima  hieme 
milites  transmisit.  20.  Hanno  Carthagini  vixit.  21. 
Alexander  Babyloni  mortuus4  est.  22.  Atticus,  Cice¬ 
ronis  amicus,  multos  annos  Athenis  vixit.  23.  Vir 
Delphis  vixit. 

1  Learn  Bules  34,  36,  and  37 ;  read  §§  256,  257,  a,  6,  258,  a,  b,  c,  cf, 
f  and  g. 

2  In  the  beginning  of  summer  ;  see  ineo. 

8  As  ambassador. 

4  Form  derivatives  from  verb-stem,  mor-i-ar;  the  root  mar  ap¬ 
pears  in  marc-e-o,  to  wither. 

Syn.  —  Rus,  the  country ,  opposed  to  the  town ;  patria,  one’s  na¬ 
tive  country ;  regio,  a  large  region ,  including  fields  and  cities. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  towers  were  two  hundred  feet  high.  2.  The 
soldiers  built  a  wall  forty  feet  high,  and  six  feet  thick.1 
3.  Caesar  lived  fifty-eight  years.  4.  In  the  summer  my 
friends  and  1 2  shall  depart  from  Rome  ;  I  shall  go  to 
Miletus,  they  will  go  to  Athens.  5.  In  the  first  watch 
the  soldiers  departed  from  the  camp  with  a  great  tumult. 
6.  Caesar  set  out  for  Rome.  7.  Caesar  set  out  from  Rome. 
8.  Caesar  wished  to  be  first  at  Rome.  9.  My  friends  and 
I2  will  go  into  the  country  at  the  beginning  of  summer. 
10.  My  friend  lived  many  years  at  Athens.  11.  Your 
friend  lived  many  years  at  my  house.  12.  Many  apples 
lay  on  the  ground.  13.  I  had-rather3  dwell  at  Athens 
than  at  Rome.  14.  Many  great  generals  were  born  at 
Rome.  15.  Some  men  live  more4  than  one  hundred 
years.  16.  The  consuls  set  out  from  Rome  to  Athens. 
17.  He  lived  at  Rome.  18.  He  lived  at  Carthage.  19. 
He  lived  at  Athens.  20.  He  died  at  Corinth.  21.  The 
soldiers  lie  on  the  ground  in  summer.  22.  Caesar  placed 


68 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


his  camp  ten  miles  from  the  city.  28.  The  ambassador 
set  out  from  Carthage  for  Rome.  24.  Csesar,  (when  he 
was)  made  quaestor,  hastened  from  Italy  to  Spain.  25. 
He  comes  into  Italy.  26.  He  returns  from  the  country. 
27.  They  were  with  me  both  in  peace  and  in  war.  28. 
He  returned  from  the  city  to  the  country.  29.  I  have 
lived  at  Athens,  at  Rome,  and  at  Carthage  ;  in  the  city 
and  in  the  country ;  I  have  studied  literature  at  home 
and  abroad,  but  now  I  shall  return  to  my  villa  in  Italy 
(acc.).  30.  He  lived  many  years  in  Italy. 

1  Latus,  a,  um. 

2  In  Latin,  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  is  written  before  those 
of  the  second  or  third. 

3  Malim.  4  Amplius.  See  §  54,  5,  c. 


LESSON  LX. 

USE  OF  TENSES.  §  264.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Eamus:2  ne  eamus.  2.  Ferte  misero  auxilium. 
3.  Amicus  venit  ut  nos  videat.3  4.  Amicus  scripsit 
ut  nos  mEneret.  5.  Amicus  scripsit  ut  nos  moneat.  6. 
Vir  dissimulat4  metum  atque  spem  vultu  simulat.  7. 
Agricola  homines  mittit  ut  agrum  arent.  8.  Dux  prae¬ 
misit  equites,  qui  viam  explorarent.  9.  Agricola  homi¬ 
nes  misit  ut  agrum  ararent.  10.  P&ter  curat,  ut  puer 
bene  educetur.  11.  Pater  curabat,  ut  puer  bene  Edu¬ 
caretur.4  12.  Mea  unius  causa5  venit.  13.  Cognosco 
quid  facturus  sis.6  14.  Cognoscebam  quid  facturus 
esses. 


LESSONS  LX.,  LXI. 


69 


1  Learn  §§  264,  265,  266 ;  also  §§  276,  d,  277,  a,  278,  279,  280,  281, 
282,  283,  284  (285),  1,  2,  and  286 ;  read  carefully  the  note  on  pp.  194 
and  195 ;  also  Rule  48 ;  review  §  112,  particularly  the  note  and  the 
translation  of  the  examples. 

2  E-o,  root  i,  derivatives,  i-tio,  i-tus,  i-ter ;  give  the  meaning  of 

each.  3  To  see  us,  §  3 1 7. 

4  Derivation?  Form  derivatives  from  the  verb-stem. 

6  For  my  sake  alone,  §  245,  c.  Unius  agrees  with  the  genitive  of  the 
personal  pronoun  implied  in  the  possessive  mea. 

6  {What  you  are  going  to  do ),  will  do. 

Syn.  —  Simulo,  pretend  what  does  not  exist ;  dissimulo,  conceal 
what  does  exist. 

Syn. —Via  is  the  path  or  road  on  which  one  goes;  iter  (the 
going )  is  the  journey  in  an  abstract  sense,  or  the  way  that  leads  di¬ 
rectly  to  a  place ;  callis,  a  mountain  path  ;  semita,  a  foot-path  or 
by-way. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  wrote  the  letter.  2.  Let  us  write  the  letter. 
3.  Let  us  not  write  the  letter.  4.  I  come  to  see 1  you. 
5.  I  came  to  see  you.  6.  I  will  send  the  men  to  plough 
the  field.  7.  I  have  sent  the  men  to  plough  the  field. 
8.  He  came  to  warn  us.  9.  He  has  come  to  warn  us. 
10.  What  did  you  say  ?  11.  He  asked  what  you  said. 
12.  He  promised  to  send  me  a  letter.  13.  He  promises 
to  send  me  a  letter.  14.  He  has  promised  to  send  me 
a  letter. 

1  See  §  317. 


LESSON  LXI. 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES.  §  304.! 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Si  hSc  f&cit,  b&ne  est.  2.  Si  hSc  f&ciat,  b&ne  sit. 
3.  Si  hbc  fecisset,  bSne  fuisset.  4.  Si  h5c  faceret,  bSne- 


70 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


esset.  5.  Si  id  credis,  erras.  6.  Si  me  laudabis,  ego  te 
laudabo.  7.  Si  quid  habet,  dat.  8.  Si  quid  habeat,  det. 
9.  Si  quid  habuisset,  dedisset.  10.  Si  hoc  dicas,  erres. 

11.  Si  attenti  fuissetis,  magister2  non  severus  fuisset. 

12.  Si  hoc  diceres,  errares.  13.  Si  hoc  dixisses,  eras- 
ses.  14.  Si  pacem  non  impetrabimus,  hostes  provo¬ 
cabimus  ad  pugnam.  15.  Si  id  credideris,  erraveris. 
16.  Si  spiritum2  ducit,  vivit.  17.  Si  acriter2  pugna¬ 
bitis,  milites,  patriam  liberabitis.2  18.  Si  semper  bene 
vixeris,  ab  omnibus  diligere.2  19.  Si  id  credebas,  erra¬ 
bas.  20.  Si  vis  amari,  ama.  21.  Si  quis  a  d5mino 
prehenderetur,3  concursu  militum  eripiebatur.  22.  Si 
id  faciemus,  peccabimus.  23.  Si  tibi  satisfacerem,4 
mihi  ipsi  satisfacerem.  24.  Convincam,  si  negas.  25. 
Milites,  si  jussi  essent  urbem  obsidere,4  eam  obsedissent 
et  expugnavissent.5 

1  Learn  Rule  46,  with  §§  304,  a,  d ,  305,  a,  6,  c,  d>  306,  307,  308  ; 
read  §§  309,  a,  b,  and  c,  310,  311,  312,  and  316. 

2  Give  the  derivation. 

3  Translate,  If  (ever)  any  one  was  seized  by  his  master ,  he  was 
(always)  rescued ,  etc. 

4  Give  the  composition.  6  Derivatives  from  the  verb-stem? 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  If  he  should  do  this,  it  would  be  well.  2.  If  he  shall 
do  this,  it  will  be  well.  3.  If  I  should  have  any  money, 
I  would  give  it  to  you.  4.  If  I  had  done  this,  it  would 
have  been  well.  5.  If  one  gives  me  money,  I  (always) 
give  it  to  the  poor.  6.  If  you  were  studying,  I  should 
rejoice.  7.  If  he  says  this,  he  is  mistaken.  8.  If  you 
were  here,  you  would  think  differently.  9.  The  mind 
grows  weak,  unless  you  exercise  it.  10.  If  you  would 
'  read  this  book,  I  would  give  it  to  you.  11.  If  this  were 


LESSON  LXII. 


71 


so,  I  should  be  glad.  12.  If  you  (shall)  remain  with 
me,  I  will  give  the  money  to  you.  13.  If  any  one  at¬ 
tempted  to  cross  the  river,  the  soldiers  prevented  them. 
14.  If  he  had  spoken  the  truth,  he  would  have  been 
praised.  15.  If  they  should  give  up  their  vessels,  the 
enemy  promised  them  peace.  16.  If  this  had  been  so,  I 
should  have  been  glad.  17.  If  Caesar  (shall)  assault  the 
town,  the  enemy  will  flee.  18.  If  this  is  so,  I  am  glad. 


LESSON  LXII. 

COMPARATIVE  AND  CONCESSIVE  CLAUSES.  §  313. 1 

Translate  into  English.. 

1.  Quamvis  molestus  dolor  sit,  malum  non  est.  2. 
Vita  brSvis  est,  licet  supra  mille  annos  exeat.  8.  Ut 
desint  vires,  tamen  est  laudanda  voluntas.2  4.  Multi 
omnia  recta  negligunt,  dummSdo  potentiam  consequan¬ 
tur.  5.  Patres  metus  cepit,  velut  si  jam  ad  portas  hostis 
esset.  6.  Adero,  dummodo  sis  domi.  7.  Adero  ggo, 
licet  absit  amicus.  8.  Dummodo  tu  adsis,  adero  ego. 

9.  Omnia  postpdsui,  dummodo  praeceptis  patris  parerem. 

10.  Magno  me  metu3  liberabis,4  dummbdo  inter  me  atque 
te  murus  intersit.  11.  Ut  sementes  feceris,  ita  metes. 

1  Learn  Rule  43,  and  §§313  (read  a,  b,  c,  d,  e,f  and  g),  314 ;  read 
§  315,  a. 

2  Give  the  derivation.  8  Form  a  verb  from  metus. 

4  Derivatives  from  the  verb-stem? 

Translate  into  Eatin. 

1.  Although  the  summer  was  passed,1  Caesar  led  his 
army  into  Gaul.  2.  Although  I  was  present,  you  said 
that.  3.  Provided  I  am  present,  you  will  be  present. 
4.  Although  you  should  kill  me,  yet  I  should  say  that. 


72 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


5.  I  shall  be  present,  provided  your  father  is  at  home.  6. 
I  was  present,  although  you  were  absent.  7.  We  will 
do  this,  although  we  know  that  we  shall  be  punished. 
8.  Although  you  have  laid  waste  our  fields,  yet  if  you 
will  give  hostages  we  will  make  peace  with  you.  9. 
Although  the  enemy  fought  bravely,  yet  they  were 
driven  from  the  town.  10.  Caesar  promises  to  give 
corn  until  they  reach  2  the  river.  11.  On  the  following 
day,  Caesar,  before  the  enemy  could  recover  from  their 
alarm,  led  his  army  into  the  territories  of  the  Suessi¬ 
ones.  12.  Fear  seized  the  citizens,  as  if  the  enemy 
were  already  in  the  city. 

1  Use  exacta  erat.  2  Use  dum  perveniatur. 


LESSON  LXIII. 

TEMPORAL  CLAUSES.  §322.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Cum  dScemur,  tacere  debemus.  2.  Tiberius  Grao- 
chus,  cum  esset  tribunus  plebis,  a  senatu  descivit.2  8. 
Dum  haec  gSruntur,  hostium  copiae  conveniunt.  4.  Le¬ 
gati  Ciceronem,  cum  Romae  essent,  audiebant.  5.  Itaque, 
priusquam  quidquam  conaretur,  Divitiacum  ad  se  vocari 
jubet.  6.  Tempestas  minatur  antequam  surgat.  7.  Du¬ 
centis  annis  antequam  Romam  cepissent,  in  Italiam  Galli 
descenderunt.,  8.  Caesar  dum  reliquae  naves  conve¬ 
nirent,  ad  horam  nonam  exspectavit.  9.  Caesar,  cum 
Pompeium  apud  Pharsalum  vicisset,  in  Asiam  trajecit. 
10.  Caesar  ad  Pompeii  castra  pervenit,  priusquam  Pom¬ 
peius  sentiret.  11.  Milites  cupide  exspectabant,  dum 
dux  se  e  castris  contra  hostes  educeret.  12.  Rhenus 


LESSON  LXIII. 


73 


servat  violentiam  cursus,  donec  cum  Oceano  misceatur. 
13.  Priusquam  incipias,  consulto  opus  est.  14.  Donec  te 
videram,  valde  sollicitus  eram.  15.  Donec  te  vidisset, 
noluit  abire  puer.3  16.  Donec  te  viderat,  noluit  abire 
puer.  17.  Postquam  Caesar  aciem  instruxit,  omnes 
hostes  in  unum  locum  convolaverunt. 

1  Learn  §§  322,  323,  324,  325,  326,  327,  and  328. 

2  Translate,  abandoned  the  party  of  the  Senate. 

8  The  subjunctive  in  this  sentence  implies  that  the  boy  did  go 
away  without  seeing  you ;  while  the  next  sentence  implies  that  he 
did  not  go  until  he  accomplished  his  object. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  When  I  am  at  Athens,  I  shall  hear  Zeno.  2.  When 
I  was  at  Athens,  I  heard  Zeno.  3.  When  Caesar  was 
sought  for  to  be  put  to  death,1  he  escaped  from  the  city 
by  night.  4.  While  these  things  were  going  on  at  Rome, 
the  forces  of  the  enemy  assembled.  5.  Before  jmu  begin, 
there  is  need  of  deliberation.2  6.  After  Caesar  perceived 
that,  he  led  his  forces  to  the  nearest  hill.  7.  He  waited 
until  the  rest  of  the  ships  assembled.  8.  When  Caesar 
had  conquered  Pompey,  he  crossed  into  Asia.  9.  Before 
they  heard  of  my  approach,  I  entered  the  city.  10.  These 
things  took  place  after  he  had  entered  the  city.  11.  I 
waited  until  he  came.  12.  The  forces  of  the  enemy  as¬ 
sembled  before  these  things  took  place.3  13.  These  things 
did  not  take  place  until  he  had  entered  the  city.  14. 
While  the  senate  was  preparing  war  against  Caesar,  he 
made  himself  dictator.  15.  They  were  present  before  it 
was  light.  16.  When  a  certain  old  man  4  at  Athens  had 
come  into  the  theatre,  a  place  was  nowhere  given  to  him 
by  his  fellow-citizens ;  but  when  he  came  to  the  Lacedae¬ 
monians,  who,  since  they  were  ambassadors,  were  seated 5 
in  a  certain  place,  they  all  rose  together. 


74 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


1  To  seek  for  to  put  to  death,  quaerere  ad  mortem. 

2  §  243,  e.  3  Use  facta  sunt. 

4  Use  quidam  grandis  natu.  5  Use  pluperfect  of  consideo. 


LESSON  LXIV. 

CAUSAL  CLAUSES.  §  321.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudo  te,  quia  tu  me  laudas.  2.  Laudabat  me, 
quod  filium  meum  culparem.  3.  Quoniam  jam  nox  est, 
in  vestra  tecta  discedite.  4.  Quae  2  cum  ita  sint,  perge. 
5.  Is  quamvis  integer 3  esset,  quia  tribus  impar  erat, 
fugam  simulavit.  6.  Alterum  deinde,  priusquam  tertius 
posset  consequi,  interfecit.  7.  Gaudeo,  quod  vales.  8. 
Pater  filio  irascebatur,  quod  non  solverat  ( had  paid) 
quod  pollicitus  erat.  9.  Succenseo  tibi,  quia  lucrum 
amicitiae  anteposuisti.  10.  Caesar  ab  Aeduis  frumentum 
flagitabat,4  quod  milites  magna  inopia  urgerentur.  11. 
Omnes  cives  gaudent,  quod  duces  militum  cupiditates 
coercuerunt. 

1  Learn  §  321,  a,  b,  and  c.  2  §  201,  e. 

3  Although  he  was  unhurt;  form  an  adjective  from  integer,  and 
give  the  derivation. 

4  Give  the  derivation. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  You  have  praised  me  because  I  praised  you.  2. 
Since  it  is  now  night,  we  will  depart.  3.  When  it  is 
night,  we  will  depart.  4.  I  will  praise  the  boy  because 
he  studies  well.  5.  Since  these  things  are  so,1  there  is 
need  of  deliberation.  6.  He  accuses  them  severely  be- 


LESSONS  LXIV.j  LXV. 


75 


cause  he  is  not  assisted  by  them.  7.  I  am  angry  with 
you,  that  you  should  prefer  gain  to  friendship.  8.  I  am 
angry  with  you  because  you  (actually)  did  prefer  gain 
to  friendship.  9.  They  rejoiced  because  they  were  going 
to  assault  the  city.  10.  The  citizens  rejoiced  because 
Caesar  restrained  the  soldiers. 

1  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  §  201,  e. 

- ♦ - 


LESSON  LXV. 

FINAL  CLAUSES.  §  317.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudas  me,  ut  a  me  invicem  lauderis.  2.  Laudabat 
me,  ut  a  me  invicem  laudaretur.  3.  Contendit  Caesar 
maximis  itineribus  in  fines  Nerviorum,  ut  consilia  eorum 
cognosceret.  4.  Vir  venit  ut  portas  claudat.  5.  Vir 
venit  ut  portas  clauderet.  6.  Caesar  milites  cohortatus 
est,  ut  fortiter  castra  defenderent.  7.  Caesar  milites 
cohortatus  est,  quo  mortem  fortius  obirent.  8.  Agricola 
hOmines  misit  qui  agrum  ararent.  9.  Rex  imperavit 
mihi  ut  abirem.  10.  Pater  jussit  ut  abirem.  11.  Inde 
decretum  est  a  senatu,  ut  videret  consul  ne  quid2  detri¬ 
menti 3  respublica  caperet.  12.  Equitatum,  qui  susti¬ 
neret  hostium  impetum,  misit.  13.  Puer  venit  ut  videat. 
14.  Puer  venit  ut  nos  videret.  15.  Romulus  edixit  ne 
quis  vallum  transiliret. 

1  Leam  §  317,  b,  and  318 ;  read  a,  bf  c ,  and  d.  8  Any . 

*  §  216,  a,  3. 

Syn.  —  Licet  and  concessum  est,  it  is  allowed ,  refers  to  what  ia 
allowed  by  human  law  ;  fas  est,  it  is  allowed  by  Divine  law. 


76 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  came  to  close 1  the  door.  2.  He  has  come  to 
close  the  door.  3.  He  will  come  to  close  the  door.  4. 
He  has  come  to  see  me.  5.  The  Helvetians  determined 
to  depart  from  their  own  territories,  in  order  that  they 
might  obtain  possession  of  all  Gaul.  6.  He  encouraged 
the  soldiers  in  order  that 2  they  might  meet  death  more 
bravely.  7.  He  has  encouraged  the  soldiers  in  order  that 
they  may  meet  death  bravely.  8.  I  gave  you  orders  to 
depart.  9.  I  have  given  you  orders  to  depart.  10.  He 
sent  legates  to  ask  for  peace.  11.  We  have  praised  you, 
in  order  that  we  may  be  praised  by  you  in  turn.  12.  I 
will  strive  to  be  serviceable  to  you.  13.  I  have  striven 
to  be  serviceable  to  you.  14.  He  sent  the  cavalry  to 
sustain  the  attack  of  the  enemy.  15.  I  ask  you  to  do 
this.  16.  I  asked  you  to  do  this.  17.  I  will  encourage 
him  to  learn.  18.  I  have  encouraged  him  to  learn.  19. 
I  will  strive  to  conquer.  20.  I  am  going  to  look  at  the 
games.  21.  I  went  to  look  at  the  games. 

1  Observe  that  the  English  infinitive  expressing  a  purpose  (when 
it  is  equivalent  to  that,  in  order  that )  is  to  be  translated  by  ut  with 
the  subjunctive,  or  some  other  of  the  forms  on  page  183. 

2  Quo  is  used  in  preference  to  ut  when  there  is  a  comparative  in 
the  clause  which  it  introduces. 

- ♦  / 


LESSON  LXVI. 

CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSES.  §  319.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Quid  obstat  quominus  moenia  statim  oppugnemus  ? 

2.  Sunt,  qui  censeant  una  animum  et  corpus  occidere. 

3.  Non  diibito  quin  verum  dixeris.  4.  Sapientia  est 


LESSON  LXYI. 


77 


una,  quae  homines  beatos  reddere  possit.  5.  Vir  probus 
dignus  est,  qui  ab  omnibus  diligatur.  6.  Eum  deterrue¬ 
runt,  quominus  domo  exiret.  7.  Nemo  est,  qui  id  mihi 
persuadere  possit.  8.  Non  dubito  quin  sapientissimus 
sis.  9.  Rufum  Caesar  idoneum  judicaverat  quem  mit¬ 
teret.  10.  Tanta  vis  probitati  est,  ut  eam  vel  in  hoste 
diligamus.  11.  Majus  gaudium  2  fuit,  quam  quod  univer¬ 
sum  homines  caperent.2  12.  Nemo  erat,  qui  cuperet 
me  e  civitate 3  expellere.4  18.  Nemo  fuit  omnium 
militum  qui  vulneraretur. 

1  Learn  §§  319,  a,  c,  d ,  320,  a,  &,  c,  d,  e,  and  f 

2  Translate,  than  (what)  men  could  take  in  all  at  once ;  §  320  e. 

8  Give  the  derivation.  4  Give  the  verb-stem. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  I  will  hinder  him  from  going  from  home.  2.  I 
hindered  him  from  going  home.  8.  The  soldiers  hin¬ 
dered  me  from  going  to  the  city.  4.  The  soldiers  have 
hindered  me  from  going  to  the  city.  5.  There  was  no 
one  who  did  not  rejoice.  6.  There  was  no  one  who 
wished  to  do  this.  7.  Wisdom  alone  can  render  men 
happy.  8.  There  are  some  who  thought  that  Csesar 
was  in  the  city.  9.  I  did  not  doubt  that  you  had 
spoken  the  truth.  10.  What  prevents  us  from  seeing 
the  games?  11.  What  prevented  us  from  seeing  the 
games?  12.  The  river  was  so  broad  that  he  did  not 
cross  it.  18.  The  fear  of- the  soldiers  was  so  great  that 
he  did  not  lead  them  from  the  camp.  14.  There  is  no  one 
of  the  soldiers  who  is  not  wounded.  15.  He  does  not  de¬ 
serve  to  be  heard.  16.  He  deserved  to  be  heard.  17. 
He  is  a  suitable  person  to  send.2  18.  He  was  a  suitable 
person  to  send.  19.  There  were  some  who  departed 
from  the  city.  20.  There  are  some  who  do  not  fear. 


78 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


21.  There  are  some  who  wish  to  see  the  games.  22.  He 
gave  orders  to  lead  the  soldiers  out  of  the  camp.  28. 
What  hinders  him  from  leading  the  soldiers  out  of  the 
camp  ?  24.  He  is  not  a  suitable  person  to  lead  the 

soldiers  out  of  the  camp.  25.  There  were  some  who 
led  the  soldiers  out  of  the  camp.  26.  The  Romans 
fought  so  bravely  that  they  defeated  the  enemy.  27. 
We  cannot  object  (to  it)  that  others  should  differ  from 
us. 

1  Translate  quem  mittamus,  or  qui  mittatur. 


LESSON  LXVII. 

INDIRECT  DISCOURSE.  §  3354 

s  ■  1  «•  :  • 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Dux  dicit,  “  Rex  urbem  oppugnat.”  2.  Dux  dicit 
regem  urbem  oppugnare.  3.  Puer  dicit,  “  Cupio  dis¬ 
cere.”  4.  Puer  dicit  se  cupere  discere.  5.  Pax  est 
comp5sita.  6.  Nuntius  allatus  est  pacem  esse  composi¬ 
tam.  7.  “Omnia  perierunt,”  inquit  Caesar;  “consu¬ 
lite,  milites,  vestrae  saluti.”  8.  Caesar  dixit  omnia 
perisse  ;  milites  suae  saluti  consulerent.  9.  Puer  dixit 
se,  si  quid  haberet,  daturum  esse.2  10.  Censeo,  si  hoc 
dicas,  te  errare.  11.  Vir  censebat,  si  hoc  diceres,  te 
errare.  12.  Vir  censebat,  si  hoc  diceres,  te  erraturum 
esse.  13.  Quid  agis  ?  Dic,  quid  agas.  14.  Quis  hunc 
librum  legit.  15.  Dixit  se  postulaturum  fuisse  quis  hunc 
librum  legeret.  16.  Miles  dicit  a  se,  quia  tu  se  laudes,’ 
te  laudari.  17.  Dux  dixit  se  intelligere  quid  Ageret 
hostis.3  18.  Dux  dixit  se  intelligere  quid  egisset  hostis. 
19.  Dux  dixit  se  intellexisse  quid  egisset  hostis.  20. 


LESSON  LXVII. 


79 


Puer  dicebat  se,  si  posset,  venturum  esse.  21.  Si  quid 
habet,  d&t.  22.  Puer  dicit,  si  quid  habeat,  se  dare. 
23.  Si  quid  habeat,  det.  24.  Puer  dicit,  si  quid  habeat, 
se  d&turum  esse.  25.  Puer  dixit,  si  quid  habuisset,  se 
daturum  fuisse.  26.  Caesar  dixit  se,  postquam  hostes 
fusi  essent,  castra  muniturum  esse.  27.  Dixit 4  puer  se 
tibi  quae  haberet  daturum  esse. 

1  Learn  §§  335,  336,  a,  5,  337-341,  a,  b,  c,  d ,  342. 

2  Translate  these  first  as  simple  conditional  sentences,  and  ex¬ 
plain  the  change  of  tense  and  mood  in  indirect  discourse. 

3  Translate  these  first  as  direct  questions:  then  explain  the  tense 
and  mood  in  indirect  discourse. 

4  Form  an  intensive  and  iterative  verb,  and  derivatives  from  the 
verb-stem  of  the  intensive. 

Syn.  —  Aveo,  long  for ;  desidero,  desire  what  one  has  had,  but 
now  feels  the  loss  of  (hence,  regret ) ;  volo  ,  wish ;  opto,  prefer ; 
cupio,  desire  (general  term)  ;  gestio,  desire ,  and  manifest  it  by 
gestures. 

Dico,  say  (transitive  form  of  loqui)  ;  loqui,  speak  or  talk  (opposed 
to  tacere,  keep  silent )  ;  fari,  talk ,  use  articulate  speech ;  dicere  is  to 
speak  for  the  information  of  the  hearers ;  aio  expresses  the  asser¬ 
tion  of  the  speaker  (opposed  to  nego) ;  inquam  is  used  to  intro¬ 
duce  the  very  words  of  the  speaker,  and  always  comes  after  one  or 
more  words  of  the  quotation,  §  76,  3,  c. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  I  am  going  to  Rome.  2.  The  boy  says,  “  I  am 
going  to  Rome.”  3.  The  boy  says  that  he  is  going  to 
Rome.  4.  Caesar  has  assaulted  the  city.  5.  The  mes¬ 
senger  said,  “  Caesar  has  assaulted  the  city.”  6.  The 
messenger  said  that  Caesar  had  assaulted  the  city  with 
all  his  forces.  7.  He  thinks  that  you  are  mistaken  if 
you  say  this.  8.  He  thinks  you  would  be  mistaken  if 
you  should  say  this.  9.  He  thinks  you  would  have  been 
mistaken  if  you  had  said  this.  10.  He  thinks  you  would 


80 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


be  mistaken  if  you  had  said  this.  11.  He  says  that  he 
sees  what  the  enemy  are  doing.  12.  He  said  that  he 
saw  what  the  enemy  had  been  doing.  18.  He  said  that 
he  praised  you  because  you  had  praised  him.  14.  The 
messenger  said  that  the  forces  of  the  enemy  assembled 
while  these  things  were  going  on.  15.  He  said  that  he 
feared  you  would  not  come.  16.  Caesar  said  that  he  had 
sent  his  lieutenants  to  do  this.  17.  The  ambassador 
said  that  he  was  present  before  it  was  light.  18.  Caesar 
said  that  the  Helvetians  had  departed  from  their  terri¬ 
tories  in  order  that  they  might  obtain  possession  of  all 
Gaul.  19.  He  says  that  he  has  come  to  see  you.  20. 
He  said  that  he  had  come  to  see  you.  21.  Caesar  said 
that  he  had  sent  the  cavalry  to  sustain  the  attack  of  the 
enemy.  22.  Caesar  said  that  he  feared  that  the  general 
would  not  lead  his  forces  out  of  the  camp.  23.  It  is 
related  that,  when  Caesar  had  conquered  Pompey,  he 
crossed  into  Asia.  24.  Ariovistus  said  that  he  would 
not  wage 1  war  upon  the  iEduans,2  if  they  paid  the 
tribute  yearly.3  25.  The  men  said  that  they  would  give 
what  they  had.  26.  He  said  that  he  would  give  me 
the  book  before  he  left  the  city. 

1  Use  illaturum  esse.  3  Use  quotannis. 

2  Use  the  dative. 

- ♦ - 

LESSON  LXVIII. 

THE  INFINITIVE.  §  270.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Piitas2  me  scribere.  2.  Putabo  me  scribere.  3. 
Putas  me  scripsisse.  4.  Putabis  me  scripsisse.  5.  Puto 


LESSON  LXVIII. 


81 


te  scripturum  esse.  6.  Miles  cum  pugnaretur,  humi 
jScebat.  7.  M&mmi  eum  cum  pugnaretur  humi  jScere. 
8.  Dicit  me  cum  pugnaretur  humi  jacuisse.  9.  Dicit 
puer  se  laudatum  esse  (or  fuisse).  10.  Putat  puer  se 
laudatum  iri.  11.  Vir  dicebat  se  si  posset,  venturum 
esse.  12.  Vir  dicebat  se  si  potuisset,  venturum  fuisse. 
13.  Putabat  puer  se  laudatum  iri  (or  futurum  3  esse 
ut  laudaretur).  14.  Putabit  puer  se  laudatum  iri  (or 
fore  ut  laudetur).  15.  Putaverat  puer  se  laudatum  iri. 
16.  Nuntius  dicit,  equites  tela  comcere.  IT.  Nuntius 
dixit  equites  tela  comcere.  18.  Nuntius  dixit  equites 
tela  conjecisse.  19.  Nuntius  dicit  equites  tela  conjecisse. 
20.  Caesar  intelligit  bellum  paratum  esse.  21.  Caesar 
intellexit  bellum  paratum  esse.  22.  Caesar  intellexit 
bellum  paratum  iri.  23.  Caesar  castra  muniri  jussit.  24. 
Caesar  pontem  rescindi  vetuit.  25.  Caesar  milites  castra 
munire  jussit.  26.  Oportet  nos  virtuti  studere,  (or)  vir¬ 
tuti  studeamus  oportet.  27.  Necesse  est  sapientem 
semper  beatum  esse.  28.  Homone  potest  dubitare 
quin  deus  universum  mundum  gubernet?  29.  Dulce 
est  pro  patria  mori.  30.  Volo  (cupio,  studeo,  possum, 
debeo)  discere.  31.  Aliud 4  est  docere,  &liud  discere. 
32.  Dux  imperavit  urbem  diripi.  33.  Decet  te  esse 
diligentem. 

1  Learn  §§  270,  271,  272,  b,  274,  275,  288,  a,  5,  c,  d,  and /,  330,  1, 
2,  and  3  ;  also  §  336,  a. 

2  For  tlie  time  denoted  by  the  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse, 
see  §  278  and  b;  thus:  putas  me  scribere,  you  think  I  am  writing ; 
putas  me  scripsisse,  you  think  that  I  teas  writing ,  wrote ,  have  writ¬ 
ten ,  or  had  written  ;  putas  me  scripturum  esse,  you  think  that  I  ivill 
write :  when  the  principal  verb  is  in  a  past  tense,  the  translation  of 
the  infinitive  is  changed,  though  the  relation  of  time  is  the  same, 
thus :  putavisti  me  scribere,  you  thought  I  was  writing ;  putavisti 
me  scripsisse,  you  thought  I  had  written . 

6 


82 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


8  Observe  that  the  future  infinitive  is  made  up  of  the  supine  and 
iri;  when  the  verbs  have  no  supine,  fore  or  futurum  esse  ut  must 
be  used. 

4  §  189. 

Syn.  —  Potestas,  power,  lawful  authority,  as  of  a  magistrate ; 
potentia,  unconstitutional  poioer,  predominance ;  potentatus,  the 
power  of  a  ruler,  which  is  acknowledged  by  those  subject  to  him; 
ditio,  power,  jurisdiction. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  says,  “  I  am  writing.”  2.  He  says  that  he  is 
writing.  3.  He  says,  “  I  have  written.”  4.  He  says 
that  he  has  written.  5.  He  says,  “  I  wrote*”  6.  He 
says  that  he  has  written.  7.  He  says,  “  While  you  were 
absent  I  was  writing.”  8.  He  says  that  while  you  were 
absent  he  was  writing.1  9.  He  says,  “  I  will  write.” 
10.  He  says  that  he  will  write.  11.  He  says,  “  I  had 
written.”  12.  He  says  that  he  had  written.  13.  He 
said  that  he  had  written  before  you  came  from  the 
country.  14.  He  said,  “  I  know.”  15.  He  said  that 
he  knew.  16.  He  said,  “  I  will  come.”  17.  He  said  that 
he  would  come.  18.  He  says,  “  I  will  come.”  19.  He 
says  that  he  will  come  if  he  can.  20.  You  ought  to  have 
done  this.  21.  I  remember  that  you  said  this.  22.  You2 
may  go  to  the  city  if  you  wish.  23.  It  is  difficult  to  do 
this.  24.  They  wish  to  cross  the  river.  25.  He  said 
that  the  town  would  be  taken.3  26.  The  boy  wishes  to 
read.  27.  The  boy  can  learn.  28.  He  orders  the  soldiers 
to  bear  forward  the  standards.4  29.  He  orders  the  camp 
to  be  fortified.5  30.  He  forbids  the  soldiers  to  bear  for¬ 
ward  the  standards,  you  must  be  quiet.  31.  It  is  noble 
to  die  for6  a  friend.  32.  The  soldiers  ought  to  bear  for¬ 
ward  the  standards.  33.  I  wish  you  would  return. 


LESSONS  LXVIII.,  LXIX. 


83 


34.  Caesar  said,  “  The  enemy  are  coming :  set  out  sol¬ 
diers  from  the  camp.”  35.  Caesar  said  that  the  enemy 
are  coming,  and  hence  the  soldiers  should  set  out  from 
the  camp. 

1  Use  the  imperfect  infinitive. 

2  Lit.  It  is  permitted  to  you  (licet),  etc.;  see  Note  Gr.  p.  60. 

8  Render  this  both  ways.  See  §  288,  f 

4  Translate  this  both  ways. 

5  Jubeo  and  veto  always  have  the  infinitive  of  verbs  in  the  pas¬ 
sive  voice. 

6  Pro. 


- ♦ - 

M 

LESSON  LXIX. 

WISHES  AND  COMMANDS.  §  26 7.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudemus  nomen  Dei.  2.  Confer2  longissimam 
aetatem  cum  aeternitate.  3.  Mali  secernant  se  a  bonis. 

4.  “Nolim3  quidem,  Gracche,”  inquit,  “mea  bona  tibi 
virltim  dividere .  liceat ;  sed  si  facies,  partem  petam.” 

5.  Utinam  eas  res  efficere  possim.4  6.  Utinam  vera 
invenire  possem.  7.  Utinam  ne  abires.  8.  Utinam  ne 
abisses.  9.  Scribite  ;  ne  scriberis.  10.  Noli  scribere  ; 
scripseris.  11.  Cura,  ut  venias.  12.  Hostes,  inquit 
Caesar,  adventant ;  proinde,  milites,  e  castris  exite. 
13.  Caesar  dixit  hostes  adventare  ;  proinde  milites  e 
castris  exirent.  14.  Nolim  puer  veniat.  15.  Ne  trans¬ 
ieris  RhSdanum.  16.  Ineamus  in  urbem.  17.  Valetu¬ 
dinem  tuam  cura  diligenter.  18.  Cives  mei  sint  beati. 
19.  Equidem  vellem,5  ut  domi  esses. 


84 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


1  Learn  §§  265,  a,  1,  2,  and  3,  266,  a,  c,  267,  a,  bf  c,  268,  269,  a,  6, 
e?,  1,  2,  and  3 ;  311,  a  and  b. 

2  See  §  1 28,  c. 

3  I  should  be  unwilling  (in  some  future  case) ;  §  331,/,  Rem. 

4  §  267. 

5  I  should  (now)  wish  (on  some  condition  not  fulfilled). 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Let  us  go  to  the  city.  2.  Let  us  love  our  country. 
3.  Cross  not  the  river.  4.  Would  that  I  could1  accom¬ 
plish  this.  5.  Do  not  forget  your  country.  6.  Would 
that  you  had  been  here.  7.  Let  all  who  wish  to  accom¬ 
plish  this  follow  me.  8.  May  you  be  happy.  9.  No 
good 2  (man)  can  doubt  concerning  the  providence  of 
God.  10.  My  friends,  I  hope  you  are  well.3  11»  I 
hope  my  father  is  alive.4  12.  I  wish  my  father  were 
alive.5  13.  I  wish  my  father  had  lived.  14.  Let  us 
imitate  our  ancestors.  15.  Would  that  he  had  led  out 
with  him  all  his  forces.  16.  Oh  that  he  would  come ! 
17.  Would  that  he  had  come. 

1  In  some  future  time.  2  Nemo  bonus. 

3  May  you  be  safe. 

4  Would  that  my  father  may  be  alive  (use  vivo). 

5  Would  that  my  father  were  alive. 

- » - 

LESSON  LXX. 

RELATIVE  AND  INTERMEDIATE  CLAUSES.  §  198.' 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Deus  est,  qui  mundum  regit.  2.  Hostes  legatos  2 
miserunt,  qui  pacem  peterent.  3.  Sunt,  qui  voluptatem 
contemnant.  4.  Dixit  puer  se  tibi,  quodcumque  haberet, 
daturum  esse.  5.  Dignus  est  qui  laudetur.  6.  Nemo 


LESSONS  LXX.,  LXXI. 


85 


tam  potens  est  ut  omnia  quae  velit  efficere  2  possit.  7. 
Animal  sentit  quid  sit  quod  deceat.  8.  Id  quod  habeo 
tibi  dabo.  9.  Id  quod  habebat  tibi  dabat.  10.  Jussit, 
ut  quae  naves  venissent  Euboeam  peterent.  11.  Caesar 
ab  Aeduis  frumentum  flagitabat,  quod  essent  publice 
polliciti.3 

1  Leam  §§  180,  c,  198,  316,  317,  319,  320,  321,  b,  322,  340,  341  (a, 
b,  c,  d ),  342.  2  Composition? 

3  The  subjunctive  refers  to  the  promises  as  made  by  the  Aedui. 
See  §  340 ;  also  §  343,  a. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boys  who  study  well,  learn.  2.  The  farmer 
sent  men  to  plough  the  field.  8.  There  were  some  who 
thought  the  man  should  be  condemned  to  death.  4. 
The  boys  said  that  they  would  give  you  whatever  they 
had.  5.  Would  not  the  man1  who  should  see  these 
things,  be  forced  to  confess  that  there  are  gods.  6.  No 
one  can  be  king  of  the  Persians  (Persarum)  who  has 
not  first 2  learnt 3  the  discipline  of  the  Magi  (Magorum). 
7.  Who  could  love  him  whom  he  fears? 

1  Haec  qui  videat,  nonne,  etc.  =  si  qui  videat,  if  any  one  were 
to  see,  etc. 

2  First,  ante. 

3  Qui  non  perceperit,  etc.  =  nisi  perceperit,  unless,  he  has 
learned ,  etc. 


LESSON  LXXI. 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES.  §  329.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Milites  pontem  f&cere  jussi  sunt.2  2.  Romulus 
fortissimus  fuisse  dicitur  (traditur,  fertur).  8.  Ego 


86 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


bonus  esse  dlcor.  4.  Caesar  milites  hortatus  est,  ut 
acriter  dimicarent.  5.  Caesar  jussit  milites  castra 
munire.  6.  Caesar  vetuit  milites  pontem  rescindere 
7.  Volo  ut  ex  itinere  mox  redeas.  8.  Virtuti  studea¬ 
mus  3  oportet.  9.  Pater  curat,  ut  ego  bSne  edu¬ 
cer.  10.  Sapiens  semper  beatus  sit3  necesse  est.  11. 
Romulus  edixit  ne  quis  vallum  transiliret.  12.  Sol 
efficit,  ut  omnia  floreant.  18.  Omnes  cives  metuebant, 
ne  urbs  ab  hostibus  expugnaretur.  14.  Timeo,  ut  hos 
labores  sustineas.  15.  Accidit,  ut  illo  tempore  in  urbe 
essem.  16.  Placuit  ei  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mitteret. 

17.  Nunquam  putavi  fore 4  ut  supplex  ad  te  vSnirem. 

18.  Vereor  ut  venias,  or  vereor  ne  non  venias.  19. 
Legem  brevem  5  esse  oportet,  quo  facilius  ab  imperitis 
teneatur.6  20.  Sentimus  mvem  esse  albam.  21.  Dux 
imperavit,  ut  milites  urbem  diriperent.  22.  Gaudeo, 
quod  v&les.  28.  Decet  te  diligentem  esse. 

1  Learn  §§  329,  330,  1  and  2,  a,  1,  and  2 ,f  331,  a,  b}  c,  d ,  e,f  332, 
a,  b,  d ,  y,  333,  a  and  b. 

2  This  lesson  should  be  read  in  connection  with  the  LIY.  and 
LXYI. 

3  See  §  70,  3,  f,  Rem.  4  That  it  would  happen. 

6  A  law  ought  to  be  short.  6  May  be  comprehended. 

Syn.  — Placet,  it  pleases,  i.  e.,  it  is  one’s  will  or  determination; 
libet,  it  pleases ,  i.  e.,  it  agrees  with  one’s  inclination. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  soldier  is  said  to  be  brave.  2.  Caesar  orders 
the  soldiers  to  fortify  the  camp.  8.  Caesar  orders  the 
camp  to  be  fortified.1  4.  The  leader  commands  the  city 
to  be  assaulted.  5.  The  leader  commands  the  soldiers 
to  assault  the  city.  6.  They  fear  that  you  will  do  this. 
7.  They  fear  that  you  will  not  do  this.  8.  He  forbids 


LESSONS  LXXLj  LXXII. 


87 


the  soldiers  to  assault  the  town.  9.  The  soldiers  may 
depart  from  the  camp.  10.  The  father  takes  care  that 
his  son  is  well  educated.  11.  He  forbids  the  town  to 
be  assaulted.  12.  It  pleases  Csesar  to  send  ambassadors. 
18.  I  wish  that  you  would  return.  14.  I  seem  to  be 
joyful.  15.  They  seem  to  be  joyful.  16.  Thy  brother 
seems  to  be  joyful. 

1  See  Note  5,  Lesson  LXVIII. 


LESSON  LXXII. 

QUESTIONS.  §210i 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Fuistine  heri  in  schola  ?  2.  Dic,  fuerisne  heri  in 

schola?  3.  Quaerit  num  Caesar  in  urbe  sit.  4.  Num 
ita  audes  dicere  ?  5.  Utrum  unus  an  plures  sunt  mundi  ? 
6.  Quaeritur,  utrum  unus  an  plures  sint  mundi.  7. 
Utrum  C£to  an  Caesar  tibi  praestantior  et  clarior  vir 
esse  videtur  ?  8.  Caesar  jussit  eos  speculari  num  hostes 
ex  castris  exirent.  9.  Quaeritur  Dii  utrum  sint,  necne. 
10.  Isne  est  quem  quaero,  annon  ?  11.  Num  dubium 

est  casune  an  consilio  factus  sit  mundus?  12.  Cujus 
hic  liber  est  ?  tuusne  ?  non,  sed  fratris.  13.  Utrum 
vestra  an  nostra  culpa  est  ?  14.  Immo  in  sSnatum 

vSnit. 

1  Learn  §§  210,  a ,  5,  c,  d ,  e,f  211,  a,  d ,  212,  334,  and  a. 

Syn.  —  Orbis  terrarum,  rather  than  terra,  when  there  is  decided 
reference  to  other  lands. 


88 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Has  Caesar  set  out  for  Rome  ?  2.  He  inquired 

whether  Caesar  had  set  out  for  Rome.  8.  Is  the  city 
strongly  fortified  ?  4.  He  asked  whether  the  city  was 

strongly  fortified.  5.  Does  he  deserve  praise  ?  6.  It 

is  doubtful  whether  he  deserves  praise  or  not.  7.  Will 
you  perform  these  things  or  not  ?  8.  Do  the  soldiers 

obey  their  commander  ?  9.  Do  you  or  I  deserve  praise  ? 
10.  Is  he  a  good  man?  11.  It  is  uncertain  whether  he 
is  a  good  man  or  not.  12.  Did  you  inquire  how  great 
the  forces  of  the  enemy  were  ?  13.  Is  the  victory  due 

to  the  soldiers  or  to  the  commander  ?  14.  He  inquired 

whether  the  victory  was  due  to  the  soldiers  or  to  the 
commander.  15.  Is  this  book  yours  or  not  ?  16.  He 

inquired  whether  this  book  was  yours  or  not.  17.  Is 
that  the  man  they  seek  or  not  ?  18.  He  inquired 

whether  that  was  the  man  they  sought  or  not. 


LESSON  LXXIII. 

PARTICIPLES.  §  255.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Sole  oriente,2  fugiunt  tenebrae.  2.  Bellum  Galli¬ 
cum,  Caesare  imperatore,  gestum  est.  3.  Puer,  me 
invito,3  abiit.  4.  Cives  cum  hostibus  urbem  oppugnan¬ 
tibus  acriter  dimicabant.  5.  Hostes  victoriam  &depti 
in  castra  se  receperunt.  6.  Faustulus  llbSros  tulit  in 
casam,  et  Accae  Larentiae  conjugi  dedit  educandos.4 
7.  Terra  mutata  non  mutat  mores.  8.  Milites,  pilis 
conjectis,5  phalangem  hostium  perfregerunt.  9.  Vereor 


LESSON  LXXIII. 


89 


ut  certus  sis  eundi.  10.  Caesar,  urbe  capta,6  discessit. 

11.  Exercitus  rediit,  belli  casum  de  integro  tentaturus. 

12.  Quis  est,  qui  me  unquam  viderit  legentem  ?  13. 

Hostes  amnem  transgressi  castra  muniverunt.  14. 
Caesar  ea  re  commotus,  in  Italiam  rediit,  armis  inju¬ 
riam  acceptam  vindicaturus.  15.  Ex  amissis  civibus 
dolor  fuit.  16.  Agricbla  homines  misit  agrum  araturos. 

17.  Caesar  cum  sola  decima  legione  profecturus  est. 

18.  Priusquam  incipias,  consulto,7  et  ubi  consulueris, 
mature  facto  opus  est.  19.  Solem  orientem 8  cum  maxi¬ 
ma  voluptate  spectamus.3 

1  Learn  §§  25,  e ,  109,  a,  113,  114,  255,  289,  290,  6,  c,  d ,  291,  292, 
a,  b ,  c,  d,  e,  293,  a,  294  (a,  b,  c,  d),  and  note. 

8  Translate,  when  the  sun  rises ,  etc.  §  292. 

8  §  255,  and  note. 

4  The  participle  in  -dus  here  denotes  a  purpose.  See  §  294,  d. 

5  What  circumstance  does  this  denote,  —  time,  condition,  or 
cause  ? 

6  As  there  is  no  perfect  active  participle,  its  place  is  supplied  by 
the  ablative  absolute,  or  by  a  clause  with  cum  :  as,  urbe  capta  = 
cum  urbem  cepisset,  etc. 

7  Lit.  there  is  need  of  consulting ,  or  freely,  you  need  advice. 

8  Rising.  9  Derivatives  ? 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  When  this  was  known,  Caesar  departed.  2.  Caesar, 
when  he  went  to  G-aul ,  took  three  legions.  3.  Caesar, 
after  he  had  subdued  G-aul,1  set  out  for  Rome.  4.  He 
assists  others,  without  robbing  himself.2,  5.  Under  Ccesar 
as  commander,  the  soldiers  fought  bravely.  6.  He  re¬ 
turned  to  Rome  to  contend  with  his  enemies.  7.  Many 
things  go  on  without  your  perceiving  it.2,  8.  After  he 


90 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


had  been  elected  consul ,  lie  left  the  city.  9.  After  I  had 
spoken ,  you  went  away.  10.  Because  their  leader  was 
killed ,  the  soldiers  fled.  11.  The  soldiers,  by  throwing 
their  weapons ,  repulsed  the  line  of  the  enemy.  12.  I 
come  to  assist  you.  13.  When  the  leader  ordered ,  the  sol¬ 
diers  assaulted  the  town.  14.  This  happened  one  hun¬ 
dred  years  before  the  founding  of  the  city.  15.  Did  you 
hear  me  when  I  said  that?  16.  I  saw  my  friend  sitting 
in  the  garden  yesterday.  17.  Caesar  is  going  to  set  out 
from  the  camp  with  five  legions.  18.  Caesar  lost  his 
father  when  he  was 4  sixteen  years  (old). 

1  Observe  that  the  ablative  absolute  can  be  used  only  when  the 
subject  of  the  subordinate  clause  is  different  from  that  of  the  prin¬ 
cipal  clause  (except  in  such  phrases  as  se  invito,  against  his  will , 
used  in  indirect  discourse,  and  a  few  others  not  to  be  imitated). 

2  Lit.  not  robbing  himself  se  non  spolians. 

3  Lit.  you  not  perceiving  it,  te  non  sentiente. 

*• 

4  Use  agens,  pres.  part. 


LESSON  LXXIV. 

GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE.  §  294! 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  In  ambulando  mecum  cogito.  2.  Natandi  ars  uti¬ 
lis  est.  3.  Docendo  discimus.  4.  Ars  civitatem  guber¬ 
nandi  difficillima  est.  5.  In  libris  tuis  legendis  hos  tres 
dies  cum  multa  voluptate  exegi.  6.  Cupido  urbis  con¬ 
dendae  2  Romulum  cepit.  7.  Ars  civitatis  gubernandae 


LESSON  LXXIV. 


91 


est  difficillima.  8.  Proficiscendum  mihi  erat  illo  ipso 
die.  9.  Hostes  in  spem  venerant  patiendorum  castro¬ 
rum.3  10.  Caesar  loquendi  finem  fficit.  11.  Asinus 
idoneus  est  onera  portando.  12.  Asinus  idoneus  est 
oneribus  portandis.  18.  Ars  pueros  educandi  difficilis 
est.  14.  Catilina  bellum  suscepit 4  reipublicae  delendae 
causa.  15.  Agricola  homines  misit  ad  agrum  arandum. 
16.  AgricSla  hftmines  misit  agri  arandi  causa.  17. 
Agricola  homines  misit  agrum  arandi  causa.  18.  Oppi¬ 
dum  magnam  ad  ducendum5  bellum  dabat  facultatem. 
19.  Ager  colendus  est,  ut  fruges  ferat. 

1  Learn  §§  109,  b,  114,  a,  294  (a,  b,  c ),  d,  295,  296,  297,  298,  299, 
300,  and  301,  or  Rule  41.  2  Or,  urbem  condendi. 

3  What  would  be  the  construction  if  the  gerund  had  been  used? 

4  Composition? 

5  For  protracting ,  etc.  Form  derivatives  from  the  verb-stem. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  mind  is  nourished  by  learning  and  thinking. 
2.  We  learn  by  teaching.  8.  He  is  desirous  of  hearing. 
4.  He  is  desirous  of  hearing  Plato.  5.  They  undertook 
the  war  for  the  sake  of  destroying  the  republic.  6.  He 
came  here  for  the  sake  of  seeing  his  friends.1  7.  He 
crossed  the  river  by  swimming.  8.  Gracchus  obtained 
the  tribuneship  for  the  sake  of  avenging  his  brother’s 
death.  9.  I  must  write  a  letter.  10.  Virtue  must  be 
cultivated.  11.  The  field  must  be  ploughed.  12.  We 
must  set  out  immediately.  18.  What  must  we  do, 
friends  ?  14.  He  was  desirous  of  possessing  the  camp. 

15.  Ambassadors  came  to  seek  peace.  16.  We  must 
not  believe  all  men.  17.  I  must  write.  18.  We  are 
desirous  of  seeing  and  hearing  many  things.  19.  You 


92 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


must  fight  for  liberty.  20.  We  learn  to  write  by 
writing,  to  speak  by  speaking.  21.  We  must  leap  from 
the  walls  and  fight  with  the  enemy. 

1  Express  this  in  as  many  ways  as  possible,  §  318. 


LESSON  LXXV. 

SUPINE.  §  302.1 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ibat  spectatum  ludos.  2.  Id  facile  dictu  est.  3. 
Orator  dignus  est  auditu.  4.  Oratores  Romam  veniunt 
pacem  petitum.  5.  Legati  totius  fere  Galliae  ad  Caesa¬ 
rem  gratulatum  convenerunt.  6.  Legati  venerunt  inju¬ 
rias  questum.  7.  Quod  optimum  factu  videbitur,  facies. 
8.  Divitiacus  Romam  ad  senatum  venit,  auxilium  postu¬ 
latum.  9.  iEdui  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  rogatum 
auxilium.  10.  Quod  optimum  est  factu,  faciam.  11. 
Exclusi  eos,  quos  tu  ad  me  salutatum  miseras.  12.  Fas 
est  dictu  ;  nefas  est  dictu.  13.  Agricola  homines  misit 
agrum  aratum.  14.  Eamus  Jovi  Maximo2  gratula¬ 
tum.3 

1  Learn  §§  109,  c,  114,  6,  302,  and  303,  or  Rule  42.  z  §  227,  e. 

3  Derivatives  from  the  verb-stem. 

Translate  Into  Latin. 

1.  They  sent  legates  to  the  city  to  demand  peace.  2. 
The  soldiers  advanced  to  forage.  3.  They  sent  to  in¬ 
quire  what  they  should  do.  4.  This  is  difficult  to  be 
done.  5.  The  men  came  to  plough  the  field.1  6.  Many 
things  are  difficult  to  be  done.  7.  They  set  out  for  the 
city  to  see  the  games.1  8.  A  true  friend  is  difficult  to 


93 


LESSON  LXXV.j  LXXVI. 

be  found.  9.  The  enemy  came  with  a  large  army  to 
assault  the  camp.  10.  It  is  difficult  to  read  this.  11. 
When  the  war  with  the  Helvetii  was  finished,  ambas¬ 
sadors  from  almost  the  whole  of  Gaul 2  came  to  congratu¬ 
late  Csesar.  12.  The  farmer  sent  men  to  plough  the 
field.2 

1  Express  this  in  as  many  different  ways  as  possible. 

2  Use  the  genitive. 

- • - 


LESSON  LXXYI. 

THE  ROMAN  CALENDAR. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Caesar  Idibus  Martiis  in  senatum  venit.  2.  Natus 
est  ante  diem  tertium  Kalendas  Martias  (or  Natus  est 
a.  d.  iii.  Kal.  Mart.).  3.  Supplicationes  decretae  sunt  in1 
a.  d.  iv.  et  iii.  et  pridie  Idus  Novembris.2  4.  De  fratre 
nuntii  nobis  venerunt  ex  a.  d.  iii.  Nonas  Januarias.  5. 
Supplicatio  decreta  est  ad  pridie  Nonas  Maias.  6.  Im¬ 
peravit  mihi  ut  adessem  in  postridie  Calendas  Januarias 
(or  in  a.  d.  iv.  Non.  Jan.).  T.  Is  dies  erat  a.  d.  v.  Kal. 
Apr.  8.  Spero  te  apud  nos  Graecis  K&lendis  3  cenaturum. 
9.  Natus  est  a.  d.  ix.  K&lendis  Octobris.2  10.  Obiit  Kalen- 
dis  Augustis.  11.  Meministine  me  ante  diem  xii.  Ka¬ 
lendas  Novembris 2  dicere  in  senatu,  fore  in  armis  certo 
die,  qui  dies  futurus  esset  ante  diem  vi.  Kalendas  Novem¬ 
bris,  C.  Manlium  ?  12.  Consul  cbmitia  in  a.  d.  iii.  Nonas 
Sextilis 2  edixit.  13.  In  ante  dies  viii.  et  vii.  Kalendas 
Octobris2  cbmitiis  dicta  dies.  14.  Yenire  jussi  sumus 
ad  Nonas  Februarias.  15.  Is  dies  erat  pridie  Idus  Jan. 
16.  Is  dies  erat  a.  d.  xi.  Kal.  Feb. ;  a.  d.  iii.  Idus  Jan. ; 


94 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


a.  d.  iii.  Nonas  Mart. ;  pridie  Idus  Mart. ;  a.  d.  xvi.  Kal. 
Decembris.2  17.  Spero  me  circa  Idns  Octobris2  Romae 
futurum  esse.  18.  Dixi  ego  Idem  in  senatu,  caedem  te 
optimatium  contulisse  in  ante  diem  y.  Kalendas  Novem¬ 
bris.2 

1  In  ante,/or. 

2  Observe  that  the  form  in  is  in  these  dates  is  the  accusative 
plural. 

3  The  Greek  Calends ,  a  phrase  signifying  never;  this  style  of 
reckoning  not  being  nsed  by  the  Greeks. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  died  on  the  fifth  of  January.  2.  He  was  born 
on  the  fifteenth  of  October.  8.  He  was  born  on  the  six¬ 
teenth  of  March.  4.  He  came  to  Rome  on  the  fifteenth 
of  April.  5.  On  the  first  of  March  he  entered  the  senate. 
6.  The  time  of  the  elections  is  appointed  for  the  twenty- 
fifth  of  July.  7.  We  came  to  Rome  by  the  tenth  of 
February.  8.  The  day  was  the  tenth  of  July.  9.  A 
public  thanksgiving  was  ordered  for  the  tenth  of  May. 
10.  Special  religious  services  were  ordered  for  the  ninth, 
tenth,  and  eleventh  of  November.  11.  On  the  second  of 
May  I  will  be  at  Rome.  12.  On  the  first  of  July  I  will 
be  at  Athens.  18.  About  the  beginning  of  June,1  in  the 
consulship  of  M.  Tullius  Cicero  and  C.  Antonius,  he  first 
began  to-address-himself-to  2  single  (persons).  14.  We 
set  out  for  Rome  on  the  second  of  November,  and 
arrived  there  on  the  tenth ;  on  the  twelfth  we  laid  our 
demands  before  the  senate ;  on  the  fifteenth  we  left  the 
city.  15.  On  the  first,  second,  or  third  of  October  I 
shall  go  to  Rome. 

1  About  the  beginning  of  June,  circiter  Kalendas  Junias. 

2  Use  appellare  (historical  infinitive). 


LESSON  LXXVI. 


95 


ADDITIONAL  EXERCISES. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  waves  on  the  shores  [of  the  sea]  are  high.  2. 
Volsinii,  a  town  of  the  Tuscans,  was  consumed1  by  light¬ 
ning.  3.  Neither  you  nor  I  have  done  this.  4.  You  and 
he  praise  the  streams  of  the  country.  5.  The  man  said 
one  thing  and  the  boy  another.2  6.  Homer  is  called  the 
king  of  poets.  T.  The  Sequani  shuddered  at  the  cruelty 
of  Ariovistus.  8.  Hear  much,3  speak  little.  9.  After  his 
death  the  people  repented  of  their  judgment.  10.  Csesar 
kept  demanding  corn  of  the  iEdui.  11.  The  elephant 
is  said  to  live  two  hundred  years.  12.  Augustus  died 
at  Nola.  13.  He  wandered  about  the  banks  of  the  river 
Po  and  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  14.  A  good  man 
forgets  all  injuries.  15.  At  what  price  does  he  give 
lessons  ? 4  16.  It  is  not  lawful  for  any  man  5  to  lead  an 
army  against  his  country.  IT.  Having  learned  these 
things,  Csesar  returns  to  the  fleet.  18.  What  o’clock 
is  it  ?  19.  Is  that  your  fault  or  mine  ?  20.  He  asked 
whether  that  was  your  fault  or  mine.  21.  If  they 
(shall)  give  hostages,  Csesar  will  make  peace  with 
them.  22.  Can  anybody  do  this  ?  23.  Can  somebody 

do  this  ?  24.  Plato  lived  eighty-one  years.  25.  Where¬ 
fore  it  pleased  him  to  send6  legates  to  Ariovistus,  to 
demand 7  from  him  that  he  should  appoint  some  place 
central  with  respect  to  both  of  them  for  a  conference, 
(saying)  that  he  wished  to  treat  with  him  concerning 
the  republic,  and  the  highest  interests  of  both.  26.  On 
the  10th  of  April  we  set  out  for  the  province.  27.  Is 
this  said  to  have  been  done  by  night  or  by  day  ?  28. 

The  Germans  have  not  entered  a  house  for  fourteen 


96 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


years.  29.  It  is  of  great  consequence 8  to  me 9  that  I 
should  see  you.  30.  On  the  last  day  of  December  he 
set  sail,10  and  arrived  at  Athens  on  the  10th  of  January. 
31.  In  the  first  of  the  spring  the  consul  came  to  Ephe¬ 
sus,  and,  having  received  the  troops  from 11  Scipio,  he 
held 12  a  speech13  in-presence-of 14  his  soldiers  (in  which), 
after  extolling  their  bravery,  he  exhorted  them  to  under¬ 
take15  a  new  war  with16  the  Greeks,  who  had  (as  he 
said)  helped  Antiochus  with  auxiliaries. 

1  Use  concrematum  est.  9  See  §  222,  a. 


2  Use  aliud  .  .  .  aliud. 

3  Use  the  plural. 

4  Lit.  teach. 

5  Use  licet  nemini 
8  See  §  317. 

7  See  §  318,  2. 

8  See  §  222. 


10  Use  solvit. 

11  Use  a. 

12  Use  habuit. 

13  Use  contionem. 

14  Use  apud. 

16  Use  ad  with  the  ger.  of  accipere. 
16  Use  cum. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


- 

I.  sum  AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS.  §120,  a  and  b. 

Learn  the  principal  parts  and  meaning  of  absum,1  adsum,  desum, 
insum,  intersum,  obsum,2  praesum,  prosum,  possum,  subsum,3 
supersum. 

Translate  into  Tatin. 

1.  God  is  present  in  ali  places.  2.  They  profit  neither 
themselves  nor  others.  3.  They  were  not  able  to  profit 
me.  4.  He  has  been  absent  from  home  six  months.  5. 
This  cannot  profit  you,  but  injures  you  and  your  friends. 
6.  A  leader  was  wanting  to  the  army.  7.  The  cavalry 
profited  our  army.  8.  He  was  present  in  the  battle. 
9.  They  were  able  to  be  present.  10.  They  governed 
the  city  for  ten  years. 

1  For  euphonic  changes,  see  §  11,  3. 

2  Principal  parts,  obsum,  obesse,  offui. 

8  Principal  parts,  subsum,  subesse,  no  perf. 

II.  eo  AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS. 

Learn  the  principal  parts  and  meaning  of  abeo,  adeo,  ante-eo, 
circumeo,  coeo,  exeo,  ineo,  intereo,  introeo,  obeo,  pereo, 
prae-eo,  praetereo,  prodeo,  redeo,  subeo,  transeo,  veneo. 

Translate  into  L.atin. 

1.  The  soldiers  crossed  the  river.  2.  He  was  sur¬ 
rounded  by  the  fleet  of  the  enemy.  3.  The  merchants 
came  to  sell  their  goods.  4.  Hannibal  returned  to  his 
native  country.  5.  They  went  forth  from  their  terri¬ 
tories.  6.  They  formed  the  plan  of  entering  the  city. 


7 


98 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


7.  Caesar  approached  the  city.  8.  In  the  beginning  of 
spring  we  will  return  to  you.  9.  He  died  at  Rome. 
10.  The  dog  barks  at  the  passers-by.1  11.  Bring  me  aid 
or  I  shall  perish.  12.  The  soldiers  attacked  the  enemy 
while  crossing  the  river. 

1  Lit.  those  passing  by. 

III.  fero  AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS. 

Learn  the  meaning  and  the  principal  parts  of  affSro,  refero,  ante- 
ferro,  aufero,1  confero,  differo,  infero,  offero,  effero,  tollo,  de¬ 
fero,  profero,  transfero. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  wages  war  against  Rome.  2.  Hannibal  trans¬ 
ferred  the  war  into  Italy.  3.  We  preferred  peace  to  war. 
4.  Y erres  removed  gold  and  silver  from  Sicily.  5.  The 
soldiers  retreated  and  betook  themselves  to  the  moun¬ 
tain.  6.  The  Romans  intrusted  the  chief  command  to 
Caesar.  7.  Friends  often  differ  from  each  other. 

1  b  before  f  becomes  u. 

IV.  CASES. 

1.  Thou  and  my  friend  have  written  the  letter.  2. 
Caesar,  the  leader  of  the  army,  has  waged  war  in  Italy 
and  Gaul.  3.  I  who  am  encouraging  you  cannot  (en¬ 
courage)  myself.  4.  He  is  ashamed  of  his  cruelty.  5. 
I  am  weary  of  life.  6.  The  wise  man  will  teach  his  son 
justice.  7.  The  people  made  Caesar  consul.  8.  Every 
tenth  man  was  chosen.  9.  Every  sixth  man  was  chosen. 

10.  All  the  best  men  (lit.  each  best  man)  were  chosen. 

11.  They  fear  this  enemy.  12.  Hannibal  crossed  the 
Alps  with  his  army.  13.  The  river  goes  through  the 
midst  of  the  city.  14.  This,  lastly  (ad  extremum),  I 
particularly  (magnopere)  ask  you.  15.  We  ought  not 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


99 


to  conceal  our  opinions  from  our  friends.  16.  He  leads 
his  army  over  the  river.  17.  Caesar  leads  the  cavalry 
over  the  bridge.  18.  The  people  appoint  him  general. 
19.  O  wolf,  excellent  guardian,  as  the  saying  is  (ut 
ajunt),  for  the  sheep  (gen.')  20.  The  Romans  were 

eager  for  glory.  21.  One  man  ( dat .)  must  not  fight  with 
(cum)  two.  22.  What  pleases  you  also  pleases  me. 
23.  This  thing  is  unlike  that.  24.  The  life  which  we 
enjoy  is  short.  25.  We  pity  those  who  repent  of  their 
faults.  26.  We  love  those  who  have  repented  of  their 
faults.  27.  When  these  things  had  been  done ,  and  the 
whole  of  G-aul  had  been  subsided,  the  nations  which  dwelt 
beyond  the  Rhine  sent  ambassadors  to  (ad)  Cbsar.  28. 
Cicero  went  to  Athens.  29.  The  ambassadors  came 
from  Carthage.  30.  The  men  fled  to  Rome.  31.  The 
soldiers  departed  from  Italy.  32.  Setting  forth  (pro¬ 
fectus)  from  Carthage,  he  made  for  (petere)  Italy.  33. 
He  was  a  brave  man  at  home  and  in  war.  34.  He  will 
return  home  in  the  evening.  35.  When  my  son  returns 
from  the  country,  I  will  send  him  to  (ad)  you.  36.  We 
perceive  that  snow  is  white.  37.  It  is  said  that  snow  is 
white.  38.  I  believe  that  the  souls  of  men  are  immor¬ 
tal.  39.  Who  was  the  man  ?  40.  I  will  tell  you  who 
the  man  was.  41.  The  wall  is  two  hundred  feet  long. 
42.  I  will  send  you  a  letter.  43.  I  will  send  a  letter 
to  you.  44.  Cicero  excelled  (antecedo)  his  contempo¬ 
raries  (aequalis)  in  eloquence.  45.  My  father  has 
many  sons  and  one  daughter.  46.  Horses  are  useful  for 
war.  47.  He  wishes  to  be  like  his  father.  48.  Only 
(tantum)  a  few  are  desiring  of  praise.  49.  Two  hun¬ 
dred  soldiers  were  in  the  city.  50.  The  consul  was 
eager  for  gold.  51.  The  father  reminded  his  son  of  his 
duty. 


100 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Y. 

1.  No  brave  man  shudders  at  the  enemv.  2.  Who 

i/ 

was  present  (inter esse)  at  your  conversation  ?  3. 

Against  the  Terentines,  who  were  in  the  lowest  part 
of  (ultimus)  Italy,  war  was  declared.  4.  Plato  died  in 
(his)  eighty-second  year,  while  writing.  5.  Romulus 
called  the  city  after  (ex)  his  name,  Rome.  6.  Have 
you  been  at  Athens  ?  7.  He  asked  the  boy  whether  he 

wished  to  return  to  his  father.  8.  Philosophy  heals  the 
mind.  9.  The  soldiers  lie  on  the  ground.  10.  The 
soldiers  fight  with  their  companions.  11.  The  soldiers 
fight  with  the  sword.  12.  Caesar  was  stripped  of  his 
property.  13.  The  art  of  carefully  educating  boys  is 
difficult.  14.  The  art  of  governing  the  state  is  very 
difficult.  15.  The  enemy  fortified  their  camp  after  they 
had  crossed  the  river.  16.  Wolves  are  like  dogs.  17. 
Only  a  few  are  deserving  of  praise.  18.  Thou  art  free 
from  faults.  19.  A  bad  man  is  never  free  from  fear. 

20.  The  deeds  of  the  general  are  worthy  of  a  triumph. 

21.  Relying  on  thee,  we  have  undertaken  this  busi¬ 
ness.  22.  Cicero  was  very  much  devoted  (amans) 1  to 
Pompey.  23.  The  letter  is  full  of  good  promise  (spes). 
24.  You  have  freed  the  city  from  danger  and  the  citizens 
from  fear.  25.  As  (ut)  a  shore  without  a  harbor  can¬ 
not  be  safe  for  ships,  so  (sic)  a  heart  (animus)  without 
fidelity  cannot  be  stable  for  friends.  26.  My  older  bro¬ 
ther  is  in  his  thirty-third  year  ;  the  younger,  in  his 
twenty-fifth  ;  my  oldest  sister  is  in  her  eighteenth ;  my 
youngest,  in  her  twelfth. 

1  With  gen. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


101 


VI.  MOODS. 

* 

1.  Is  that  your  fault  or  ours  ?  2.  He  asked  whether 

that  was  your  fault  or  ours.  3.  What  are  you  doing? 
4.  I  know  what  you  are  doing.  5.  I  shall  hear  what 
you  are  doing.  6.  I  knew  what  you  were  doing.  7.  I 
had  learned  what  you  were  doing.  8.  I  had  learned 
what  you  were  going  to  do.  9.  I  learned  wdiat  you 
were  doing.  10.  I  learned  what  you  were  going  to  do. 
11.  Let  us  remember.  12.  My  father  takes  care  that  I 
am  well  educated,  actively  exercised,  thoroughly  accom¬ 
plished,  and  carefully  instructed.  13.  My  father  took 
care  that  I  was  well  educated,  actively  exercised, 
thoroughly  accomplished,  and  carefully  instructed. 

14.  If  the  boy  studies  diligently,  he  will  learn  rapidly. 

15.  If  the  boy  had  studied  diligently,  he  would  have 
learned  more  rapidly.  16.  If  the  boy  should  study 
diligently,  he  would  learn  rapidly.  17.  When  the  war 
was  ended,1  ambassadors  from  all  the  states  Qgen.')  came 
to  Caesar.  18.  When  the  boy  was  taught,  he  was  silent. 
19.  When  the  enemy  had  assaulted  the  town,  all  the 
citizens  were  filled  with  great  fear.  20.  The  enemy 
were  assaulting  the  town,  when  they  saw  our  cavalry. 
21.  While  I  was  writing,  you  were  reading  and  my  bro¬ 
ther  was  playing.  22.  While  the  leader  was  drawing 
up  his  forces,  the  enemy  surrounded  the  city.  23.  When 
the  leader  had  drawn  up  his  forces,  he  ordered  them  to 
assault  the  city.  24.  Our  soldiers  are  led  out  in  (in) 
the  line  of  battle,  before  the  enemy  fortify  their  camp. 

25.  I  do  not  doubt  but  that  the  soldiers  fought  bravely. 

26.  The  boy  was  punished,  because  he  did  not  obey  the 
teacher.  27.  The  messenger  said  that  “  The  commander 
was  drawing  the  soldiers  up  in  line  of  battle  while  the 


102 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


enemy  were  fortifying  their  camp.”  28.  The  messenger 
said  that  the  commander  had  led  his  soldiers  out  of  the 
city,  before  that  the  enemy  had  fortified  their  camp.  29. 
The  soldiers  ’who  were  sent  by  Caesar  fortified  their 
camp,  and  then  crossed  the  river  to  attack  the  enemy. 
80.  He  issued  a  proclamation  (edico)  that  no  one  2  of 
the  soldiers  should  fight  with  the  enemy.  31.  The  sol¬ 
diers  fought  so  bravely  that  no  one3  of  the  enemy 
escaped.  32.  Would  not  the  (man)  who 4  sees  these 
things  be  compelled  to  confess  that  there  are  gods? 
33.  O  fortunate  youth,  who  6  hast  found  a  Homer  to  be 
the  herald  of  thy  prowess.  34.  Caesar  sent  the  soldiers 
to  6  fortify  the  camp.  35.  There  were  some  who 7  pitied 
him.  36.  The  joy  was  greater  than  what  men  could 
receive  (capio).  37.  He  was  a  suitable  man  to  send. 
38.  He  deserves  to  be  praised.  39.  He  came  into  the 
garden  for  the  sake  of  taking  a  walk.  40.  God  has 
made  the  animals  for  the  sake  of  man,  as  for  instance 
(ut),  the  horse  for  riding  (vehi),  the  ox  for  ploughing. 
41.  Man  is  naturally  eager  to  learn.  42.  The  soldiers 
were  eager  to  fight.  43.  Wrapping-paper  (charta 
emporetica)  is  worthless  (inutilis)  for  writing.  44. 
I  fear  he  has  not  received  the  letter.  45.  I  fear  that,  if 
I  give  this  letter  to  him,  he  will  open  it  (solvere).  46. 
(It  is)  by  obedience  (obsequium)  (that)  you  have 
brought  it  about  (efficere)  that  no  one  is  dearer  to  the 
king  than  you.  47.  After  the  war  was  finished  the  con¬ 
sul  returned  to  Rome.  48.  Although  the  ground  (locus) 
was  unfavorable  (iniquus),  nevertheless  Cmsar  deter¬ 
mined  to  attack  the  enemy.  49.  Although  I  have  asked 
you  to  come  to  me,  nevertheless  I  know  that  you  cannot 
help  me.  50.  As  the  consul  was  hastening 1  to  Rome, 
the  enemy  overtook  (consequi)  his  army.  51.  The 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


103 


soldiers  crossed  the  river  without  any  hesitation.8  52. 
Divide  your  troops  without  weakening  them?  53.  He 
divided  my  troops  without  dividing  his  own.10  54.  The 
consul  cannot  cross  the  river  without  dividing  his  army}1 

55.  No  army  can  be  divided  without  being  weakened.12 

56.  We  cannot  let  him  go  without  giving  him  money.  57. 
He  departed  without  accomplishing  his  mission  (res). 
58.  Can  you  condemn  the  army  without  also  condemn¬ 
ing  the  general  ?  59.  He  received  the  letter 13  and,14 
without  opening  (resolvere)  it,  laid  it  down.  60. 
You  have  written  (do)  many  letters  to  Rome  without 
writing  any 15  to  me. 

1  Translate  this  clause  in  two  different  ways,  §  255,  b,  note. 

2  Use  ne  quis.  3  Use  ut  nemo. 

4  Qui  videat  =  si  quis  videat. 

6  §  320,  e.  6  §317.  1  §  320,  a. 

8  (1)  Nihil  dubitantes,  §  292,  Rem. ;  (2)  neque  quidquam 
dubitaverunt ;  (3)  nulla  interposita  dubitatione  ;  (4)  sine  ulla 
dubitatione. 

9  Ne  debilites. 

10  (1)  Cum  suas  non  divideret ;  (2)  suis  non  divisis. 

11  (1)  Nisi  exercitum  diviserit;  (2)  nisi  exercitu  diviso. 

12  (1)  Quin  debilitetur ;  (2)  ut  non  debilitetur. 

13  §  255.  14  §  292  and  Rem.  16  Cum  nullas. 

VH.  TENSES  IN  LETTERS. 

(Extract  from  one  of  Cicero’s  Letters  to  Atticus.) 

Nihil  habebam,1  quod  scriberem  ;  neque  enim  novi 
quicquam  audieram  et  ad  tuas  omnis  rescripseram  pridie ; 2 
sed,  cum  me  aegritudo  non  solum  somno  privaret,  verum 
ne  vigilare  quidem  sine  summo  dolore  pateretur,  tecum 
ut  quasi  loquerer,  in  quo  uno  acquiesco,  hoc  nescio  quid 
nullo  argumento  proposito  scribere  institui. 


104 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Translation :  — 

I  have  nothing  to  write  you  ;  for  I  have  no  news,  and 
I  answered  all  your  (letters)  yesterday.  But  since  my 
anxiety  not  only  deprives  me  of  sleep,  but  does  not  suf¬ 
fer  me  even  to  be  awake  without  great  uneasiness,  I 
have  determined  to  write  I  know  not  what,  upon  no 
particular  subject,  that  I  may  as  it  were  converse  with 
you  ;  in  this  alone  I  find  consolation. 

1  §  282;  this  change  of  tenses  is  found  particularly  in  the  be¬ 
ginning  and  end  of  letters,  especially  in  the  phrase  I  have  nothing  to 
write;  but  never  in  general  statements. 

2  The  adverbs  of  time  remain  unchanged, — or  heri,  yesterday , 
becomes  pridie;  hodie,  to-day ,  quo  die;  and  eras,  to-morrow , 
postridie. 

1.  I  have  nothing  to  write,  and  yet  as  my  servant  is 
going  to  Rome,  1 1  must  write  you  something.  2.  I 
write  this  letter  immediately  after 2  receiving  your  letter, 
and  will  give  it  to  the  postman  to-morrow.  3.  I  wrote 
(dare),  yesterday  and  will  write  again  to-morrow.  4.  I 
desire  to  make  out3  a  longer  letter,  but  there  is  noth¬ 
ing  to  write  about,  and  I  cannot  make  fun4  by  reason- 
of  5  (my)  anxiety.6 

8  Use  faegre. 

6  cur  a. 


1  §  232. 

4  Use  jocari 


2  Use  statim  ut 
6  prae. 


READING  LESSONS. 


♦  — 

I.  FABLES. 

Note.  — The  figures  in  the  following  sections  refer  to  the  rules  on  p.  256  of  the  Gram¬ 
mar. 

1.  The  Kid  and  the  Wolf. 

Capella,7  stans2  in  tecto  domus,8  lupum21  vidit5  praetereun¬ 
tem,  et  ludificavit.  Sed  lupus,  “Non  tu,”  inquit  “sed  locus 
tuus,. me  ludificat.” 

2.  The  Boy  bathing. 

Puer,  balneum  petens  in  fluvio,  aqua  paene  exstinctus 
est.  Et  videns  viatorem  quendam,  clamavit  “  Subveni 
mihi!”16  Sed  hic  exprobravit  puero14  temeritatem.  Puel- 
lulus  autem  dixit,  “Primum  subveni,  deinde  reprehendere88 
licet.” 


3.  The  Fox  and  the  Lion. 

Vulpes  vidit  leonem  retibus26  captum,  et  stans  prope,  ludi¬ 
ficavit  eum  insolenter.  Leo  autem,  “Non  tu,”  inquit,  “me 
ludificas,6  sed  malum  quod  in  me  incidit.” 


4.  The  Ass  in  the  Lion's  Skin. 

Asinus,  pellem  leonis8  indutus,  circum  currebat,  cetera 
animalia21  terrens.  Et  cum  vulpem  videret,  eam  quoque  ter- 


106 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


rere88  conatus  est.  Sed  haec,  asini  vagitu85  audito,  “  Scito,” 
inquit,  “me22  quoque  territam  futuram  fuisse  nisi  te  vagien¬ 
tem  audissem.”46 

5.  The  Hound  and  the  Lion. 

Canis  venaticus2  leonem  vidit,  et  insecutus  est.  Cum 
autem  leo  se  verteret,  ac  rugiret,  canis  metuens  retrorsum 
fugit.  Tum  vulpes,  conspicata,  “  0  malum  caput !  ”  inquit ; 
“Tene22  leonem  sectari1?  cujus4  ne  vocem  quidem  tolerare 
potuisti.” 

6.  The  Wolf  and  the  Lamb. 

Lupus  insecutus  est  agnum.  At  hic  in  templum  confugit. 
Lupo  autem  agnum  invocante,  et  minitante  pontificem  eum 
sacrificaturum,  respondit  agnus,  “Mallem  quidem  deo  sacer 
esse  quam  a  te  trucidari.” 

7.  The  Ant. 

Formica  quae4  nunc  est,  olim  homo  erat.  Et  maxime  agri¬ 
culturae16  studens,  laboribus30  suis  contentus  non  erat;  sed 
semper,  bonis16  alienis8  invidens,  fruges  proximorum  carpebat. 
Jupiter  autem,  iratus  ejus  avaritiae,16  mutavit  eum  in  animal 
quae  nunc  formica1  vocatur.  Sed,  forma85  immutata,  indolem 
non  mutavit;  nam  etiam  nunc,  circumiens  ad  acervos  fru¬ 
menti,  fruges  alienas  colligit,  sibique15  reponit. 


8.  The  Ant  and  the  Dove. 

Formica  quaedam  sitiens  descendit  ad  fontem;  sed,  flumine26 
correpta,  paene  est  submersa.  Columba  autem,  hoc  videns, 
virgulam  decerpsit,  et  in  aquam  injecit ;  super  quam4  formica 
ascendens,  sese  servavit.  Tum  forte  auceps,7  arundinibus 


FABLES. 


107 


collectis,  proficiscitur  ad  columbam  capiendam.41  Quod21  vi¬ 
dens,  formica  pedem  aucupis  momordit.  Et  ille,  punctu26 
dolens,  arundinibus  abjectis,  columbam  liberavit. 


9.  The  Cat  and  the  Mice. 

In  quadam  domo  multi  erant  mures.  Quo  cognito,  felis 
intravit,  et  singulos21  correptos2  comedebat.  Et  mures,  dum 
perpetuo  capiuntur,  in  foraminibus  latuerunt,  nec  felis  eos 
consequi38  potuit.  Cum  igitur  dolo28  opus  esset,  ut  e  latibulis 
allicerentur,44  de  trabe  suspensa,  simulavit  se22  esse  mortuam. 
Sed  quidam  e  muribus,  videns  eam,  “At,”  inquit,  “etiam  si 
saccus  esses,46  non  aggrederemur.” 


10.  The  Farmer  and  the  Snake. 

Agricola  senex,  hiemis  tempore,  serpentem  invenit  gelu 
rigentem,  et  miserescens  sub  veste  condidit.  Mox  serpens,  in¬ 
calescens,  et  indolem  suam  recuperans,  benefactorem  momordit 
interfecitque ;  qui  moriens  dixit,  “Justa  patior,  qui4  animali15 
improbo  vitam  servaverim.”  44 


11.  The  Widow’s  Hen. 

Vidua  quaedam  gallinam  habuit,  quae  singula  ova  quotidie 
peperit.  At  rata,  si  plus  hordei10  gallinae14  dedisset,47  hanc 
bina  quotidie  ova  parituram,  ita  fecit.  Sed  gallina,  pinguis 
facta,  ne  singula  quidem  postea  parere  valebat. 


12.  Stratagem  of  the  Mice. 

Bellum  quondam  inter  feles  et  mures  exortum  est.  Et 
mures,  semper  victi,  cum  una  convenissent,  censuerunt  se 


108 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


talia  pati,39  quod  duces  non  haberent.47  Duces  igitur  elege¬ 
runt;  qui,  quo33  facilius  cognosci  possent,44  cornua  induti  sunt. 
Proelio35  deinde  facto,  et  muribus  devictis,  ceteri  quidem  facile 
effugerunt ;  duces  autem,  propter  cornua,  foramina21  intrare 
nequiverunt,  et  ad  unum  capti  sunt  ac  devorati. 


13.  The  Stag  and  the  Lion. 

Cervus  quondam  sitiens  venit  ad  fontem.  Ubi  inter  biben¬ 
dum,41  videt  imaginem  suam  in  aqua ;  et  miratur  quidem 
cornua,  quippe  quae  longa  essent44  et  pulchra ;  sed  crura 
magnopere  contempsit,  ut  macilenta  atque  debilia.  Ita  dum 
secum  cogitat,  leo  subito  apparet,  et  sectatur  cervum ;  hic 
autem,  fugiens,  longe  antecurrit.  Et  currens  per  campos  latos, 
usque  servatur;  cum  autem  in  silvestrem  locum  intrasset, 
cornibus  inter  virgulta  haerentibus,  longius  currere  non  potuit. 
Et  a  leone  captus,  moriturus  dixit,  “  0  me  miserum !  servatus 
enim  per  id  quod  contempsi,  proditus  sum  ab  eis  quibus16 
maxime  confidebam.” 


14.  Union  is  Strength. 

Agricola  senex,1  cum  mortem  sibi18  appropinquare  sentiret, 
filios  convocavit  —  qui,  ut  fieri  solet,  interdum  inter  se  dis¬ 
cordes  erant —  et  fascem22  virgularum  afferri  jussit.  Quibus 
allatis,35  filios  hortatur  ut  fascem  frangerent.  Quod  cum 
facere  non  possent,  distribuit  singulas  virgas ;  iisque  celeriter 
fractis,  docuit  juvenes  quam  firma  res  esset46  concordia,  dis¬ 
cordia  quam  imbecilla. 


15.  The  Lion's  Share. 

Societatem  junxerant6  leo,  juvenca,  capra,  ovis.  Prseda.35 
autem,  quam  ceperant,  in  quattuor  partes  divisa,  leo  “  Prima  ” 


TALES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


109 


inquit 11  mea  est ;  debetur  enim  haec  praestantiae  meae.  Tollam 
quoque  secundam,  quam  meretur  robur  meum.  Tertiam  vin¬ 
dicat  mihi14  egregius  labor  meus.  Quartam  qui  sibi  arrogare 
voluerit,  is  sciat43  se  habiturum  me  sibi  inimicum.”  Quid 
facerent  imbelles  bestiae  %  aut  quae  sibi  leonem  infestum  habere 
vellet  % 


16.  King  Log  and  King  Stork. 

Ranae,  dolentes  propter  turbatam  civitatem,  legatos  mise¬ 
runt,  qui  a  Jove  regem  postularent.44  At  ille,  videns  earum 
simplicitatem,  demisit  trabem  in  paludem  ubi  habitabant. 
Primo  igitur  ranae,  sonitu  territae,  in  ima  palude  sese  abdide¬ 
runt.  Mox  autem,  cum  viderent  trabem  immotam  innoxiam- 
que,  paullatim  ad  tantum  audaciae10  pervenere,  ut  insilientes 
in  eam  ibi  subsiderent.  Tum,  dedignantes  se22  talem  habere 
regem,  iterum  ad  Jovem  convenere,  orantes  ut  sibi19  regem 
alterum  daret ;  primum  enim  inertem  esse,39  atque  nequam. 
Sed  Jupiter,  iratus,  immisit  ciconiam,  a  qua27  captae  sunt  ac 
devoratae. 


♦ 


II.  TALES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

1.  Romulus  and  Remus. 

1.  Proca,7  rex1  Albanorum,8  duos2  filios,21  Numitorem  et 
Amulium,  habuit.5  Numitori,19  qui4  natu26  major  erat,  reg¬ 
num  reliquit :  sed  Amulius,  pulso35  fratre,  regnavit,  et,  ut  eum 
subole  privaret,  Rheam  Silviam,  ejus  filiam,  Vestae8  sacerdo¬ 
tem1  fecit;  quae4  tamen  Romulum21  et  Remum  uno  partu26 
edidit,  natos  deo  Marte29  creditos.2  Quo  cognito,34  Amulius 
ipsam  in  vincula  conjecit,  parvulos  alveo18  impositos  abjecit  in 


110 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Tiberim,  qui  tunc  forte  super  ripas  erat  effusus ;  sed,  relabente 
flumine,  eos  aqua  in  sicco  reliquit.  Vastse  tum  in  iis  locis 
solitudines  erant.  Lupa,  ut  fama  traditum  est,  ad  vagitum 
accurrit,  infantes  lingua  lambit,  ubera  eorum  ori18  admovit, 
matremque1  se  gessit. 

2.  Cum  lupa  saepius  ad  parvulos,  veluti  ad  catulos,  rever¬ 
teretur,  Faustulus,  pastor  regius,  rem  animadvertit :  eos  tu¬ 
lit  in  casam*  et  Accse19  Larentise  conjugi1  dedit  educandos. 
Qui,4  adulti  inter  pastores,  primo  ludicris  certaminibus  vires21 
auxere,  deinde  venando26  saltus  peragrare88  cceperunt,  tum 
latrones  a  rapina  pecorum  arcere.  Quare  iis18  insidiati  sunt 
latrones,  a  quibus  Remus  captus  est;  Romulus  autem  vi  se 
defendit.  Tunc  Faustulus,  necessitate  compulsus,  indicavit 
Romulo  quis  esset45  ejus  avus,  quae  mater.  Romulus  statim, 
armatis  pastoribus,  Albam36  properavit. 

3.  Interea  Remum  latrones  ad  Amulium  regem  perduxe¬ 
runt,  eum  accusantes,  quasi  Numitoris  greges  infestare38  soli¬ 
tus  esset;46  Remus  itaque  a  rege27  Numitori  ad  supplicium 
traditus  est :  at  Numitor,  considerato  adolescentis  vultu,35 
haud  procul  erat  quin  nepotem  agnosceret.44  Nam  Remus 
oris8  lineamentis26  erat  matri15  simillimus,  getasque  tempori17 
expositionis  congruebat.  Dum  ea  res  animum  Numitoris 
anxium  tenebat,  repente  Romulus  supervenit,  fratrem  libe¬ 
ravit,  et,  Amulio  interfecto,  avum  Numitorem  in  regnum 
restituit. 

4.  Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in  iisdem  locis,  ubi  ex¬ 
positi  educatique  fuerant,  condiderunt  :6  sed  orta  est  inter  eos 
contentio,  uter  nomen  novse  urbi  daret,45  eamque  regeret : 
adhibuere  auspicia.  Remus  prior  sex  vultures,21  Romulus 
postea,41  sed  duodecim,  vidit.  Sic  Romulus,  augurio  victor, 
Romam  vocavit;  et,  ut  eam  prius  legibus  quam  moenibus 
muniret,  edixit  ne  quis  vallum  transiliret.44  Quod21  Remus 
irridens  transilivit ;  eum  iratus  Romulus  interfecit,  his 
increpans  verbis :  “  Sic  posthac  malo  afficietur,  quicumque 
transiliet  moenia  mea.”  Ita  solus  potitus  est  imperio81 
Romulus. 


TALES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


Ill 


2.  Horatii  and  Curiatii. 

Erant  apud  Romanos  trigemini' Horatii,  trigemini  quoque 
apud  Albanos  Curiatii.  Cum  iis  agunt  reges,  ut  pro  sua  quis¬ 
que  patria  dimicent44  ferro.  Foedus  ictum  est  ea  lege,26  ut 
unde  victoria,  ibi  quoque  imperium  esset.  Itaque  trigemini 
arma  capiunt,  et  in  medium  inter  duas2  acies  procedunt.  Con¬ 
sederant  utrimque  duo  exercitus.  Datur  signum,  infestisque 
armis26  terni  juvenes,  magnorum  exercituum9  animos  gerentes, 
concurrunt. 

Ut  primo  concursu34  increpuere  arma,  horror  ingens  spec¬ 
tantes21  perstrinxit.  Consertis  deinde  manibus,  statim  duo 
Romani  alius  super  alium  exspirantes  ceciderunt :  tres  Albani 
vulnerati.  Ad  casum  Romanorum  conclamavit  gaudio  exer¬ 
citus  Albanus.  Romanos  jam  spes  tota  deserebat.  Unum 
Horatium  tres  Curiatii  circumsteterunt :  is  quamvis  integer, 
quia  tribus15  impar  erat,  fugam  simulavit,  ut  singulos21  per 
intervalla  secuturos2  separatim  aggrederetur.45  Jam  aliquan¬ 
tum23  spatii10  ex  eo  loco  ubi  pugnatum  est  aufugerat,  cum 
respiciens  videt  unum  Curiatium  haud  procul  ab  se  abesse.38 
In  eum  magno  impetu  redit,  et,  dum  Albanus  exercitus  in¬ 
clamat  Curiatiis,  ut  opem  ferant  fratri,19  jam  Horatius  eum 
occiderat.  Alterum  deinde,  priusquam  tertius  posset  conse¬ 
qui,38  interfecit. 

Jam  singuli  supererant,  sed  nec  spe  nec  viribus  pares.  Al¬ 
terius9  erat  intactum  ferro  corpus,  et  geminata  victoria  ferox 
animus.  Alter  fessum  vulnere  fessum  cursu  trahebat  corpus. 
Nec  illud  proelium  fuit.  Romanus  exsultans  Albanum  male 
sustinentem  arma21  conficit,  jacentemque  spoliat.  Romani 
ovantes  ac  gratulantes  Horatium  accipiunt,  et  domum36  dedu¬ 
cunt.  Princeps  ibat  Horatius,  trium  fratrum9  spolia  prae  se 
gerens.  Cui 18  obvia  fuit  soror,  quae  desponsa  fuerat  uni 19  ex 
Curiatiis,  visoque  super  humeros  fratris  paludamento35  sponsi, 
quod  ipsa  confecerat,  flere38  et  crines  solvere  coepit.  Movit 
feroci  juveni14  animum  comploratio  sororis  in  tanto  gaudio 
publico :  stricto  itaque  gladio35  transfigit  puellam,  simul  eam 


112 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


verbis  increpans :  “Abi  hinc  cum  immaturo  amore  ad  spon¬ 
sum,  oblita  fratrum,12  oblita  patrise.  Sic  eat43  qusecumque 
Romana  lugebit  hostem.” 

Atrox  id2  visum  est  facinus  patribus14  plebique,  quare  rap¬ 
tus  est  in  jus  Horatius,  et  apud  judices  condemnatus.  Jam 
accesserat  lictor,  inj  iciebatque  laqueum.  Tum  Horatius  ad 
populum  provocavit.  Interea  pater  Horatii  senex1  proclama¬ 
bat  filiam22  suam  jure  caesam  fuisse;  et  juvenem  amplexus, 
spoliaque  Curiatiorum  ostentans,  orabat  populum,  ne  se  orbum 
liberis28  faceret.  Non  tulit  populus  patris  lacrimas,  juvenem¬ 
que  absolvit,  magis  admiratione  virtutis  quam  jure  causae. 
Ut  tamen  caedes  manifesta  expiaretur,  pater,  quibusdam  sacri¬ 
ficiis  peractis,35  transmisit  per  viam  tigillum,  et  filium,  capite 
adoperto,  velut  sub  jugum  misit :  quod4  tigillum  sororium 
appellatum  est. 


♦ 


III.  LIFE  OE  POMPEY. 

1.  Gn.  Pompeius,  stirpis  senatoriae,  bello84  civili  se21  et 
patrem  consilio  servavit.  Pompeii  pater  suo  exercitui16  ob 
avaritiam  erat  invisus.  Itaque  facta2  est  in  eum  conspiratio. 
Terentius  quidam,  Gn.  Pompeii  filii  contubernalis,  hunc  occi¬ 
dendum  susceperat,  dum  alii  tabernaculum  patris  incenderent. 
Quae  res  juveni  Pompeio14  coenanti2  nuntiata  est.  Ipse,  nihil24 
periculo  motus,  solito32  hilarius  bibit,  et  cum  Terentio  eadem, 
qua  antea,  comitate31  usus  est.  Deinde  cubiculum  ingressus 
clam  subduxit  se  tentorio,28  et  firmam  patri18  circumposuit 
custodiam.  Terentius  tum  destricto  ense85  ad  lectum  Pompeii 
accessit,  multisque  ictibus26  stragula  percussit.  Orta  mox 
seditione,35  Pompeius  se  in  media  conjecit  agmina,  milites¬ 
que  tumultuantes  precibus  et  lacrimis  placavit,  ac  duci14 
reconciliavit. 


LIFE  OF  POMPEY. 


113 


2.  Pompeius  eodem  bello84  civili,  partes  Sullae  secutus,  ita 
egit  ut  ab  eo27  maxime  diligeretur.  Annos23  tres  et  viginti 
natus,  ut  Sullae20  auxilio20  veniret,  paterni  exercitus  reliquias 
collegit,  statimque  dux  peritus  exstitit.  Illius  magnus  apud 
militem  amor,  magna  apud  omnes  admiratio  fuit,  nullus  ei20 
labor  taedio,20  nulla  defatigatio  molestiae20  erat.  Cibi12  vini¬ 
que12  temperans,  somni  parcus,  inter  milites  corpus  exercebat. 
Cum  alacribus  saltu,26  cum  velocibus  cursu,26  cum  validis 
lucta26  certabat.  Tum  ad  Sullam  iter  intendit,  et  in  eo  itinere 
tres  hostium  exercitus  aut  fudit  aut  sibi  adjunxit.  Quem22 
ubi  Sulla  ad  se  accedere39  audivit,  egregiamque  sub  signis 
juventutem  aspexit,  desiliit  ex  equo,  Pompeiumque  salutavit 
imperatorem;1  deinceps  ei18  venienti  solebat  assurgere  de 
sella  et  caput  aperire,  quem  honorem  nemini  nisi  Pompeio 
tribuebat. 

3.  Postea  Pompeius  in  Siciliam  profectus  est,  ut  eam22  a 
Carbone,  Sullae  inimico,1  occupatam2  reciperet.44  Carbo  com¬ 
prehensus  et  ad  Pompeium  ductus  est.  Quem22  Pompeius, 
postquam  acerbe  in  eum  invectus  fuisset,  ad  supplicium  duci39 
jussit.  Longe  moderatior  fuit  Pompeius  erga  Sthenium,  Sicu¬ 
lae  cujusdam  civitatis  principem.  Cum  enim  in  eam  civitatem 
animadvertere  decrevisset,  quae  sibi15  adversata  fuerat,  excla¬ 
mavit  Sthenius,  eum22  inique  facturum,39  si  ob  culpam  unius 
omnes  plecteret.  Interroganti  Pompeio,14  quisnam  ille  unus 
esset1?45  “Ego,”  inquit  Sthenius,  “qui  meos  cives  ad  id  in¬ 
duxi.”  Tam  libera  voce26  delectatus  Pompeius  omnibus16  et 
Sthenio16  ipsi  pepercit. 

4.  Transgressus  inde  in  Africam  Pompeius  Jubam,  Numi¬ 
diae  regem,1  qui  Marii  partibus16  favebat,  bello  persecutus  est. 
Intra  dies  quadraginta  hostem  oppressit,  et  Africam  subegit 
adolescens  quattuor  et  viginti  annorum.  Tum  ei  litterae  a 
Sulla27  redditae  sunt,  quibus  jubebatur  exercitum  dimittere, 
et  cum  una  tantum  legione  successorem  exspectare.  Id  aegre 
tulit  Pompeius;  paruit  tamen,  et  Romam36  reversus  est.  Re¬ 
vertenti  incredibilis  multitudo  obviam  ivit.  Sulla  quoque 
laetus  eum  excepit,  et  Magni  cognomine  appellavit;  nihilo83 

8 


114 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


minus  Pompeio16  triumphum  petenti  restitit;  neque  ea  re 
a  proposito  deterritus  est  Pompeius,  aususque  est  dicere,88 
plures  solem  orientem  adorare  quam  occidentem :  quo  dicto 
innuebat  Sullae9  potentiam  minui,89  suam  vero  crescere.  Ea 
voce85  audita,  Sulla  juvenis  constantiam  admiratus  exclamavit: 
“  Triumphet ,  triumphet  !  ” 

5.  Metello14  jam  seni1  et  bellum  in  Hispania  segnius  gerenti 
collega1  datus  est  Pompeius,  ibique  adversus  Sertorium  vario 
eventu  dimicavit.  In  quodam  proelio  maximum  subiit  peri¬ 
culum;  cum  enim  vir  vasta  corporis  magnitudine26  impetum 
in  eum  fecisset,  Pompeius  manum  hostis  amputavit,  sed  mul¬ 
tis85  in  eum  concurrentibus,  vulnus  in  femore  accepit,  et  a 
suis  fugientibus  desertus  in  hostium  potestate  erat.  At  praeter 
spem  evasit ;  barbari  enim  equum  ejus  auro  phalerisque  exi¬ 
miis  instructum  ceperant.  Dum  vero  praedam  inter  se  alter¬ 
cantes  partiuntur,  Pompeius  illorum  manus  effugit.  Altero 
proelio84  cum  Metellus  Pompeio20  laboranti  auxilio20  venisset, 
fususque  esset  Sertorii  exercitus,  hic  dixisse  fertur  :  “Nisi 
ista  anus  supervenisset,46  ego  hunc  puerum  verberibus  casti¬ 
gatum  Romam86  dimisissem.”  Metellum  anum  appellabat, 
quia  is  jam  senex2  ad  mollem  et  effeminatam  vitam  de¬ 
flexerat.  Tandem,  Sertorio  interfecto,  Pompeius  Hispaniam 
recepit. 

6.  Cum  piratae  maria  omnia  infestarent,  et  quasdam  etiam 
Italiae  urbes  diripuissent,  ad  eos  opprimendos41  cum  imperio 
extraordinario  missus  est  Pompeius.  Nimiae  viri8  potentiae18 
obsistebant  quidam  ex  optimatibus,  et  imprimis  Quintus  Catu¬ 
lus,  qui  cum  in  contione  dixisset,  esse89  quidem  praeclarum 
virum1  Gnaeum  Pompeium,22  sed  non  esse  uni14  omnia  tribu¬ 
enda,89  adjecissetque :  “  Si  quid  ei  acciderit,  quem  in  ejus 
locum  substituetis'?”  Acclamavit  universa  contio:  “Te  ip¬ 
sum,  Quinte  Catule.”  Tam  honorifico  civium  testimonio 
victus,  Catulus  e  contione  discessit.  Pompeius,  disposito  per 
omnes  maris  recessus  navium  praesidio,  brevi  terrarum  orbem 
illa  peste28  liberavit,  praedones  multis  locis  victos  fudit;  eos¬ 
dem  in  deditionem  acceptos  in  urbibus  et  agris  procul  a  mari 


LIFE  OF  POMPEY. 


115 


collocavit.  Nihil  hac  victoria82  celerius ; 2  nam  intra  quadra¬ 
gesimum  diem  piratas  toto  mari  expulit. 

7.  Confecto  bello  piratico,  Gn.  Pompeius  contra  Mithridatem 
profectus  est,  et  in  Asiam  magna  celeritate  contendit.  Proe¬ 
lium  cum  rege  conserere88  cupiebat,  neque  opportuna  dabatur 
pugnandi  facultas,  quia  Mithridates  interdiu  castris  se  con¬ 
tinebat,  noctu  vero  haud  tutum2  erat  congredi88  cum  hoste  in 
locis  ignotis.  Quadam  tamen  nocte84  Mithridatem  Pompeius 
aggressus  est.  Luna  magno  fuit  Romanis20  adjumento.20 
Quam  cum  Romani  a  tergo  haberent,  umbrae  corporum  longius 
projectae  ad  primos  usque  hostium  ordines  pertinebant ;  unde 
decepti  regii  milites  in  umbras,  tamquam  in  propinquum  hos¬ 
tem,  tela  mittebant.  Yictus  Mithridates  in  Pontum  profugit. 
Adversus  eum  filius  Pharnaces  rebellavit,  quia  occisis  a  patre 27 
fratribus85  vitae14  suae  ipse  timebat.  Mithridates  a  filio  obsessus 
venenum  sumpsit,  quod  cum  tardius  subiret,  quia  adversus 
venena  multis  antea  medicaminibus  corpus  firmaverat,  a  milite 
Gallo  volens  interfectus  est. 

8.  Pompeius  deinde  Tigranem,  Armeniae  regem,1  qui  Mith¬ 
ridatis  partes  secutus  fuerat,  ad  deditionem  compulit ;  quem 
tamen  ad  genua  procumbentem  erexit,  benignis  verbis  recrea¬ 
vit,  et  in  regnum  restituit;  aeque  pulchrum2  esse  judicans  et 
vincere88  reges  et  facere.  Tandem  rebus  Asiae  compositis,  in 
Italiam  rediit.  Ad  urbem  venit  non,  ut  plerique  timuerant, 
armatus,  sed  dimisso  exercitu,85  et  tertium  triumphum  biduo 
duxit.  Insignis  fuit  multis  novis  in  usitatisque  ornamentis24 
hic  triumphus  :  sed  nihil  illustrius  visum,  quam  quod  tribus 
triumphis  tres  orbis  partes7  devictae  causam  praebuerunt ;  Pom¬ 
peius  enim,  quod  antea  contigerat  nemini,  primum  ex  Africa, 
iterum  ex  Europa,  tertio  ex  Asia  triumphavit :  felix  opinione 26 
hominum  futurus,  si,  quem  gloriae,  eundem  vitae  finem  habu¬ 
isset,  neque  adversam  fortunam  esset  expertus  jam  senex.1 

9.  Inita  erat  inter  Pompeium,  Caesarem,  et  Crassum  so¬ 
cietas;  postea  vero,  cum  Crassus,  contra  Parthos  profectus, 
proelio  fusus  occisusque  fuisset,  orta  est  inter  Pompeium  et 
Caesarem  gravis  dissensio,  quod  hic  superiorem,  ille  vero  pa- 


116 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


rem  ferre  non  poterat  :  inde  bellum  civile  exarsit.  Caesar 
cum  infesto  exercitu  in  Italiam  venit.  Pompeius,  relicta  urbe 
ac  deinde  Italia85  ipsa,  Thessaliam  petiit,  et  cum  eo  consules 
senatusque  omnis ;  quem  insecutus  Caesar  apud  Pharsalum 
acie  fudit.  Victus  Pompeius  ad  Ptolemaeum  Alexandriae  re¬ 
gem,  cui  tutor  a  senatu  datus  fuerat,  profugit ;  sed  ille  Pom¬ 
peium22  interfici39  jussit.  Latus  Pompeii  sub  oculis  uxoris 
mucrone  confossum  est,  caput  abscissum,  truncus  in  Nilum 
conjectus.  Dein  caput  velamine  involutum  ad  Caesarem  dela¬ 
tum  est,  qui  eo85  viso  lacrimas  fudit,  et  pretiosissimis  odoribus 
cremandum  curavit. 

10.  Is  fuit  viri  praestantissimi  post  tres  consulatus  et  toti¬ 
dem  triumphos  vitae  exitus.  Erant  in  Pompeio  multae  ac 
magnae  virtutes,  ac  praecipue  admiranda  frugalitas.  Cum  ei 
aegrotanti  praecepisset  medicus,  ut  turdum  ederet,  negarent 
autem  servi,  eam  avem  usquam  aestivo  tempore  posse  reperiri, 
nisi  apud  Lucullum,  qui  turdos  domi  saginaret ;  vetuit  Pom- 
peius  turdum  inde  peti,  medicoque  dixit :  “  Ergo  nisi  Lucullus 
perditus  deliciis  esset,46  non  viveret  Pompeius  h  ”  Aliam  avem, 
quae  parabilis  esset,  sibi  jussit  apponi. 

11.  Viros  doctos  magno  in  honore  habebat  Pompeius.  Ex 
Syria  decedens,  confecto  bello  Mithridatico,  cum  Rhodum  venis¬ 
set,  nobilissimum  philosophum  Posidonium  cupiit  audire ;  sed 
cum  is  diceretur  tunc  graviter  aegrotare,  quod  maximis  poda¬ 
grae  doloribus  cruciaretur,  voluit  saltem  Pompeius  eum  visere. 
Mos  erat  ut,  cum  consul  aedes  alicujus  ingressurus  esset,  lictor 
fores  virga  percuteret,  admonens  consulem  adesse;  at  Pom¬ 
peius  vetuit  fores  Posidonii  percuti,  honoris  causa.  Quem  ut 
vidit  et  salutavit,  moleste  se  ferre  dixit,  quod  eum  non  posset 
audire.  At  ille  :  “Tu  vero,”  inquit,  “potes;  nec  committam, 
ut  dolor  corporis  efficiat,  ut  frustra  tantus  vir  ad  me  venerit.” 
Itaque  cubans  graviter  et  copiose  disseruit  de  hoc  ipso  :  nihil 
esse  bonum,  nisi  quod  honestum  esset,  et  nihil  malum  dici 
posse,  quod  turpe  non  esset.  Cum  vero  dolor  interdum  acri¬ 
ter  eum  pungeret,  saepe  dixit:  “Nihil  agis,  dolor,  quamvis 
sis  molestus ;  nunquam  te  esse  malum  confitebor.” 


LIFE  OF  C2ESAR. 


117 


IY.  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 

1.  0.  Julius  Caesar,  nobilissima  genitus  familia,29  annum 
agens  sextum  et  decimum,  patrem  amisit.  Paullo33  post  Cor¬ 
neliam  duxit  uxorem,  cujus  cum  pater  Sullae15  esset  inimicus, 
voluit  Sulla  Caesarem  compellere38  ut  eam  dimitteret ;  neque 
id  potuit  efficere.  Ob  eam  causam  Caesar  bonis28  spoliatus, 
cum  etiam  ad  mortem  quaereretur,  mutata  veste,  noctu  elapsus 
est  ex  urbe,  et,  quamquam  tunc  quartanae  morbo  laborabat, 
prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commutare  cogebatur;  et 
comprehensus  a  Sullae  liberto,  vix  data  pecunia35  evasit.  Pos¬ 
tremo  per  propinquos  et  affines  suos  veniam  impetravit,  diu 
repugnante  Sulla,  qui4  cum  deprecantibus  ornatissimis  viris 
denegasset,  atque  illi  pertinaciter  contenderent,  victus  tan¬ 
dem  dixit,  eum,  quem  salvum  tantopere  cuperent,  aliquando 
optimatium  partibus,20  quas  simul  defendissent,  exitio20  futu¬ 
rum,  multosque  in  eo  puero  iriesse39  Marios. 

2.  Caesar,  mortuo  Sulla  et  composita  seditione  civili,  Rho- 
dum  secedere38  statuit,  ut  per  otium  Apollonio,  tunc  claris¬ 
simo  dicendi  magistro,  operam  daret ;  sed  in  itinere  a  piratis 
captus  est,  mansitque  apud  eos  quadraginta  dies.23  Per  omne 
autem  illud  spatium  ita  se  gessit,  ut  piratis20  terrori20  pariter 
ac  venerationi20  esset.  Interim  comites  servosque  dimiserat 
ad  expediendas  pecunias,  quibus  redimeretur.  Yiginti  talenta 
piratae  postulaverant ;  ille  vero  quinquaginta  daturum39  se 
spopondit.  Quibus  numeratis,  expositus  est  in  litore.  Caesar 
ifiberatus  confestim  Miletum,86  quae  urbs  proxime  aberat,  pro¬ 
peravit  ;  ibique  contracta  classe,  stantes  adhuc  in  eodem  loco 
praedones  noctu  adortus,  aliquot  naves,  mersis  aliis,35  cepit, 
piratasque  ad  deditionem  redactos  eo  affecit  supplicio,  quod4 
illis  saepe  per  jocum  minatus  erat,  cum  ab  iis  detineretur ; 
crucibus18  illos  suffigi  jussit. 

3.  Caesar  quaestor1  factus  in  Hispaniam  profectus  est ;  cum¬ 
que  Alpes  transiret,  et  ad  conspectum  pauperis  cujusdam  vici 


118 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


comites  ejus  per  jocum  inter  se  disputarent,  an  illic  etiam 
esset  ambitioni 17  locus ;  serio  dixit  Caesar,  malle  se  ibi  primum 
esse  quam  Romae86  secundum.  Ita  animus  dominationis12 
avidus  a  prima  aetate  regnum  concupiscebat,  semperque  in  ore 
habebat  hos  Euripidis,  Graeci  poetae,  versus  :  Nam  si  violan¬ 
dum  est  jus,  regnandi  gratia  violandum  est ;  aliis  rebus  pietatem 
colas.43  Cum  vero  Gades,36  quod  est  Hispaniae  oppidum,  ve¬ 
nisset,  visa  Alexandri8  magni  imagine  ingemuit,  et  lacrimas 
fudit.  Causam  quaerentibus  amicis:  “Nonne,”  inquit,  “ido¬ 
nea  dolendi  causa  est,  quod  nihildum  memorabile  gesserim, 
eam  aetatem  adeptus,  qua84  Alexander  jam  terrarum  orbem 
subegerat  1  ” 

4.  Caesar  in  captanda41  plebis  gratia  et  ambiendis41  honori¬ 
bus  patrimonium  effudit ;  aere  alieno  oppressus  ipse  dicebat, 
sibi17  opus  esse  millies  sestertium,10  ut  haberet  nihil.  His 
artibus  consulatum  adeptus  est,  collegaque  ei  datus  Marcus 
Bibulus,  cui16  Caesaris  consilia  haud  placebant.  Inito  magis- 
tratu86  Caesar  legem  agrariam  tulit,  hoc  est,  de  dividendo 
egenis  civibus 19  agro  publico ;  cui  legi 16  cum  senatus  repug¬ 
naret,  Caesar  rem  ad  populum  detulit.  Bibulus  collega  in 
forum  venit,  ut  legi18  ferendae41  obsisteret;  sed  tanta  commota 
est  seditio,  ut  in  caput  consulis  cophinus  stercore28  plenus 
effunderetur,  fascesque  frangerentur.  Tandem  Bibulus,  a 
satellitibus  Caesaris  foro28  expulsus,  domi36  se  continere  per 
reliquum  anni  tempus  coactus  est,  curiaque  abstinere.  In¬ 
terea  unus  Caesar  omnia  ad  arbitrium  in  republica  adminis¬ 
travit  ;  unde  quidam  homines  faceti,  quae  eo  anno  gesta  sunt, 
non,  ut  mos  erat,  consulibus85  Caesare  et  Bibulo  acta  esse 
dicebant,  sed  Julio  et  Caesare,  unum  consulem  nomine  et 
cognomine  pro  duobus  appellantes. 

5.  Caesar  functus  consulatu81  Galliam  provinciam  accepit. 
Gessit  autem  novem  annis,84  quibus  in  imperio  fuit,  haec  fere. 
Galliam  in  provinciae  Romanae  formam  redegit ;  Germanos, 
qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  primus  Romanorum10  ponte  fabri¬ 
cato  aggressus  maximis  affecit  cladibus.26  Britannos  antea 
ignotos  vicit,  iisque16  pecunias  et  obsides  imperavit;  quo  in 


LIFE  OF  CjESAR. 


119 


bello  multa  Caesaris  facta  egregia  narrantur.  Inclinante  in 
fugam  exercitu,  rapuit  e  manu  militis  fugientis  scutum,  et  in 
primam  aciem  volitans  pugnam  restituit.  In  alio  proelio  aqui¬ 
liferum  terga  vertentem  faucibus26  comprehendit,  in  contra¬ 
riam  partem  retraxit,  dexteramque  ad  hostem  protendens  : 
“Quorsum  tu,”  inquit,  “abisl  Illic  sunt,  cum  quibus  dimi¬ 
camus.”  Quo  facto  militibus  animos  addidit.19 

6.  Caesar  cum  adhuc  in  Gallia  detineretur,  ne  imperfecto 
bello  discederet,  postulavit  ut  sibi  liceret,  quamvis  absenti, 
iterum  consulatum  petere ; 88  quod  ei  a  senatu  est  negatum. 
Ea  re  commotus  in  Italiam  rediit,  armis  injuriam  acceptam 
vindicaturus;  plurimisque  urbibus35  occupatis  Brundisium  con¬ 
tendit,  quo  Pompeius  consulesque  confugerant.  Tunc  summae 
audaciae  facinus  Caesar  edidit :  a  Brundisio  Dyrrachium  in¬ 
ter  oppositas  classes  gravissima  hieme84  transiit ;  cessantibus- 
que  copiis,  quas  subsequi  .j usserat,  cum  ad  eas  arcessendas41 
frustra  misisset,  morae12  impatiens  castris  noctu  egreditur, 
clam  solus  naviculam  conscendit  obvoluto  capite,  ne  agnosce¬ 
retur.  Mare,  adverso  vento  vehementer  flante,  intumescebat ; 
in  altum  tamen  protinus  dirigi  navigium  jubet;  cumque 
gubernator  paene  obrutus  fluctibus26  adversae  tempestati  ce¬ 
deret  :  “  Quid  times  ?  ”  ait ;  “  Caesarem  vehis.” 

7.  Deinde  Caesar  in  Thessaliam  profectus  est,  ubi  Pompe¬ 
ium  Pharsalico  proelio  fudit,  fugientem  persecutus  est,  eumque22 
in  itinere  cognovit  occisum  fuisse.  Tum  bellum  Ptolemaeo,18 
Pompeii  interfectori,1  intulit,  a  quo  sibi  quoque  insidias  parari 
videbat ;  quo  victo,  Caesar  in  Pontum  transiit,  Pharnacemque, 
Mithridatis  filium,  rebellantem  aggressus  intra  quintum  ab 
adventu  diem,  quattuor  vero,  quibus  in  conspectum  venerat, 
horis,  uno  proelio  profligavit.  Quam  victoriae  celeritatem  in¬ 
ter  triumphandum  notavit,  inscripto  inter  pompae  ornamenta 
trium  verborum  titulo,  Veni ,  vidi ,  vici.  Sua  deinceps  Caesa¬ 
rem  ubique  comitata  est  fortuna.  Scipionem  et  Jubam, 
Numidiae  regem,  reliquias  Pompeianarum  partium  in  Africa 
refoventes,  devicit.  Pompeii  liberos  in  Hispania  superavit. 
Clementer  usus  est  victoria, 81  et  omnibus, 16  qui  contra  se 


120 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


arma  tulerant,  pepercit.  Regressus  in  urbem,  quinquies 
triumphavit. 

8.  Bellis  civilibus  confectis,  Caesar,  dictator 1  in  perpetuum 
creatus,  agere  insolentius  coepit.  Senatum  ad  se  venientem 
sedens  excepit,  et  quemdam,  ut  assurgeret  monentem,  irato 
vultu26  respexit.  Cum  Antonius,  Caesaris  in  omnibus  expe¬ 
ditionibus  comes,  et  tunc  in  consulatu  collega,  ei18  in  sella 
aurea  sedenti  pro  rostris  diadema,  insigne  regium,  imponeret, 
non  visus  est  eo  facto  offendi.88  Quare  conjuratum  est  in  eum 
a  sexaginta  amplius  viris,27  Cassio  et  Bruto  ducibus  conspira¬ 
tionis.  Cum  igitur  Caesar  Idibus34  Martiis  in  senatum  venis¬ 
set,  assidentem  specie  officii  circumsteterunt,  illicoque  unus  e 
conjuratis,  quasi  aliquid  rogaturus,  propius  accessit,  renuen- 
tique  togam  ab  utroque  humero  apprehendit.  Deinde  cla¬ 
mantem,  “  Ista  quidem  vis  est,”  Cassius  vulnerat  paullo  infra 
jugulum.  Caesar  Cascae  brachium- arreptum  graphio  trajecit, 
conatusque  prosilire  aliud  vulnus  accepit.  Cum  Marcum  Bru¬ 
tum,  quem  loco  filii  habebat,  in  se  irruentem  vidisset,  dixit : 
“Tu  quoque,  fili  mi!”  Dein  ubi  animadvertit  undique  se 
strictis  pugionibus  peti,  toga  caput  obvolvit,  atque  ita  tribus 
et  viginti  plagis26  confossus  est. 

9.  Erat  Caesar  excelsa  statura,26  nigris  vegetisque  oculis,26 
capite26  calvo,  quam  calvitii  deformitatem  aegre  ferebat,  quod 
saepe  obtrectantium  jocis  esset  obnoxia.  Itaque  ex  omnibus 
honoribus  sibi  a  senatu  populoque  decretis  non  aliud  recepit 
aut  usurpavit  libentius,  quam  jus  laureae  perpetuo  gestandae. 
Eum  vini11  parcissimum  fuisse  ne  inimici  quidem  negarunt; 
unde  Cato  dicere  solebat,  unum  ex  omnibus  Caesarem  ad  ever¬ 
tendam  rempublicam  sobrium  accessisse.  Armorum9  et  equi¬ 
tandi9  peritissimus  erat;  laboris  ultra  fidem  patiens;  in 
agmine  nonnunquam  equo,  saepius  pedibus  anteibat,  capite 
detecto,  sive  sol,  sive  imber  esset.  Longissimas  vias  incredi¬ 
bili  celeritate  confecit,  ita  ut  persaepe  nuntios  de  se  praevenerit, 
neque  eum  morabantur  flumina,  quae  vel  nando26  vel  innixus 
inflatis  utribus18  trajiciebat. 


LIFE  OF  CATO. 


121 


Y.  LIFE  OF  CATO. 

1.  Marcus  Cato,  adhuc  puer,1  invictum  animi  robur  ostendit. 
Cum  in  domo  Drusi  avunculi  sui  educaretur,  Latini  de  civitate 
impetranda41  Romam36  venerunt.  Popedius,  Latinorum  prin¬ 
ceps,  qui  Drusi  hospes  erat,  Catonem  puerum  rogavit,  ut 
Latinos  apud  avunculum  adjuvaret.  Cato  vultu  constanti 
negavit  id  se  facturum.  Iterum  deinde  ac  saepius  interpellatus 
in  proposito  perstitit.  Tunc  Popedius  puerum,  in  excelsam 
aedium  partem  levatum,  tenuit  et  abjecturum  inde  se  minatus 
est,  nisi  precibus16  obtemperaret;  neque  hoc  metu26  a  senten¬ 
tia  eum  potuit  dimovere.  Tunc  Popedius  exclamasse38  fertur  : 
“  Gratulemur43  nobis,  Latini,  hunc  esse  tam  parvum ;  si  enim 
senator  esset,  ne  sperare  quidem  jus  civitatis  nobis  liceret.” 

2.  Cato,  cum  salutandi  gratia  ad  Sullam  a  paedagogo  duce¬ 
retur,  et  in  atrio  cruenta  proscriptorum  capita  vidisset,  Sullae 
crudelitatem  exsecratus  est ;  seque 22  eodem  esse  animo  signi¬ 
ficavit,  quo  puer  alius  nomine  Cassius,  qui  tunc  publicam 
scholam  cum  Fausto,  Sullae  filio,  frequentabat.  Cum  enim 
Faustus  proscriptionem  paternam  in  schola  laudaret,  diceret- 
que  “  se,  cum  per  aetatem  posset,  eandem  rem  esse  facturum,” 
ei19  sodalis  gravem  colaphum  impegit. 

3.  Insignis  fuit,  et  ad  imitandum  praeponenda,  Catonis  erga 
fratrem  benevolentia.  Cum  enim  interrogaretur,  “  quem  om¬ 
nium  maxime  diligeret,”45  respondit,  “fratrem.”  Iterum  inter¬ 
rogatus,  “  quem  secundum  maxime  diligeret,”  iterum,  “  fra¬ 
trem,”  respondit.  Quaerenti19  tertio  idem  responsum  dedit, 
donec  ille  a  percunctando  desisteret.44  Crevit  cum  aetate  ille 
Catonis  in  fratrem  amor :  ab  ejus  latere  non  discedebat;  ei  in 
omnibus  rebus  morem  gerebat.  Annos23  natus  viginti  nun¬ 
quam  sine  fratre  coenaverat,  nunquam  in  forum  prodierat,  nun¬ 
quam  iter  susceperat.  Diversum  tamen  erat  utriusque  ingeni¬ 
um  :  in  utroque  probi  mores  erant,  sed  Catonis  indoles  severior. 

4.  Cato,  cum  frater,  qui  erat  tribunus  militum,  ad  bellum 


122 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


profectus  esset,  ne  eum  desereret,  voluntaria  stipendia  fecit. 
Accidit  postea,  ut  Catonis  frater  in  Asiam87  proficisci  coge¬ 
retur,  et  iter  faciens  in  morbum  incideret :  quod21  ubi  audivit 
Cato,  licet  tunc  gravis  tempestas  saeviret,  neque  parata  esset 
magna  navis,  solvit  e  portu  Thessalonicae  exigua  navicula26 
cum  duobus  tantum  amicis  tribusque  servis,  et,  paene  haustus 
fluctibus,  tandem  praeter  spem  incolumis  evasit.  At  fratrem, 
modo  defunctum  vita,31  reperit.  Tunc  questibus19  et  lacrimis 
totum  se  tradidit  :  mortui  corpus  quam  magnificentissimo 
potuit  funere  extulit,  et  marmoreum  tumulum  exstrui  curavit 
suis  impensis.26  Vela  deinde  facturus,  cum  suaderent  amici 
ut  fratris  reliquias  in  alio  navigio  poneret,6  animam21  se22  prius 
quam  illas  relicturum  respondit,  atque  ita  solvit. 

5.  Cato  quaestor1  in  insulam  Cyprum  missus  est  ad  colligen¬ 
dam41  Ptolemaei  regis  pecuniam,  a  quo  populus  Romanus  heres1 
institutus  fuerat.  Integerrima  fide26  eam  rem  administravit: 
Summa  longe  major  quam  quisquam  sperare  potuisset  redacta 
est.  Fere  septem  milia  talentorum10  navibus18  imposuit  Cato  : 
atque,  ut  naufragii  pericula  vitaret,  singulis  vasis,38  quibus26 
inclusa  erat  pecunia,  corticem  suberis  longo  funiculo26  alli¬ 
gavit,  ut,  si  forte  mersum  navigium  esset,46  locum  amissae 
pecuniae  cortex  supernatans  indicaret.  Catoni  advenienti 
senatus  et  tota  ferme  civitas  obviam  effusa  est,  nec  erat  res 
triumpho15  absimilis.  Actae  sunt  Catoni  a  senatu  gratiae, 
praeturaque  illi  et  jus  spectandi41  ludos  praetextato  extra 
ordinem  data.  Quem  honorem  Cato  noluit  accipere,  iniquum 
esse  affirmans,  “sibi  decerni,  quod  nulli  alii  tribueretur.” 

6.  Cum  Caesar  consul  legem  reipublicae15  perniciosam  tulis¬ 
set,  Cato  solus,  ceteris  exterritis,35  huic  legi18  obstitit.  Iratus 
Caesar  Catonem22  extrahi  curia,28  et  in  vincula  rapi,  jussit : 
at  ille  nihil  de  libertate  linguae  remisit,  sed  in  ipsa  ad  car¬ 
cerem  via  de  lege  disputabat,  civesque  commonebat,  ut  talia 
molientibus  adversarentur.  Catonem21  sequebantur  moesti 
patres,  quorum  unus,  objurgatus  a  Caesare  quod  nondum  misso 
senatu85  discederet,  “Malo,”  inquit,  “esse  cum  Catone  in 
carcere,  quam  tecum  iq  curia.”  Exspectabat  Caesar,  dum  ad 


LIFE  OF  CICERO. 


123 


humiles  preces  Cato  sese  demitteret : 44  quod  ubi  frustra  a  se 
sperari  intellexit,  pudore  victus,  unum  e  tribunis  misit  qui 
Catonem  dimitteret.44 

7.  Cato  Pompeii  partes  bello  civili  secutus  est,  eoque  victo, 
exercitus10  reliquias  in  Africam  cum  ingenti  itinerum  difficul¬ 
tate  perduxit.  Cum  vero  ei  summum  a  militibus  deferretur 
imperium,  Scipioni,16  quod  vir  esset  consularis,  parere38  maluit. 
Scipione  etiam  devicto,  Uticam,  Africae  urbem,  petivit,  ubi 
filium  hortatus  est,  ut  clementiam  Caesaris  experiretur;  ipse 
vero  ccenatus  deambulavit,  et  cubitum42  iturus  arctius  diutius- 
que  in  complexu  filii  haesit ;  deinde,  ingressus  cubiculum,  ferro 
sibi  ipse  mortem  conscivit.  Caesar,  audita  Catonis  morte,  dixit 
illum  gloriae16  suae  invidisse,  quod  sibi19  laudem  servati  Catonis 
eripuisset.  Catonis  liberos,  eisque  patrimonium  incolume, 
servavit. 


YI.  LIFE  OF  CICERO. 

1.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  equestri  genere,29  Arpini,86  quod 
est  Volscorum  oppidum,  natus  est.  Ex  ejus  avis  unus  verru¬ 
cam  in  extremo  naso  sitam  habuit,  ciceris  grano15  similem: 
inde  cognomen  Ciceronis  genti  inditum.  Cum  id  Marco  Tul¬ 
lio  a  nonnullis  probro20  verteretur;  “  Dabo  operam,”  inquit, 
“  ut  istud  cognomen  nobilissimorum  nominum  splendorem 
vincat.”  Cum  eas  artes  disceret,  quibus  aetas  puerilis2  ad 
humanitatem  solet  informari,  ingenium  ejus  ita  eluxit,  ut  eum 
aequales  e  schola  redeuntes  medium,  tanquam  regem,  circum¬ 
stantes  deducerent  domum  :36”  immo  eorum  parentes,  pueri 
fama  commoti,  in  ludum  litterarium  ventitabant,  ut  eum 
viserent.  Ea  res  tamen  quibusdam14  rustici  et  inculti  ingenii9 
stomachum  movebat,  qui  ceteros  pueros  graviter  objurgabant, 
quod  talem  condiscipulo  suo  honorem  tribuerent.44 

2.  Tullius  Cicero  adolescens  eloquentiam  et  libertatem  suam 
adversus  Sullanos8  ostendit.  Chrysogonum  quendam,  Sullae 


124 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


libertum,  acriter  insectatus  est,  quod,  dictatoris  potentia30 
fretus,  in  bona  civium  invadebat.  Ex  quo,  veritus  invidiam, 
Cicero  Athenas  petivit,  ubi  Antiochum  philosophum  studiose 
audivit.  Inde  eloquentiae  gratia  Ehodum 36 n  se  contulit,  ubi 
Molone,31  rhetore  tum  disertissimo,  magistro1  usus  est.  Qui, 
cum  Ciceronem  dicentem  audivisset,  flevisse39  dicitur,  quod 
praevideret44  per  hunc  Graecos  a  Romanis  ingenii  et  eloquentiae 
laude  superatum42  iri.  Romam36  reversus,  quaestor  in  Sicilia 
fuit.  Nullius  vero  quaestura  aut  gratior  aut  clarior  fuit :  cum 
in  magna  annonae  difficultate  ingentem  frumenti  vim  inde 
Romam  mitteret,  Siculos  initio  offendit ;  postea  vero  ubi 
diligentiam,  justitiam  et  comitatem  ejus  experti  fuerunt, 
majores  quaestori  suo  honores,  quam  ulli  unquam  praetori, 
detulerunt. 

3.  Cicero,  consul  factus,  Sergii  Catilinae  conjurationem21  sin¬ 
gulari  virtute,  constantia,  curaque  compressit.  Is  nempe,  in¬ 
dignatus  quod  in  petitione  consulatus8  repulsam  passus  esset, 
et  furore  amens,  cum  pluribus  viris  nobilibus  Ciceronem  inter¬ 
ficere,  senatum  trucidare,  urbem  incendere,  aerarium  diripere 
constituerat.  Quae  tam  atrox  conjuratio  a  Cicerone  detecta 
est.  Catilina  metu  consulis  Roma36  ad  exercitum,  quem  pa¬ 
raverat,  profugit ;  socii  ejus  comprehensi  in  carcere  necati 
sunt.  Senator  quidam  filium  supplicio  mortis  ipse  affecit. 
Juvenis  scilicet,  ingenio,  litteris  et  forma  inter  aequales  con¬ 
spicuus,  pravo  consilio  amicitiam  Catilinae  secutus  erat,  et 
in  castra  ejus  properabat  :  quem  pater  ex  medio  itinere  re¬ 
tractum2  occidit,  his  eum  verbis  increpans:  “Non  ego  te 
Catilinae15  adversus  patriam,  sed  patriae  adversus  Catilinam, 
genui.” 

4.  Non  ideo  Catilina  ab  incepto  destitit,  sed  infestis  signis 
Romam  petens,  cum  exercitu  caesus  est.  Adeo  acriter  dimi¬ 
catum  est,  ut  nemo  hostium  proelio18  superfuerit :  quem  quis¬ 
que  in  pugnando  ceperat,  eum,  amissa  anima,  tegebat  locum. 
Ipse  Catilina  longe  a  suis3  inter  eorum,  quos  occiderat,  cadave¬ 
ra  cecidit, — morte  pulcherrima,  si  pro  patria  sua  sic  occubuis¬ 
set.  Senatus  populusque  Romanus  Ciceronem  patriae  patrem1 


LIFE  OF  CICERO. 


125 


appellavit :  ea  res  tamen  Ciceroni15  postea  invidiam  creavit, 
adeo  tit  abeuntem  magistratu28  verba  facere  ad  populum 
vetuerit  quidam  tribunus  plebis,  quod  cives,  indicta  causa,35 
damnavisset,14  sed  solitum  duntaxat  juramentum  praestare  ei16 
permiserit.  Tum  Cicero  magna  voce:  “ Juro,”  inquit,  “rem- 
publicam  atque  urbem  Romam  mea3  unius2  opera26  salvam 
esse  ”  :  qua  voce  delectatus  populus  Romanus,  et  ipse  juravit 
verum  esse  Ciceronis  juramentum. 

5.  Paucis  post  annis33  Cicero  reus  factus  est  a  Clodio,27 
tribuno  plebis,  eadem  de  causa,  quod  nempe  cives  Romanos 
necavisset.  Tunc  moestus  senatus,  tanquam  in  publico  luctu, 
vestem  mutavit.  Cicero,  cum  posset  armis26  salutem  suam 
defendere,  maluit  urbe28  cedere,  quam  sua  causa  easdem  fieri.39 
Proficiscentem  omnes  boni  flentes  prosecuti  sunt.  Dein  Clo¬ 
dius  edictum  proposuit,  ut  Marco  Tullio18  igni  et  aqua28  inter¬ 
diceretur,  et  ejus  domum  viliasque  incendit.  Sed  vis  illa 
diuturna  non  fuit ;  mox  enim,  maximo  omnium,  ordinum  stu¬ 
dio,  Cicero  in  patriam  revocatus  est.  Obviam  ei  redeunti  ab 
universis  itum  est.  Domus  ejus  publica  pecunia  restituta  est. 
Postea  Cicero,  Pompeii  partes  secutus,  a  Caesare  victore  veniam 
accepit.  Quo  interfecto,  Octavium  heredem  Caesaris  fovit 
atque  ornavit,  ut  eum  Antonio18  rempublicam  vexanti2  oppo¬ 
neret  ;  sed  ab  illo  deinde  desertus  est  et  proditus. 

6.  Antonius,  inita  cum  Octavio  societate,  Ciceronem  jamdiu 
sibi15  inimicum,  proscripsit.  Qua  re  audita,  Cicero  transversis 
itineribus  fugit  in  villam,  quae  a  mari  proxime  aberat,  indeque 
navem  conscendit,  in  Macedoniam  transiturus.  Cum  vero  jam 
aliquoties  in  altum  provectum  venti  adversi  retulissent,  et 
ipse  jactationem  navis  pati  non  posset,  regressus  ad  villam : 

“  Moriar,”  inquit,  “  in  patria  saepe  servata.”  Mox  adventanti¬ 
bus  percussoribus,  cum  servi  parati  essent  ad  dimicandum 
fortiter,  ipse  lecticam,22  qua26  vehebatur,  deponi  jussit,  eosque 
quietos  pati,  quod  sors  iniqua  cogeret.  Prominenti14  ex  lec¬ 
tica,  et  immotam  cervicem  praebenti,  caput  praecisum  est. 
Manus  quoque  abscissae  :  caput  relatum  est  ad  Antonium, 
ej usque  jussu  inter  duas  manus  in  rostris  positum.  Fulvia, 


/ 


126 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Antonii  uxor,  quae  se  a  Cicerone27  laesam  arbitrabatur,  caput 
manibus26  sumpsit,  in  genua  imposuit,  extractamque  linguam 
acu  confixit. 

7.  Cicero  dicax  erat,  et  facetiarum12  amans,  adeo  ut  ab 
inimicis  solitus  sit  appellari  Scurra  consularis.  Cum  Len¬ 
tulum,  generum  suum,  exiguae  staturae9  hominem,  vidisset 
longo  gladio  accinctum  :  “  Quis,”  inquit,  “  generum  meum  ad 
gladium,  alligavit  1  ”  Matrona  quaedam,  juniorem  se  quam  erat 
simulans,  dictitabat  se  triginta  tantum  annos  habere.  Cui 
Cicero  :  “  Yerum  est,”  inquit,  “  nam  hoc  viginti  annos23  audio.” 
Caesar,  altero  consule  mortuo85  die  Decembris  ultima,  Cani¬ 
nium  consulem  hora34  septima  in  reliquam  diei10  partem  re¬ 
nuntiaverat  :  quem  cum  plerique  irent  salutatum42  de  more  : 
“  Festinemus,”43  inquit  Cicero,  “ priusquam  abeat  magistratu.” 
De  eodem  Caninio  scripsit  Cicero  :  “Fuit  mirifica  vigilantia28 
Caninius,  qui  toto  suo  consulatu34  somnum  non  viderit.”44 

- »  ... 


VII.  LIFE  OF  BRUTUS. 

1.  Marcus  Brutus,  ex  illa  gente  -quae  Roma86  Tarquinios 
ejecerat  oriundus,  Athenis36  philosophiam,  Rhodi  eloquentiam, 
didicit.  Sua  eum  virtus  valde  commendavit :  ejus  pater,  qui 
Sullae  partibus16  adversabatur,  jussu  Pompeii  interfectus  erat ; 
unde  Brutus  cum  eo  graves  gesserat  simultates :  bello  tamen 
civili  Pompeii  causam,  quod  justior  videretur,  secutus  est,  et 
dolorem  suum  reipublicae  utilitati18  posthabuit.  Yicto  Pom¬ 
peio,  Brutus  a  Caesare  servatus  est,  et  praetor  etiam  factus. 
Postea  cum  Caesar,  superbia26  elatus,  senatum  contemnere,  et 
regnum  affectare  coepisset,  populus,  jam  praesenti  statu30  haud 
laetus,  vindicem  libertatis  requirebat.  Subscripsere  quidam 
primi  Bruti  statuae,18  Utinam  viveres !  Item  ipsius  Caesaris 
statuae  :  “Brutus,  quia  reges  ejecit,  primus  consul  factus  est ; 
hic,  quia  consules  ejecit,  postremo  rex  factus  est.”  Inscrip- 


LIFE  OF  AUGUSTUS. 


127 


tum  quoque  est  Marci  Bruti  praetoris  tribunali18:  Dormis , 
Brute  ! 

2.  Marcus  Brutus,  cognita  populi  Romani  voluntate,  ad¬ 
versus  Caesarem  conspiravit.  Pridie  quam  Caesar  est  occisus, 
Porcia,  Bruti  uxor,  consilii12  conscia,  cultellum  tonsorium, 
quasi  unguium  resecandorum 41  causa,  poposcit,  eoque,  velut 
forte  e  manibus  elapso,  se  ipsa  vulneravit.  Clamore  ancil¬ 
larum  vocatus  in  cubiculum  uxoris,  Brutus  objurgare  eam 
coepit,  quod  tonsoris  officium  praeripere  voluisset ;  at  Porcia  ei 
secreto  dixit :  “Non  casu,  sed  de  industria,  mi  Brute,  hoc 
mihi14  vulnus  feci  :  experiri  enkn  volui,  satisne  mihi  animi 
esset45  ad  mortem  oppetendam,  si  tibi14  propositum  ex  sen¬ 
tentia  parum  cessisset.”  Quibus  verbis  auditis,  Brutus  ad 
caelum  manus21  et  oculos  sustulisse  dicitur,  et  exclamavisse  : 
“  Utinam  dignus  tali  conjuge30  maritus  videri  possim  !  ” 

3.  Interfecto  Caesare,  Antonius  vestem  ejus  sanguinolentam 
ostentans,  populum  veluti  furore  quodam  adversus  conjuratos 
inflammavit.  Brutus  itaque  in  Macedoniam  concessit,  ibique 
apud  urbem  Philippos1  adversus  Antonium  et  Octavium  dimi¬ 
cavit.  Victus  acie,  cum  in  tumulum  se  nocte34  recepisset,  ne 
in  hostium  manus  veniret,  uni19  comitum10  latus  transfodien¬ 
dum  praebuit.  Antonius,  viso  Bruti  cadavere,  ei  suum  injecit 
purpureum  paludamentum,  ut  in  eo  sepeliretur.  Quod  cum 
postea  surreptum  audivisset,  requiri  furem  et  ad  supplicium 
duci  jussit.  Cremati  corporis  reliquias  ad  Serviliam,  Bruti 
matrem,  deportandas  curavit.  Non  eadem  fuit  Octavii  erga 
Brutum  moderatio  :  is  enim  avulsum  Bruti  caput  Romam  ferri 
jussit,  ut  Caii  Caesaris  statuae18  subjiceretur. 


♦ 


VIII.  LIFE  OF  AUGUSTUS. 


1.  Octavius  Juliae,  Caii  Caesaris  sororis,  nepos,  patrem  quad¬ 
rimus  amisit.  A  majore  avunculo  adoptatus,  eum  in  Hispa- 


128 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


niam  profectum  secutus  est.  Deinde  ab  eo  Apolloniam36 
missus  est,  ut  liberalibus  studiis16  vacaret.  Audita  avunculi 
morte,  Romam  rediit,  nomen  Caesaris  sumpsit,  collectoque 
veteranorum  exercitu,  opem  Decimo  Bruto19  tulit,  qui  ab  An¬ 
tonio  Mutinae36  obsidebatur.  Cum  autem  urbis  aditu28  prohi¬ 
beretur,  ut  Brutum  de  omnibus  rebus  certiorem  faceret,  primo 
litteras  laminis18  plumbeis  inscriptas  misit,  quae  per  urina¬ 
torem  sub  aqua  fluminis  deferebantur.  Ad  id  postea  colum¬ 
bis81  usus  est :  iis18  enim  diu  inclusis  et  fame  affectis  litteras 
ad  collum  alligabat,  easque  a  proximo  moenibus15  loco  emitte¬ 
bat.  Columbae  lucis12  cibique  avidae,  summa  aedificia  petentes, 
a  Bruto  excipiebantur,  maxime  cum  ille,  deposito  quibusdam 
in  locis  cibo,  columbas  illuc  devolare  instituisset. 

2.  Octavius  bellum  Mutinense  dnobus  proeliis  confecit,  in 
quorum  altero  non  ducis  modo,  sed  militis  etiam  functus  est 
munere  :31  nam  aquilifero  graviter  vulnerato,  aquilam  humeris 
subiit,  et  in  castra  reportavit.  Postea  reconciliata  cum  An¬ 
tonio  gratia,  junctisque  cum  ipso  copiis,  ut  Caii  Caesaris  necem 
ulcisceretur,  ad  urbem  hostiliter  accessit,  inde  quadringentos 
milites  ad  senatum  misit,  qui  sibi  consulatum,  nomine  exer¬ 
citus,  deposcerent.44  Cunctante  senatu,  centurio  legationis 
princeps,  rejecto  sagulo,  ostendens  gladii  capulum,  non  dubi¬ 
tavit  in  curia  dicere  :  “  Hic  faciet,  si  vos  non  feceritis.”  Cui 
respondisse39  Ciceronem  ferunt :  “Si  hoc  modo  petieritis 
Caesari  consulatum,  auferetis.”  Quod  dictum  ei  deinde  ex¬ 
itio20  fuit :  invisus  enim  esse  coepit  Caesari,  quod  libertatis12 
esset  amantior. 

3.  Octavius  Caesar,  nondum  viginti  annos  natus,  consulatum 
invasit,  novamque  proscriptionis  tabulam  proposuit :  quae 
proscriptio  Sullana32  longe  crudelior  fuit :  ne  tenerae  quidem 
aetati16  pepercit.  Puerum  quendam,  nomine  Atilium,  Octavius 
coegit  togam  virilem  sumere,  ut  tanquam  vir  proscriberetur. 
Atilius,  protinus  ut  e  Capitolio  descendit,  deducentibus  ex 
more  amicis,  in  tabulam  relatus  est.  Desertum  deinde  a 
comitibus  ne  mater  quidem  prae  metu  recepit.  Puer  itaque 
fugit,  et  in  silvis  aliquamdiu  delituit.  Cum  vero  inopiam 


LIFE  OF  AUGUSTUS. 


129 


ferre  non  posset,  e  latebris  exiit,  seque  praetereuntibus19  indi¬ 
cavit,  a  quibus  interfectus  est.  Alius  puer  etiam  impubes, 
cum  in  ludum  litterarium  iret,  cum  paedagogo,  qui  pro  eo 
corpus  objecerat,  necatus  est. 

4.  Octavius,  inita  cum  Antonio  societate,  Marcum  Brutum 
Caesaris  interfectorem  bello  persecutus  est.  Quod  bellum, 
quanquam  aeger  atque  invalidus,  duplici  proelio  transegit,  quo¬ 
rum10  priore,  castris28  exutus,  vix  fuga26  evasit;  altero  victor 
se  gessit  acerbius.  In  nobilissimum  quemque  captivum  saeviit, 
adjecta2  etiam  supplicio18  verborum  contumelia.85  Uni  suppli¬ 
citer  precanti  sepulturam  respondit,  “jam  illam  in  volucrum 
atque  ferarum  potestate  futuram.”  Ambo  erant  captivi  pater 
et  filius ;  cum  autem  Octavius  nollet,  nisi  uni,  vitam  con¬ 
cedere,  eos  sortiri  jussit,  utri16  parceretur.  Pater,  qui  se  pro 
filio  ad  mortem  subeundam  obtulerat,  occisus  est;  nec  servatus 
filius,  qui  prae  dolore  voluntaria  occubuit  nece  :  neque  ab  hoc 
tristi  spectaculo  oculos  avertit  Octavius,  sed  utrumque  spec¬ 
tavit  morientem. 

5.  Octavius  ab  Antonio  iterum  abalienatus  est,  quod  is, 
repudiata  Octavia  sorore,  Cleopatram  iEgypti  reginam  duxis¬ 
set  uxorem  :  quae  mulier  cum  Antonio  luxu  et  deliciis  certa¬ 
bat.  Gloriata  est  aliquando  se  centies  sestertium 10  una  coena 
absumpturam.  Antonio,18  id  fieri  posse  neganti,  magnificam 
apposuit  coenam,  sed  non  tanti  sumptus9  quanti  promiserat. 
Irrisa  igitur  ab  Antonio,  jussit  sibi  afferri  vas  aceto28  plenum  : 
exspectabat  Antonius  quidnam  esset45  actura.  Illa  gemmas 
pretiosissimas  auribus 18  appensas  habebat ;  protinus  unam 
detraxit,  et  aceto  dilutam  absorbuit.  Alteram  quoque  simili 
modo26  parabat  absumere,  nisi  prohibita  fuisset. 

6.  Octavius  cum  Antonio  apud  Actium,  qui  locus  in  Epiro 
est,  navali  proelio  dimicavit.  Victum  et  fugientem  Antonium 
persecutus,  AKgyptum  petiit;  obsessaque  Alexandria,31  quo 
Antonius  cum  Cleopatra  confugerat,  brevi  potitus  est.  An¬ 
tonius,  desperatis  rebus,  cum  in  solio  regali  sedisset  regio  dia¬ 
demate  cinctus,  necem  sibi  conscivit.  Cleopatra  vero,  quam22 

Octavius  magnopere  cupiebat  vivam  comprehendi,  triumpho- 

9 


180 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


que15  servari,  aspidem  sibi  in  cophino  inter  ficus  afferendam 
curavit,  eamque  ipsa  brachio18  applicuit  :  quod  ubi  cognovit 
Octavius,  medicos  vulneri  remedia  adhibere  jussit.  Admovit 
etiam  Psyllos,  qui  venenum  exsugerent,44  sed  frustra.  Cleopa¬ 
trae19  mortuae  communem  cum  Antonio  sepulturam  tribuit. 

7.  Tandem  Octavius,  hostibus  victis,  solusque  imperio81 
potitus,  clementem  se  exhibuit.  Omnia  deinceps  in  eo  plena 
mansuetudinis12  et  humanitatis.  Multis16  ignovit,  a  quibus 
saepe  graviter  laesus  fuerat,  quo  in  numero  fuit  Metellus,  unus 
ex  Antonii  praefectis.  Cum  is  inter  captivos  senex  squalidus 
sordi  datusque  processisset,  agnovit  eum  filius  ejus,  qui  Octavii 
partes  secutus  erat,  statimque  exsiliens,  patrem  complexus, 
sic  Octavium  allocutus  est :  “  Pater  meus  hostis  tibi  fuit,  ego 
miles :  non  magis  ille  poenam,  quam  ego  praemium,  meriti 
sumus.  Aut  igitur  me  propter  illum  occidi  jube,  aut  illum 
propter  me  vivere.  Delibera,  quaeso,  utrum  sit45  moribus15 
tuis  convenientius.”  Octavius  postquam  paulum  addubitavis¬ 
set,  misericordia  motus,  hominem  sibi  infensissimum  propter 
filii  merita  servavit. 

8.  Octavius  in  Italiam  rediit,  Romam  que  triumphans  in¬ 
gressus  est.  Tum  bellis  toto  orbe  compositis,  Jani  gemini 
portas  sua  manu  clausit,  quae  tantummodo  bis  antea  clausae 
fuerant,  primo  sub  Numa  rege,  iterum  post  primum  Punicum 
bellum.  Tunc  omnes21  praeteritorum  malorum  oblivio  cepit, 
populusque  Romanus  praesentis  otii  laetitia81  perfruitus  est. 
Octavio19  maximi  honores  a  senatu  delati  sunt.  Ipse  Augus¬ 
tus  cognominatus  est,  et  in  ejus  honorem  mensis  Sextilis 
eodem  nomine  est  appellatus,  quod  illo  mense84  bellis18  civili¬ 
bus  finis  esset  impositus.  Equites  Romani  natalem  ejus  biduo 
semper  celebrarunt :  senatus  populusque  Romanus  universus 
cognomen  Patris  Patriae  maximo  consensu  ei  tribuerunt.  Au¬ 
gustus,  prae  gaudio  lacrimans,  respondit  his  verbis  :  “  Compos 
factus  sum  votorum12  meorum ;  neque  aliud  mihi  optandum 
est,  quam  ut  hunc  consensum  vestrum  ad  ultimum  vitae  finem 
videre  possim.” 

9.  Dictaturam,  quam  populus  magna  vi  offerebat,  Augus- 


LIFE  OF  AUGUSTUS. 


131 


tus,  genu  nixus,  dejectaque  ab  humeris  toga,  deprecatus  est. 
Domini  appellationem  semper  exhorruit,  eamque  sibi  tribui 
edicto  vetuit,  immo  de  restituenda41  republica  non  semel  cogi¬ 
tavit;  sed  reputans  et  se  privatum  non  sine  periculo  fore,39 
et  rempublicam  plurium  arbitrio  commissum  iri,  summam 
retinuit  potestatem,  id  vero  studuit,  nequem  novi  status12 
poeniteret.  Bene  de  iis  etiam  quos  adversarios  expertus  erat 
et  sentiebat  et  loquebatur.  Legentem  aliquando  unum  e 
nepotibus  invenit;  cumque  puer  territus  volumen  Ciceronis, 
quod  manu  tenebat,  veste  tegeret,  Augustus  librum  cepit, 
eoque  statim  reddito  :  “  Hic  vir,”  inquit,  “  fili  mi,  doctus  fuit 
et  patriae  amans.” 

1 0.  Pedibus  saepe  per  urbem  incedebat,  summaque  comitate 

adeuntes21  excipiebat :  unde  cum  quidam,  libellum  supplicem 
porrigens,  prae  metu  et  reverentia  nunc  manum  proferret, 
nunc  retraheret ;  “  Putasne,”  inquit  jocans  Augustus,  “  assem 
te  elephanto  dare  ”  h  Eum  aliquando  convenit  veteranus  miles, 
qui  vocatus  in  jus  periclitabatur,  rogavitque  ut  sibi  adesset. 
Statim  Augustus  unum  e  comitatu  suo  elegit  advocatum,  qui 
litigatorem  commendaret.  Tum  veteranus  exclamavit :  “  At 

non  ego,  te35  periclitante  bello  Actiaco,8  vicarium  quaesivi,  sed 
ipse  pro  te  pugnavi  ” ;  simulque  detexit  cicatrices.  Erubuit 
Augustus,  atque  ipse  venit  in  advocationem. 

11.  Cum  post  Actiacam  victoriam  Augustus  Romam  ingre¬ 
deretur,  occurrit  ei  inter  gratulantes  opifex  quidam  corvum 
tenens,  quem  instituerat  haec  dicere  :  Ave ,  Caesar  victor ,  im¬ 
perator.  Augustus,  avem  officiosam  miratus,  eam  viginti 
milibus  nummorum10  emit.  Socius  opificis,  ad  quem  nihil  ex 
illa  liberalitate  pervenerat,  affirmavit  Augusto  illum  habere  et 
alium  corvum,  quem  afferri  postulavit.  Allatus  corvus  verba, 
quae  didicerat,  expressit :  Ave,  Antoni  victor ,  imperator.  Nihil 
ea  re  exasperatus,  Augustus  jussit  tantummodo  corvorum 
doctorem  dividere  acceptam  mercedem  cum  contubernali. 
Salutatus  similiter  a  psittaco,  emi  eum  jussit. 

12.  Exemplo  incitatus,  sutor  quidam  corvum  instituit  ad 
parem  salutationem ;  sed,  cum  parum  proficeret,  saepe  ad 


132 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


avem  non  respondentem  dicebat  :  Opera  et  impensa  periit. 
Tandem  corvus  coepit  proferre  dictatam  salutationem  :  qua 
audita  dum  transiret,  Augustus  respondit :  “  Satis  domi  ta¬ 
lium  salutatorum10  habeo.”  Tum  corvus  illa  etiam  verba 
abjecit,  quibus  dominum  querentem  audire  solebat :  Opera  et 
impensa  periit :  ad  quod  Augustus  risit,  atque  avem  emi  jussit, 
quanti11  nullam  adhuc  emerat. 

13.  Solebat  quidam  Graeculus  descendenti  e  palatio  Augusto 
honorificum  aliquod  epigramma  porrigere.  Id  cum  frustra 
saepe  fecisset,  et  tamen  rursum  eundem  facturum  Augustus 
videret,  sua  manu  in  charta  breve  exaravit  Graecum  epi¬ 
gramma,  et  Graeculo  venienti  ad  se  obviam  misit.  Ille  legendo 
laudare  coepit,  mirarique  tam  voce  quam  vultu  gestuque. 
Dein  cum  accessit  ad  sellam,  qua26  Augustus  vehebatur,  de¬ 
missa  in  pauperem  crumenam  manu,  paucos  denarios  protulit, 
quos  principi  daret ;  dixitque  “  se  plus  daturum  fuisse,  si  plus 
habuisset.”  Secuto  omnium  risu,  Graeculum  Augustus  vocavit, 
eique  satis  grandem  pecuniae  summam  numerari  jussit. 

14.  Augustus  fere  nulli  se  invitanti  negabat.  Exceptus 
igitur  a  quodam  coena  satis  parca  et  paene  quotidiana,  hoc 
tantum  insusurravit :  “  Non  putabam  me  tibi15  esse  tam  famil¬ 
iarem.”  Cum  aliquando  apud  Pollionem  quendam  coenaret, 
fregit  unus  ex  servis  vas  crystallinum  :  rapi  illum  protinus 
Pollio  jussit,  et,  ne  vulgari  morte  periret,  abjici  muraenis,19 
quas  ingens  piscina  continebat.  Evasit  e  manibus  puer,  et  ad 
pedes  Caesaris  confugit,  non  recusans  mori,  sed  rogans  ne 
piscium  esca  fieret.  Motus  novitate  crudelitatis,  Augustus 
servi  infelicis  patrocinium  suscepit :  cum  autem  veniam  a  viro 
crudeli  non  impetraret,  crystallina  vasa  ad  se  afferri  jussit ; 
omnia  manu  sua  fregit ;  servum  manumisit,  piscinamque  com¬ 
pleri  praecepit. 

15.  Augustus  in  quadam  villa  aegrotans  noctes  inquietas 
agebat,  rumpente  somnum  ejus  crebro  noctuae  cantu ;  qua 
molestia  cum  liberari  se  vehementer  cupere  signifi casset,  miles 
quidam,  aucupii12  peritus,  noctuam  prehendendam  curavit, 
vivamque  Augusto  attulit,  spe  ingentis  praemii ;  cui  Augustus 


LIFE  OF  AUGUSTUS. 


133 


mille  nummos  dari  jussit :  at  ille,  minus  dignum  praemium 
existimans,  dicere  ausus  est :  “  Malo  ut  vivat,”  et  avem  di¬ 
misit.  Imperatori  nec  ad  irascendum  causa  deerat,  nec  ad 
ulciscendum  potestas.  Hanc  tamen  injuriam  sequo  animo 
tulit  Augustus,  hominemque  impunitum  abire  passus  est. 

16.  Augustus  amicitias  non  facile  admisit,  et  admissas  con¬ 
stanter  retinuit  :  imprimis  familiarem  habuit  Maecenatem, 
equitem  Romanum,  qui  ea,2  qua  apud  principem  valebat  gratia 
ita  semper  usus  est,  ut  prodesset  omnibus 16  quibus  posset, 
noceret  nemini.  Mira  erat  ejus  ars  et  libertas  in  flectendo41 
Augusti  animo,  cum  eum  ira  incitatum  videret.  Jus  ali¬ 
quando.  dicebat  Augustus,  et  multos  morte  damnaturus  vide¬ 
batur.  Aderat  tunc  Maecenas,  qui  circumstantium  turbam 
perrumpere,  et  ad  tribunal  propius  accedere,  conatus  est  : 
cum  id  frustra  tentasset,  in  tabella  scripsit  haec  verba,  Surge 
tandem ,  carnifex :  eamque  tabellam  ad  Augustum  projecit ; 
qua  lecta,  Augustus  statim  surrexit,  et  nemo  est  morte 
multatus. 

17.  Habitavit  Augustus  in  aedibus  modicis,  neque  laxitate 
neque  cultu  conspicuis,  ac  per  annos  amplius  quadraginta  in 
eodem  cubiculo  hieme  et  aestate  mansit.  Supellex  quoque 
ejus  vix  privatae  elegantiae9  erat.  Idem  tamen  Romam,  quam 
pro  majestate  imperii  non  satis  ornatam  invenerat,  adeo  ex¬ 
coluit,  ut  jure  sit  gloriatus,  “  marmoream  se  relinquere,  quam 
lateritiam  accepisset.”  Raro  veste  alia  usus  est,  quam  con¬ 
fecta  ab  uxore,27  sorore,  filia,  neptibusque.  Altiuscula  erant 
ejus  calceamenta,  ut  procerior  quam  erat  videretur.  Cibi9 
minimi  erat  atque  vulgaris.  Secundarium  panem  et  pisciculos 
minutos  et  ficus  virides  maxime  appetebat. 

18.  Augustus  non  amplius  quam  septem  horas23  dormiebat, 
ac  ne  eas  quidem  continuas,  sed  ita  ut  in  illo  temporis  spatio 
ter  aut  quater  expergisceretur.  Si  interruptum  somnum  re¬ 
cuperare  non  posset,  lectores  arcessebat,  donec  resumeret. 
Cum  audisset  senatorem  quendam,  licet  aere  alieno  oppressum, 
arcte  et  graviter  dormire  solitum,  culcitam  ejus  magno  pretio25 
emit :  mirantibus  dixit :  “  Habenda  est  ad  somnum  culcita,  in 
qua  homo  qui  tantum  debebat  dormire  potuit.” 


134 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


19.  Exercitationes  campestres  equorum  et  armorum  statim 
post  bella  civilia  omisit,  et  ad  pilam  primo  folliculumque 
transiit ;  mox,  animi  laxandi  causa,  modo  piscabatur  hamo, 
modo  talis  nucibusque  ludebat  cum  puerculis,  quos  facie  et 
garrulitate  amabiles  undique  conquirebat.  Alea  multum  de¬ 
lectabatur;  idque  ei  vitio20  datum  est.  Tandem,  afflicta  vale¬ 
tudine,  in  Campaniam  concessit,  ubi  remisso  ad  otium  animo, 
nullo  hilaritatis  genere28  abstinuit.  Supremo  vitae  die,  petito 
speculo,  capillum  sibi  comi  jussit,  et  amicos  circumstantes 
percontatus  est,  num  vitae  mimum  satis  commode  egisset  ;45 
adjecit  et  solitam  clausulam  :  “  Edite  strepitum,  vosque  omnes 
cum  gaudio  applaudite.”  Obiit  Noise86  sextum  et  septuagesi¬ 
mum  annum  agens. 

» - 

IX.  THE  HELVETIAN  WAE. 

FROM  (LESAR’S  GALLIC  WAR.  Book  I. 

1.  Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes  tres.  Unam  incolunt 
Belgae,  aliam  Aquitani,  tertiam  Celtae,  qui4  lingua26  nostra 
Galli  appellantur.  Hi  omnes  lingua,26  institutis,  legibus,  inter 
se  differunt.  Gallos  ab  Aquitanis  Garumna  flumen  dividit,  a 
Belgis  Matrona  et  Sequana.  Fortissimi2  sunt  Belgae,  prop- 
terea  quod  proximi  sunt  Germanis,15  qui  trans  Rhenum  inco¬ 
lunt,  quibuscum  continenter  bellum  gerunt.  Helvetii  quoque 
reliquos  Gallos  virtute26  praecedunt,  quod  fere  quotidianis 
proeliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt.  Una  pars  initium  capit  a 
flumine  Rhodano  ;  continetur  Garumna  flumine,  oceano,  fini¬ 
bus  Belgarum.  Attingit  etiam  flumen1  Rhenum.  Vergit  ad 
septemtriones.  Belgae  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntur; 
pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Rheni;  spectant  in 
septemtriones  et  orientem  solem.  Aquitania  a  Garumna  flu¬ 
mine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  eam  partem  oceani,  quae  est 


THE  HELVETIAN  WAR. 


135 


ad  Hispaniam,  pertinet;  spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et  sep- 
temtriones. 

2.  Apud  Helvetios  nobilissimus2  et  ditissimus  fuit  Orge¬ 
torix.  Is  conjurationem  nobilitatis  fecit,  et  civitati16  per¬ 
suasit,  ut  de  finibus  suis  cum  omnibus  copiis  exirent.  Facilius 
eis  persuasit,  quod  undique,  loci  natura,26  Helvetii  continentur; 
una  ex  parte,  flumine  Rheno,  latissimo  atque  altissimo,  qui 
agrum  Helvetium  a  Germanis  dividit ;  altera  ex  parte,  monte 
Jura  altissimo,  qui  est  inter  Sequanos  et  Helvetios;  tertia, 
lacu  Lemanno,  et  flumine  Rhodano,  qui  Provinciam  nostram 
ab  Helvetiis  dividit.  His  rebus  adducti,  constituerunt  ea 
quae4  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent  comparare  ; 38  jumento¬ 
rum  et  carrorum  quam  maximum  numerum  coemere ;  semen¬ 
tes  quam  maximas  facere ;  cum  proximis  civitatibus  amicitiam 
confirmare.  In  tertium  annum  profectionem  lege  confirmant. 
Ad  eas  res  conficiendas41  Orgetorix  deligitur.  Is  legationem  ad 
civitates  suscepit.  In  eo  itinere  persuadet  Castico,  Sequano, 
ut  regnum  in  civitate  sua  occuparet,  quod4  pater  ante  habu¬ 
erat.  Itemque  Dumnorigi  iEduo,  qui  maxime  plebi  acceptus 
erat,  ut  idem  conaretur  persuadet.  Inter  se  jusjurandum 
dant,  et  totius  Galliae  sese  potiri  posse  sperant.  Ea  res  est 
Helvetiis14  enuntiata :  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculis  causam  dicere 
coegerunt.  Damnatum  poenam  sequi  oportebat,  ut  igni26  cre¬ 
maretur.  Die  constituta84  Orgetorix  ad  judicium  omnem  suam 
familiam,  et  omnes  clientes  obaeratosque  conduxit.  Per  eos  se 
eripuit. 

3.  Cum  civitas,  ob  eam  rem  incitata,  armis  jus  suum  ex¬ 
sequi  conaretur,  Orgetorix  mortuus  est.  Post  ejus  mortem 
nihilominus  Helvetii  id  quod  constituerant  facere38  conantur. 
Ubi  se  paratos  esse39  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  sua  omnia,  vicos, 
privata  aedificia  incendunt.  Trium  mensium  molita  cibaria 
quemque  domo  efferre  jubent.  Erant  omnino  itinera  duo, 
quibus4  itineribus  domo  exire  possent ;  unum  per  Sequanos, 
angustum  et  difficile,  inter  montem  Juram  et  flumen  Rhoda¬ 
num  ;  alterum  per  provinciam  nostram  multo  facilius  atque 
expeditius,  propterea  quod  Rhodanus  nonnullis  locis  vado20 


136 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


transitur.  Extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum  est  Geneva.  Ex 
eo  oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios  pertinet.  Omnibus  rebus85  ad 
profectionem  comparatis,  diem  dicunt,  qua  die  ad  ripam  Rho¬ 
dani  omnes  conveniant.  Caesari  cum  id  nuntiatum  esset, 
maturat  ab  urbe  proficisci,  et  in  Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit. 
Pontem  jubet  rescindi.39 

4.  Ubi  de  ejus  adventu  Helvetii  certiores2  facti  sunt,  lega¬ 
tos  ad  eum  mittunt,  qui44  dicerent  sibi17  esse  in  animo  sine 
ullo  maleficio  iter  per  provinciam  facere.  Caesar  a  lacu  Le¬ 
manno  ad  montem  Juram  murum  fossamque  perducit.  Negat 
se  posse89  iter  ulli  per  provinciam  dare.38  Relinquebatur  una 
per  Sequanos  via,  qua,  Sequanis  invitis,  propter  angustias  ire 
non  poterant.  His16  cum  persuadere  non  possent,  legatos  ad 
Dumnorigem  mittunt,  ut,  eo  deprecatore,35  impetrarent.  Dum¬ 
norix  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  poterat,  et  Helvetiis15  erat 
amicus,  quod  Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimonium  duxerat.  Ita¬ 
que  rem  suscipit,  et  a  Sequanis  impetrat,  ut  per  fines  suos 
Helvetios  ire  patiantur. 

5.  Caesar  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit,  duasque 
ibi  legiones  conscribit,  et  tres  ex  hibernis  educit,  et  in  ulteri¬ 
orem  Galliam,  per  Alpes,  ire  contendit.  In  fines  Vocontiorum 
die  septimo  pervenit;  inde  in  Allobrogum  fines,  ab  Allobro¬ 
gibus  in  Segusianos  exercitum  ducit.  Hi  sunt  extra  provin¬ 
ciam  trans  Rhodanum  primi.  Helvetii  jam  per  angustias  et 
fines  Sequanorum  suas  copias  transduxerant,  et  iEduorum  agros 
populabantur.  JEdui,  cum  se21  defendere  non  possent,  legatos 
ad  Caesarem  mittunt,  rogatum42  auxilium.  Eodem  tempore 
Ambarri,  consanguinei1  Aeduorum,  Caesarem  certiorem  faciunt, 
sese,  depopulatis  agris,  non  facile  ab  oppidis  vim  hostium  pro¬ 
hibere.  Item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum  vicos  posses¬ 
sionesque  habebant,  fuga26  se  ad  Caesarem  recipiunt.  Caesar 
non  exspectandum  sibi  statuit,  dum  in  Santonos  Helvetii  per¬ 
venirent. 

6.  Flumen  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  JEduorum  et  Sequano¬ 
rum  in  Rhodanum  influit,  incredibili  lenitate,26  ita  ut  oculis 
in  utram  partem  fluat  judicari  non  possit.  Id  Helvetii,  rati- 


THE  HELVETIAN  WAR. 


137 


bus  et  lintribus  junctis,  transibant.  Ubi  Caesar  certior  factus 
est  tres  copiarum  partes  Helvetios22  transduxisse,  quartam 
vero  partem  citra  flumen  esse,  de  tertia  vigilia  e  castris  pro¬ 
fectus  ad  eam  partem  pervenit,  qua)  nondum  transierat.  Eos 
impeditos  aggressus,  magnam  eorum  partem  concidit.  Reliqui 
sese  in  proximas  silvas  abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellabatur 
Tigurinus  i1  nam  omnis  civitas  Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos 
divisa  est.  Hic  pagus  Lucium  Cassium  consulem  interfece¬ 
rat,  et  ejus  exercitum  sub  jugum  miserat.  Ita,  quae  pars 
calamitatem  populo18  Romano  intulerat,  ea  princeps  poenas 
persolvit. 

7.  Hoc  proelio  facto,  reliquas  copias  Helvetiorum  ut  conse¬ 
qui  posset,  pontem  in  Arare  faciendum  curat,  atque  ita  exer¬ 
citum  transducit.  Helvetii,  repentino  ejus  adventu  commoti, 
legatos  ad  eum  mittunt,  cujus  legationis  Divico  princeps  fuit, 
qui  bello34  Cassiano  dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat.  Is  ita  cum 
Caesare  agit :  Si  pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetiis  face¬ 
ret,  in  eam  partem  ituros,  ubi  Caesar  eos22  esse  voluisset ;  sin 
bello  persequi  perseveraret,  reminisceretur  et  veteris  incom¬ 
modi12  populi  Romani,  et  pristinae  virtutis  Helvetiorum;  se  ita 
a  patribus  majoribusque  suis  didicisse,  ut  magis  virtute  quam 
dolo  contenderent.  Quare,  ne  committeret,  ut  is  locus,  ubi 
constitissent,  ex  calamitate  populi  Romani  nomen  caperet. 

8.  His  Caesar  ita  respondit :  Sibi14  minus  dubitationis  dari, 
quod  eas  res,  quas  commemorassent,  memoria26  teneret.  Si 
veteris  contumeliae12  oblivisci  vellet,  num  recentium  injuri¬ 
arum  memoriam  deponere  posse  1  Tamen,  si  obsides  ab  iis 
sibi  dentur,  uti  ea  quae  polliceantur  facturos  intelligat,  et  si 
iEduis  de  injuriis  quas  ipsis  sociisque  eorum  intulerint,  item 
si  Allobrogibus  satisfaciant,  sese  cum  iis  pacem  facturum. 
Divico  respondit  :  Ita  Helvetios  a  majoribus  suis  institutos 
esse,  uti  obsides  accipere,  non  dare  consueverint ;  ejus  rei 
populum  Romanum  esse  testem.  Hoc  responso  dato,  discessit. 
Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.  Idem  facit  Caesar. 
Equitatum  omnem  praemittit,  qui44  videant,  quas  in  partes 
hostes  iter  faciant.  Qui  alieno  loco  cum  equitatu  Helvetiorum 


138 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


proelium  committunt,  et  pauci  de  nostris  cadunt.  Helvetii 
audacius  subsistere,  nonnunquam  nostros  lacessere  coeperunt. 
Caesar  suos  a  proelio  continebat ;  ac  satis  habebat  in  praesentia 
hostem  rapinis28  prohibere.  Ita  dies23  circiter  quindecim  iter 
fecerunt,  uti,  inter  novissimum  hostium  agmen  et  nostrum 
primum,  non  amplius  quinis  aut  senis  milibus32  passuum 
interesset. 

9.  Interim  quotidie  Caesar  JEduos25  frumentum,  quod4  essent 
publice  polliciti,  flagitare.  Nam,  propter  frigora,  non  modo 
frumenta  in  agris  matura  non  erant,  sed  ne  pabuli  quidem 
satis  magna  copia  suppetebat.  Eo  autem  frumento,31  quod 
flumine  Arare  navibus  subvexerat,  minus  uti38  poterat,  quod 
iter  ab  Arare  Helvetii  averterant,  a  quibus  discedere  nolebat. 
Diem  ex  die  ducere40  ASdui;  conferri,  comportari,  adesse  dicere. 
Ubi  se  diutius  duci  intellexit,  et  diem  instare,  quo  die  frumen¬ 
tum21  militibus  metiri  oporteret,  convocatis  eorum  principibus, 
quorum  magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat,  in  his  Divitiaco 
et  Lisco,  qui  summo  magistratui 18  praeerat,  graviter  eos  ac¬ 
cusat,  quod  ab  iis  non  sublevetur ;  praesertim  cum,  magna 
ex  parte  eorum  precibus  adductus,  bellum  susceperit.  Tum 
demum  Liscus  proponit  :  esse  nonnullos,  quorum  auctoritas 
apud  plebem  plurimum  valeat ;  hos22  seditiosa  atque  improba 
oratione  multitudinem  deterrere,39  ne  frumentum  conferant. 
Ab  iisdem  nostra  consilia  hostibus  enuntiari ;  hos  a  se  coerceri 
non  posse.  Quin  etiam,  quod  rem  Caesari  enuntiarit,  intel¬ 
legere  sese  quanto  id  cum  periculo  fecerit ;  et,  ob  eam  causam, 
quamdiu  potuerit,  tacuisse. 

10.  Caesar  hac  oratione  Dumnorigem,21  Divitiaci  fratrem, 
designari89  sentiebat ;  sed  quod,  pluribus  praesentibus,  eas 
res  jactari  nolebat,  celeriter  concilium  dimittit;  Liscum  re¬ 
tinet  ;  dicit  liberius  atque  audacius.  Eadem  secreto  ab  aliis 
quaerit ;  reperit  esse  vera  :  ipsum  esse  Dumnorigem  summa 
audacia,26  magna  apud  plebem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cu¬ 
pidum  novarum  rerum12;  complures  annos23  omnia  JEduorum 
vectigalia  parvo  pretio  redempta  habere ;  propterea  quod,  illo 
licente,  contra  liceri  audeat  nemo.  His  rebus  suam  rem  fami- 


THE  HELVETIAN  WAR. 


139 


liarem  auxisse,  magnum  numerum  equitatus  semper  circum  se 
habere.  Favere  Helvetiis16  propter  affinitatem;  odisse  Caesa¬ 
rem  et  Romanos,  quod  eorum  adventu  potentia  ejus  deminuta, 
et  Divitiacus  frater  in  antiquum  locum  gratiae  atque  honoris 
sit  restitutus.  Si  quid  accidat  Romanis,  summam  in  spem 
regni  per  Helvetios  obtinendi  venire ;  imperio  populi  Romani, 
non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam  de  ea  quam  habeat  gratia, 
desperare. 

11.  Cum  ad  has  suspiciones  certissimae  res  accederent,  satis 
esse  causae  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut  ipse  animadver¬ 
teret,  aut  civitatem  animadvertere  juberet.  His  omnibus 
unum  repugnabat,  quod  Divitiaci  fratris  summum  in  populum 
Romanum  studium,  summam  in  se  voluntatem,  egregiam 
fidem,  justitiam,  temperantiam  cognoverat  :  nam  ne  ejus 
supplicio  Divitiaci  animum  offenderet  verebatur.  Itaque, 
priusquam  quidquam  conaretur,44  Divitiacum22  ad  se  vocari 
jubet;  simul  commonefacit  quse,  ipso35  praesente,  in  concilio 
Gallorum  sint  dicta ;  et  ostendit  quae  separatim  quisque  de 
eo  apud  se  dixerit.  Divitiacus  multis  cum  lacrimis  obsecrare 
coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statueret :  scire39  se,22  illa 
esse  vera ;  sese  tamen  et  amore  fraterno  et  existimatione  vulgi 
commoveri.  Quod  si  quid  ei14  a  Caesare  gravius  accidisset,  cum 
ipse  eum  locum  amicitiae  aqud  eum  teneret,  neminem  existi¬ 
maturum  non  sua  voluntate  factum ;  qua  ex  re  futurum,  uti 
totius  Galliae8  animi  a  se  averterentur.  Caesar  ejus  dextram 
prendit ;  Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat ;  fratrem  adhibet ;  quae  ih 
eo  reprehendat  ostendit ;  monet  ut  in  reliquum  tempus  omnes 
suspiciones  vitet. 

12.  Eodem  die,  ab  exploratoribus  certior2  factus  hostes  sub 
monte  consedisse  millia23  passuum  ab  ipsius  castris  octo,  qualis 
esset45  natura  montis,  et  qualis  in  circuitu  adscensus,  qui  cog¬ 
noscerent44  misit.  Renuntiatum  est  facilem  esse.  De  tertia 
vigilia  Titum  Labienum,  legatum,  cum  duobus  legionibus 
summum  jugum  montis  adscendere  jubet.  Ipse  de  quarta 
vigilia  eodem  itinere,  quo  hostes  ierant,  ad  eos  contendit ; 
equitatumque  omnem  ante  se  mittit.  Prima  luce,  cum  sum- 


140 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


mus  mons  a  Tito  Labieno  teneretur,  ipse  ab  hostium  castris 
non  longius  mille  et  quingentis  passibus  abesset,  neque  aut 
ipsius  adventus,  aut  Labieni,  cognitus  esset,  Considius,  equo 
admisso,  ad  eum  accurrit ;  dicit  montem,  quem  a  Labieno 
occupari  voluerit,  ab  hostibus27  teneri;  id  se  ex  Gallicis  armis 
atque  insignibus  cognovisse.  Caesar  suas  copias  in  proximum 
collem  subducit,  aciem  instruit.  Labienus,  ut  erat  ei  prae¬ 
ceptum  (ut  undique  uno  tempore  in  hostes  impetus  fieret), 
monte  occupato,  nostros  exspectabat,  proelioque  abstinebat. 
Multo  denique  die,  per  exploratores  Caesar  cognovit  montem 
a  suis  teneri,  et  Considium,  perterritum,  quod4  non  vidisset 
pro  viso  renuntiasse.  Eo  die,  quo  consuerat  intervallo,  hos¬ 
tes  sequitur ;  et  millia  passuum  tria  ab  eorum  castris  castra 
ponit. 

13.  Postridie  ejus  diei,  quod  omnino  biduum  supererat 
cum  exercitui  frumentum  metiri  oporteret,  et  quod  a  Bi¬ 
bracte,  oppido  yEduorum  longe  maximo  et  copiosissimo,  non 
amplius  millibus  passuum  duodeviginti  aberat,  rei  frumen¬ 
tariae18  prospiciendum  existimavit,  ac  Bibracte36  ire  contendit. 
Helvetii,  seu  quod  perterritos  Romanos  discedere  existimarent, 
sive  quod  re  frumentaria28  intercludi  posse  confiderent,  itinere 
converso,  nostros  a  novissimo  agmine  insequi  ac  lacessere 
coeperunt.  Postquam  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar 
in  proximum  collem  subducit ;  equitatumque,  qui  sustineret 
hostium  impetum,  misit.  Ipse  interim  in  colle  medio  tri¬ 
plicem  aciem  instruxit.  Sarcinas  in  unum  locum  conferri,  et 
eum  ab  iis,  qui  in  superiore  acie  constiterant,  muniri  jussit. 
Helvetii,  cum  omnibus  suis  carris  secuti,  impedimenta  in 
unum  locum  contulerunt.  Ipsi  confertissima  acie,26  rejecto 
nostro  equitatu,  phalange  facta,  sub  primam  nostram  aciem 
successerunt.  Caesar,  primum  suo35  deinde  omnium  remotis35 
equis,  ut  spem  fugae  tolleret,  cohortatus  suos,  proelium  com¬ 
misit.  Milites,  e  loco  superiore  pilis  missis,  facile  hostium 
phalangem  perfregerunt.  Ea  desjecta,  gladiis  districtis  in  eos 
impetum  fecerunt. 

14.  Gallis20  magno  erat  impedimento,20  quod,  pluribus  eo- 


THE  HELVETIAN  WAR. 


141 


rum  scutis85  uno  ictu26  pilorum  transfixis  et  colligatis,  cum 
ferrum  se  inflexisset,  neque  evellere,  neque,  sinistra  impedita, 
satis  commode  pugnare  poterant.  Tandem  vulneribus  defessi, 
et  pedem  referre,  et,  quod  mons  suberat  circiter  mille  pas¬ 
suum,  eo  se  recipere  coeperunt.  Capto  monte,  et  succedenti¬ 
bus  nostris,  Boii  et  Tulingi,  qui  agmen  hostium  claudebant, 
ex  itinere  nostros  aggressi,  circumvenere ;  et  id  conspicati 
Helvetii,  qui  in  montem  se  receperant,  rursus  instare  et  proe¬ 
lium  redintegrare  coeperunt.  Romani  conversa  signa  bipartito 
intulerunt ;  prima  et  secunda  acies,  ut  victis16  ac  submotis  re¬ 
sisteret;  tertia,  ut  venientes  exciperet.  Ita  ancipiti  proelio 
diu  atque  acriter  pugnatum  est.  Diutius  cum  nostrorum 
impetus  sustinere  non  possent,  alteri  se,  ut  coeperant,  in  mon¬ 
tem  receperunt ;  alteri  ad  impedimenta  et  carros  suos  se  con¬ 
tulerunt.  Nam  hoc  toto  proelio,  cum  ab  hora  septima  ad 
vesperum  pugnatum  sit,  aversum  hostem  videre  nemo  potuit. 
Ad  multam  noctem  etiam  ad  impedimenta  pugnatum  est ; 
propterea  quod  pro  vallo  carros  objecerant.  Impedimentis 
castrisque  nostri  potiti  sunt.  Ibi  Orgetorigis  filia  atque  unus  — 
e  filiis  captus  est.  Ex  eo  proelio  circiter  millia  hominum  cen¬ 
tum  et  triginta  superfuerunt,  eaque  tota  nocte  ierunt ;  in  fines 
Lingonum  die34  quarto  pervenerunt ;  cum,  et  propter  vulnera 
militum  et  sepulturam  occisorum,  nostri  eos  sequi  non  potuis¬ 
sent.  Caesar  ad  Lingones  literas  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos 
frumento  ne  ve  alia  re  juvarent.  Ipse,  triduo  intermisso,  cum 
omnibus  copiis  eos  sequi  coepit. 

15.  Helvetii,  omnium  rerum  inopia  adducti,  legatos  de  dedi¬ 
tione  ad  eum  miserunt.  Qui  cum  se  ad  pedes  projecissent, 
suppliciterque  locuti  pacem  petissent,  atque  eos  in  eo  loco,  quo 
tum  essent,  adventum  suum  exspectare  j ussisset,  paruerunt. 
Eo  postquam  pervenit,  obsides,  arma,  servos,  qui  ad  eos  per¬ 
fugissent,  poposcit.  Helvetios  in  fines  suos  reverti  jussit ;  et 
quod,  omnibus  frugibus  amissis,  domi36  nihil  erat,  Allobrogi¬ 
bus  imperavit,  ut  iis  frumenti  copiam  facerent ;  ipsos  oppida 
vicosque,  quos  incenderant,  restituere  jussit,  quod  noluit  eum 
locum 22  vacare,89  ne,  propter  bonitatem  agrorum  Germani  in 


142 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Helvetiorum  fines  transirent.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae 
repertae  sunt,  literis  Graecis  confectae,  quibus  in  tabulis  nomi- 
natim  ratio  confecta  erat,  qui  numerus  domo86  exisset45  eorum, 
qui  arma  ferre  possent ;  et  item  separatim  pueri,  senes,  mulie¬ 
resque.  Summa  omnium  fuerat  ad  millia  trecenta  sexaginta 
et  octo.  Eorum,  qui  domum  redierunt,  repertus  est  numerus 
millium  centum  et  decem. 


♦ - 

X.  THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 

1.  Bello  Helvetiorum  confecto,  totius  fere  Galliae  legati, 
principes  civitatum,  ad  Caesarem  gratulatum  convenerunt  : 
intelligere  sese,  tametsi,  pro  veteribus  Helvetiorum  injuriis 
populi  Romani,  ab  iis  poenas  repetisset,  tamen  eam  rem  non 
minus  ex  usu  terrae  Galliae  quam  populi  Romani  accidisse ; 
propterea  quod,  florentissimis  rebus,  domos  suas  Helvetii  reli¬ 
quissent,  ut  toti  Galliae18  bellum  inferrent,  imperioque  potiren¬ 
tur  ;  locumque  domicilio  deligerent,  quem  opportunissimum 
ac  fructuosissimum  judicassent ;  reliquasque  civitates  stipen¬ 
diarias  haberent.  Petierunt,  uti  sibi  concilium  totius  Galliae 
in  diem  certam  indicere  liceret;  sese  habere  quasdam  res, 
quas  ex  communi  consensu  ab  eo  petere  vellent.  Ea  re  per¬ 
missa,  jurejurando  ne  quis  enuntiaret  inter  se  sanxerunt.  Eo 
concilio  dimisso,  iidem  principes,  qui  ante  fuerant  ad  Caesarem, 
reverterunt  petieruntque  uti  sibi14  secreto  de  omnium  salute 
cum  eo  agere  liceret.  Ea  re  impetrata,  sese  omnes  flentes 
Caesari  ad  pedes  projecerunt :  Non  minus  se  contendere,  ne 
ea,  quae  dixissent,  enuntiarentur,  quam  uti  ea  quae  vellent 
impetrarent;  propterea  quod,  si  enuntiatum  esset,  summum 
in  cruciatum  se  venturos  viderent. 

2.  Locutus  est  pro  his  Divitiacus  :  Galliae  totius  factiones 
esse  duas ;  harum  alterius  principatum  tenere  iEduos,  alterius 
Arvernos.  Hi  cum  de  potentatu  inter  se  multos  annos  con- 


THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 


143 


tenderent,  factum  esse,  uti  ab  Arvernis27  Sequanisque  Ger¬ 
mani  mercede26  arcesserentur.  Horum  primo  circiter  millia 
quindecim  Rhenum  transisse ;  posteaquam  agros,  cultum,  et 
copias  Gallorum  hojnines  barbari  adamassent,  transductos  esse 
plures.  Nunc  esse  in  Gallia  ad  centum  et  viginti  millium 
numerum;  cum  his  iEduos  eorumque  clientes  semel  atque 
iterum  contendisse ;  pulsos,  omnem  nobilitatem,21  omnem  se¬ 
natum,  omnem  equitatum  amisisse.  Quibus  calamitatibus, 
qui  plurimum  ante  in  Qallia  potuissent,  coactos  esse  Sequanis 
obsides  dare,  nobilissimos  civitatis,  et  jurejurando  civitatem 
obstringere,  sese22  neque  obsides  repetituros,  neque  auxilium 
a  populo  Romano  imploraturos,  neque  recusaturos  quominus 
perpetuo  sub  illorum  imperio  essent.  Unum  se  esse  ex  omni 
civitate  iEduorum,  qui  adduci  non  potuerit,  ut  juraret,  aut 
liberos  suos  obsides  daret.  Ob  eam  rem  se22  ex  civitate  pro¬ 
fugisse,  et  Romam86  venisse,  auxilium  postulatum.42  Sed 
pejus  victoribus  Sequanis,  quam  JEduis  victis  accidisse;  prop- 
terea  quod  Ariovistus,  rex  Germanorum,  in  eorum  finibus 
consedisset,  tertiamque  partem  agri  Sequani  occupavisset. 
Futurum  esse  paucis  annis,  uti  omnes  ex  Galliae  finibus  pel¬ 
lerentur,  atque  omnes  Germani  Rhenum  transirent.  Ariovis¬ 
tum  autem,  ut  semel  Gallorum  copias  proelio  vicerit,  superbe 
et  crudeliter  imperare,  obsides  nobilissimi  cuj usque  liberos 
poscere,  et  in  eos  omnia  exempla  cruciatusque  edere.  Homi¬ 
nem  esse  barbarum,  iracundum,  temerarium;  non  posse  ejus 
imperia22  diutius  sustineri.  Nisi  si  quid  in  populo  Romano 
sit  auxilii,10  omnibus  Gallis  idem22  esse  faciendum,89  quod4 
Helvetii  fecerint,  ut  alias  sedes,  remotas  a  Germanis,  petant ; 
fortunamque,  quaecunque  accidat,  experiantur.  Caesarem 
deterrere88  posse,89  ne  major  multitudo  Germanorum  Rhenum 
transducatur. 

3.  Hac  oratione  habita,  omnes,  qui4  aderant,  magno  fletu 
auxilium  a  Caesare  petere  coeperunt.  Animadvertit  Caesar, 
unos  Sequanos22  nihil  earum  rerum10  facere,89  quas21  ceteri 
facerent ;  sed  tristes  terram  intueri.  Ejus  rei  causa  quae 
esset,46  cum  ab  iis  saepius  quaereret,  neque  ullam  omnino 


144 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


vocem  exprimere  posset,  idem  Divitiacus  respondit :  Hoc  esse 
graviorem  fortunam  Sequanorum  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  qui¬ 
dem  queri,38  neque  auxilium  implorare,88  auderent,  absentis- 
que  Ariovisti  crudelitatem,  velut  si  adesset,  horrerent.  His 
rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  Gallorum  animos  confirmavit  :  mag¬ 
nam22  se  habere39  spem,21  beneficio  suo  adductum,  Ariovistum 
finem  injuriis  facturum.  Multae  res  eum  hortabantur,  quare 
eam  rem22  cogitandam  et  suscipiendam  putaret;  imprimis, 
quod  iEduos,  fratres  saepenumero  a  senatu  appellatos,  in  ser¬ 
vitute  videbat  Germanorum  teneri ;  quod,  in  tanto  imperio 
populi  Romani,  turpissimum  sibi  et  reipublicae  esse  arbitra¬ 
batur.  Germanos 22  Rhenum  transire 39  periculosum  videbat ; 
neque  sibi  temperaturos  existimabat,  quin,  ut  ante  Cimbri 
Teuton ique  fecissent,  in  provinciam,  atque  inde  in  Italiam, 
contenderent;  quibus  rebus18  quam  maturrime  occurrendum 
putabat. 

4.  Quamobrem  placuit  ei,14  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mitte¬ 
ret,  qui  ab  eo  postularent,44  uti  aliquem  locum  medium  collo¬ 
quio  diceret :  Velle39  sese22  de  republica  et  summis  utriusque 
rebus  cum  eo  agere.38  Ei  legationi  Ariovistus  respondit :  Si 
quid  ipsi17  a  Caesare  opus  esset,  sese  ad  eum  venturum  fuisse; 
si  quid  ille  se  velit,  illum  ad  se  venire  oportere ;  sibi  autem 
mirum  videri,  quid  in  sua  Gallia,  quam  bello  vicisset,  aut 
Caesari17  aut  omnino  populo17  Romano  negotii10  esset.  His 
responsis  ad  Caesarem  relatis,  iterum  legatos  cum  his  mandatis 
mittit :  Quoniam,  beneficio  affectus,  hanc  sibi  populoque  Ro¬ 
mano  gratiam  referret,  haec  esse,  quae  ab  eo  postularet ;  pri¬ 
mum,  ne  quam  hominum  multitudinem  amplius  trans  Rhenum 
in  Galliam  transduceret ;  deinde  obsides,  qnos  haberet  ab 
AEduis,  redderet;  neve  his14  sociisve14  eorum  bellum  infer¬ 
ret.  Si  id  non  impetraret,  sese, 22  quoniam  senatus  censu- 
isset,  uti,  quicunque  Galliam  provinciam  obtineret,  amicos 
populi  Romani  defenderet,  AEduorum  injurias  non  neglec¬ 
turum.39 

5.  Ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit  :  Jus  esse  belli,  ut,  qui 
vicissent,  quemadmodum  vellent,  imperarent ;  populum  Ro- 


THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 


145 


manum  victis,16  non  ad  alterius  praescriptum,  sed  ad  suum  ar¬ 
bitrium,  imperare  consuesse.  HSduos22  sibi,  quoniam  belli 
fortunam  tentassent,  ac  superati  essent,  stipendiarios1  esse 
factos.39  Se22  obsides  redditurum  non  esse;  neque  bellum21 
illaturum,  si  stipendium  quotannis  penderent.  Caesar,  cum 
vellet,  congrederetur ;  intellecturum,  quid  invicti  Germani, 
qui  inter  annos  quatuordecim  tectum  non  subissent,  virtute 
possent.  Eodem  tempore  legati  ab  JEduis  et  Treviris  venie¬ 
bant  ;  JEdui  questum,42  quod  Harudes,  qui  nuper  in  Galliam 
transportati  essent,  fines  eorum  popularentur;  Treviri,  pagos 
centum  Suevorum  ad  ripas  Rheni  consedisse,  qui  transire  co¬ 
narentur.  Quibus  rebus  Caesar  vehementer  commotus  matu¬ 
randum  sibi  existimavit,  ne,  si  nova  manus  cum  veteribus 
copiis  Ariovisti  sese21  conjunxisset,  minus  facile  resisti  posset. 
Itaque,  re  frumentaria  comparata,  magnis  itineribus26  ad  Ario¬ 
vistum  contendit. 

6.  Cum  tridui  viam21  processisset,  nuntiatum  est  ei  Ario¬ 
vistum22  cum  omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum  Vesontionem, 
quod4  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum,  contendere,89  tri¬ 
duique  viam  a  suis  finibus  processisse.39  Id  ne  accideret, 
praecavendum  Caesar  existimabat.  Namque  omnium  rerum,8 
quae  ad  bellum  usui  erant,  summa  erat  in  eo  facultas ;  idque 
natura26  loci  sic  muniebatur,  ut  magnam  ad  ducendum41  bel¬ 
lum  daret  facultatem ;  propterea  quod  flumen  Dubis  paene 
totum  oppidum  cingit ;  reliquum  spatium  mons  continet,  ita 
ut  radices  ex  utraque  parte  ripae  fluminis  contingant.  Hunc 
murus  arcem  efficit,  et  cum  oppido  conjungit.  Caesar,  occu¬ 
pato  oppido,  ibi  praesidium  collocat.  Dum  paucos  dies  rei 
frumentariae  causa26  moratur,  ex  percunctatione26  nostrorum 
vocibusque26  Gallorum  ac  mercatorum,  qui  ingenti  magnitu¬ 
dine26  corporum  Germanos,22  incredibili  virtute26  atque  exer¬ 
citatione  in  armis,  esse  praedicabant ;  saepenumero  sese,  cum 
iis  congressos,  ne  vultum  quidem  atque  aciem  oculorum  ferre 
potuisse ;  tantus  subito  timor  exercitum  occupavit,  ut  omnium 
mentes  animosque  perturbaret.  Hic  ortus  est  a  tribunis 

militum  reliquisque,  qui,  amicitiae  causa  Caesarem  secuti,  non 

10 


146 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


magnum  in  re  militari  usum  habebant.  Alius  alia  causa85 
illata  petebant,  ut  discedere  liceret;  nonnulli,  ut  timoris  suspi¬ 
cionem  vitarent,  remanebant.  Hi,  abditi  in  tabernaculis,  aut 
suum  fatum  querebantur,  aut  cum  familiaribus  suis  commune 
periculum  miserabantur.  Totis  castris  testamenta  obsigna¬ 
bantur.  Horum  vocibus26  etiam  ii,  qui4  magnum  in  castris 
usum  habebant,  perturbabantur.  Qui  se22  minus  timidos24 
existimari  volebant,  non  se  hostem  vereri,  sed  angustias  itine¬ 
ris,  et  magnitudinem  silvarum,  quae  intercederent  inter  ipsos 
atque  Ariovistum,  dicebant.  Nonnulli-  etiam  Caesari  renunti¬ 
abant,  cum  castra22  moveri  ac  signa  ferri  jussisset,  non  fore 
dicto  audientes  milites. 

7.  Haec21  cum  animadvertisset,  convocato  consilio  omnium- 
que  ordinum  adhibitis  centurionibus,  vehementer  eos  incu¬ 
savit  ;  quod,  aut  quam  in  partem,  aut  quo  consilio  ducerentur, 
sibi  quaerendum  aut  cogitandum  putarent  :  Ariovistum  cu¬ 
pidissime  populi  Romani  amicitiam  appetisse  :  cur  hunc 
temere  quisquam  ab  officio  discessurum  judicaret  1  Sibi 16 
quidem  persuaderi,  cognitis  postulatis,  eum22  neque  suam 
neque  populi  Romani  gratiam  repudiaturum.  Quod  si,  fu¬ 
rore  impulsus,  bellum  intulisset,  cur  de  sua  virtute  aut  de 
ipsius  diligentia  desperarent  1  Factum  ejus  hostis  periculum, 
cum,  Cimbris  et  Teutonis  a  Caio  Mario  pulsis,  non  minorem 
laudem  exercitus,  quam  imperator,  meritus38  videbatur.  Fac¬ 
tum  etiam  nuper  in  Italia  servili  tumultu.34  Ex  quo  judicari 
posset,  quantum  haberet  in  se  boni10  constantia;  propterea 
quod,  quos  aliquamdiu  inermes  timuissent,  hos  armatos  supe- 
rassent.  Denique  hos  esse  eosdem,  quibuscum  saepenumero 
Helvetii  congressi,  non  solum  in  suis  sed  etiam  in  illorum 
finibus,  plerumque  superarint,  qui  tamen  pares  esse  nostro 
exercitu  non  potuerint.  Si  quos  adversum  proelium  Gallorum 
moveret,  hos  reperire  posse,  Ariovistum,22  cum  multos  menses 
castris  se  tenuisset,  desperantes21  de  pugna  et  dispersos  subito 
adortum39  magis  consilio  quam  virtute  vicisse.  Qui  suum 
timorem  in  angustias  conferrent,  facere  arroganter,  cum  aut 
de  officio  imperatoris  desperare,  aut  ei  praescribere,  viderentur. 


THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 


147 


Quod  non  fore  dicto  audientes  milites  dicantur,  nihil24  se22  ea 
re  commoveri,  et  proxima  nocte  de  quarta  vigilia  castra  mo¬ 
turum,  ut  quam  primum  intelligere  posset,  utrum  apud  eos 
officium  an  timor  valeret.  Si  praeterea  nemo  sequatur,  tamen 
se  cum  sola  decima  legione  iturum,  de  qua  non  dubitaret, 
sibique17  eam  praetoriam  cohortem  futuram. 

8.  Hac  oratione  habita,  mirum  in  modum  conversae  sunt 
omnium  mentes,  summaque  cupiditas  belli  gerendi  innata  est; 
princepsque  decima  legio  per  tribunos  ei  gratias  egit,  quod  de 
se  optimum  judicium  fecisset.  Deinde  reliquae  legiones  ege¬ 
runt,  uti  Caesari  satisfacerent ;  et,  itinere  exquisito  per  Divi¬ 
tiacum,  quod  ei  maximam  fidem  habebat,  de  quarta  vigilia,  ut 
dixerat,  profectus  est.  Septimo  die  ab  exploratoribus27  certior 
factus  est,  Ariovisti  copias  a  nostris  millibus  passuum  quattuor 
et  viginti  abesse.  Cognito  Caesaris  adventu,  Ariovistus  legatos 
ad  eum  mittit :  Quod  antea  de  colloquio  postulasset,  id22  fieri 
licere,39  quoniam  propius  accessisset.  Non  respuit  conditio¬ 
nem  Caesar;  magnamque  in  spem  veniebat,  pro  suis  populi¬ 
que  Romani  in  eum  beneficiis,  fore  uti  pertinacia28  desisteret. 
Dies  colloquio  dictus  est,  ex  eo  die  quintus.  Interim  Ariovis¬ 
tus  postulavit,  ne  quem  peditem  Caesar  adduceret ;  uterque 
cum  equitatu  veniret ;  alia  ratione  se  non  esse  venturum. 
Caesar,  quod  neque  colloquium22  tolli  volebat,  neque  salutem 
suam  Gallorum  equitatui  committere  audebat,  commodissi¬ 
mum  esse  statuit,  omnibus  equis  Gallis  equitibus  detractis,  eo 
milites  legionis  decimae  imponere,  ut  praesidium  quam  amicis¬ 
simum  haberet.  Planities  erat  magna,  et  in  ea  tumulus  ter¬ 
renus.  Hic  locus  aequo  fere  spatio  ab  castris  utrisque  aberat. 
Eo  ad  colloquium  venerunt.  Legionem  Caesar  passibus  ducen¬ 
tis  ab  eo  tumulo  constituit ;  equites  Ariovisti  pari  intervallo 
constiterunt. 

9.  Ariovistus,  ex  equis  ut  colloquerentur,  et  praeter  se  denos 
ut  ad  colloquium  adducerent,  postulavit.  Caesar  initio  ora¬ 
tionis  beneficia  commemoravit ;  quod  rex  appellatus  esset  a 
senatu ;  quod  munera  amplissima  missa ;  quam  rem  et  paucis 
contigisse  et  pro  magnis  officiis  docebat.  Docebat  etiam,  quam 


148 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


veteres  quamque  justae  causae  necessitudinis  ipsis  cum  iEduis 
intercederent ;  quae  senatus  consulta,  quamque  honorifica,  in 
eos  facta  essent ;  ut  omni  tempore  totius  Galliae  principatum 
tenuissent.  Postulavit  deinde  eadem,  quae4  legatis  in  mandatis 
dederat.  Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Caesaris  respondit :  Trans¬ 
isse  Rhenum  sese 22  non  sua  sponte,  sed  arcessitum 39  a  Gallis ; 27 
sedes  habere  ab  ipsis  concessas ;  obsides  ipsorum  voluntate 
datos;  stipendium21  capere  jure  belli ;  non  se  Gallis18  bellum 
intulisse ;  omnes  Galliae  civitates  ad  se  oppugnandum41  ve¬ 
nisse  ;  et  uno  proelio  superatas  esse.  Si  iterum  experiri  velint, 
iterum  paratum  sese  decertare;  si  pace  uti  velint,  iniquum 
esse  de  stipendio  recusare,  quod  sua  voluntate  ad  id  tempus 
pependerint.  Amicitiam  populi  Romani  sibi20  praesidio20  non 
detrimento  esse  oportere.  Quod  multitudinem  Germanorum 
in  Galliam  transducat,  id21  se22  sui  muniendi  non  Galliae  im¬ 
pugnandae  causa  facere.  Se  prius  in  Galliam  venisse  quam 
populum  Romanum.  Nunquam  ante  hoc  tempus  exercitum 
populi  Romani  provinciae  fines  egressum.  Quid  sibi  vellet] 
Cur  in  suas  possessiones  veniret  ]  Provinciam  suam  hanc 
esse  sicut  illam  nostram.  Ut  ipsi  concedi  non  oporteret,  si  in 
nostros  fines  impetum  faceret,  sic  item  nos  esse  iniquos,  qui  in 
suo  j  ure  se  interpellaremus. 

10.  Multa  ab  Caesare27  dicta  sunt,  quare  negotio28  desistere 
non  posset :  Neque  suam  neque  populi  Romani  consuetudinem 
pati,  uti  optime  meritos  socios  desereret ;  neque  se  judicare, 
Galliam  potius  esse  Ariovisti  quam  populi  Romani.  Si  judi¬ 
cium  senatus9  observari  oporteret,  liberam  debere  esse  Gal¬ 
liam,  quam  bello  victam  suis  legibus31  uti38  voluisset.  Dum 
haec  in  colloquio  geruntur,  Caesari  nuntiatum  est  equites  Ario¬ 
visti  propius  tumulum  accedere,  et  lapides21  telaque  in  nostros 
conjicere.  Caesar  loquendi  finem  fecit;  se  ad  suos  recipit; 
imperavit  ne  quod  omnino  telum  in  hostes  rejicerent.  Nam, 
etsi  sine  ullo  periculo  legionis  delectae  proelium  fore  videbat, 
tamen  committendum  non  putabat,  ut,  pulsis  hostibus,  dici 
posset,  ab  se  in  colloquio  circumventos.  Posteaquam  in  vul¬ 
gus  militum  elatum  est,  qua  arrogantia  Ariovistus  usus  Gallia 


THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 


149 


Romanis18  interdixisset,  impetumque  in  nostros  ejus  equites 
fecissent,  multo  major  alacritas  studiumque  pugnandi  exer¬ 
citui18  injectum  est. 

11.  Biduo  post  Ariovistus  ad  Caesarem  legatos  mittit,  velle89 
se22  agere88  cum  eo;  uti  aut  iterum  colloquio  diem  consti¬ 
tueret,  aut  ex  legatis  aliquem  ad  se  mitteret.  Colloquendi 
Caesari  causa  visa  non  est.  Legatum  ex  suis  sese  magno  cum 
periculo  ad  eum  missurum,  et  hominibus18  feris  objecturum, 
existimabat.  Commodissimum  visum  est,  Caium  Valerium 
Procillum  propter  fidem  et  propter  linguae  Gallicae  scientiam, 
qua81  multa  jam  Ariovistus  utebatur,  ad  eum  mittere,  et  Mar¬ 
cum  Mettium,  qui  hospitio  Ariovisti  usus  erat.  Quos  cum  in 
castris  conspexisset,  conclamavit :  Quid  ad  se  venirent  ?  an 
speculandi  causa?  et  in  catenas  conjecit.  Eodem  die  castra 
promovit,  et  milibus  passuum  sex  a  Caesaris  castris  sub  monte 
consedit.  Postridie  praeter  castra  Caesaris  suas  copias  trans- 
duxit,  et  milibus  passuum  duobus38  ultra  eum  castra  fecit;  eo 

consilio,26  uti  commeatu,28  qui  ex  Sequanis  et  Aeduis  supporta- 

* 

retur,  Caesarem  intercluderet.  Dies  continuos  quinque  Caesar 
pro  castris  suas  copias  produxit,  ut,  si  vellet  Ariovistus  proelio 
contendere,  ei  potestas  non  deesset.  Ariovistus  exercitum 
castris  continuit ;  equestri  proelio  quotidie  contendit. 

12.  Ubi  eum22  castris  se21  tenere89  Caesar  intellexit,  ne 
diutius  commeatu28  prohiberetur,  ultra  eum  locum  circiter 
passus  sexcentos  castris  idoneum  locum  delegit ;  acieque  tri¬ 
plici  instructa,  primam  et  secundam  in  armis  esse,  tertiam 
castra  munire  jussit.  Eo  circiter  hominum  numero  sexdecim 
milia  expedita  Ariovistus  misit ;  quae  copiae  nostros  muni¬ 
tione  prohiberent.  Caesar,  ut  ante  constituerat,  duas  acies 
hostem  propulsare,  tertiam  opus  perficere  jussit.  Munitis  cas¬ 
tris,  duas  ibi  legiones  reliquit,  quattuor  reliquas  in  castra  ma¬ 
jora  reduxit.  Proximo  die  Caesar  e  castris  utrisque  copias 
suas  eduxit ;  paulum  que  a  majoribus  progressus,  aciem  in¬ 
struxit,  hostibusque  pugnandi  potestatem  fecit.  Ubi  ne  tum 
quidem  eos  prodire  intellexit,  circiter  meridiem  exercitum  in 
castra  reduxit.  Tum  demum  Ariovistus  partem  suarum  copi- 


150 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


arum,  quae  castra  minora  oppugnaret,44  misit.  Acriter  utrin- 
que  pugnatum  est.  Solis  occasu34  copias  Ariovistus,  multis  et 
illatis  et  acceptis  vulneribus,  in  castra  reduxit. 

13.  Cum  ex  captivis  quaereret  Caesar,  quam  ob  rem  Ario¬ 
vistus  proelio26  non  decertaret,  hanc  reperiebat  causam;  quod 
apud  Germanos  consuetudo  esset,  ut  matres  familiae  sortibus 
et  vaticinationibus  declararent,  utrum  proelium  committi  ex 
usu  esset,  necne;  eas  dicere:  Non  esse  fas  Germanos  superare, 
si  ante  novam  lunam  proelio  contendissent.  Postridie  Caesar 
omnes  alarios  in  conspectu  hostium  pro  castris  minoribus  con¬ 
stituit,  quod  minus  multitudine  militum  legionariorum  pro 
hostium  numero  valebat.  Ipse,  triplici  instructa  acie,  usque 
ad  castra  hostium  accessit.  Tum  demum  necessario  Germani 
suas  copias  eduxerunt ;  omnemque  aciem  rhedis  et  carris  cir¬ 
cumdederunt,  ne  qua  spes  in  fuga  relinqueretur.  Eo  mulieres 
imposuerunt,  quae  in  proelium  proficiscentes  milites,  passis  ma¬ 
nibus,  flentes  implorabant,  ne  se  Romanis  traderent. 

14.  Caesar  singulis  legionibus  singulos  legatos  et  quaestorem 
praefecit,  uti  testes21  quisque  virtutis  haberet.  Ipse  a  dextro 
cornu,  quod  eam  partem22  minime  firmam  hostium  esse  ani¬ 
mum  adverterat,  proelium  commisit.  Ita  nostri  acriter  in  hos¬ 
tes,  signo  dato,  impetum  fecerunt ;  itaque  hostes  celeriter  pro¬ 
currerunt,  ut  spatium  pila  in  hostes  conjiciendi  non  daretur. 
Rejectis  pilis,  gladiis  pugnatum  est.  At  Germani,  celeriter 
phalange  facta,  impetus21  gladiorum  exceperunt.  Reperti 
sunt  complures  nostri  milites,  qui  in  phalangas  insilirent,  et 
scuta  manibus  revellerent,  et  desuper  vulnerarent.  Cum  hos¬ 
tium  acies  a  sinistro  cornu  pulsa  atque  in  fugam  conversa 
esset,  a  dextro  cornu  vehementer  multitudine  suorum  nostram 
aciem  premebant.  Id21  cum  animadvertisset  Publius  Crassus 
adolescens,  qui  equitatui18  praeerat,  tertiam  aciem  subsidio20 
misit.  Ita  proelium  restitutum  est,  atque  omnes  hostes  terga 
verterunt,  neque  prius  fugere38  destiterunt,  quam  ad  flumen 
Rhenum,  milia  passuum  ex  eo  loco  circiter  quinquaginta, 
pervenerint.  Ibi  perpauci,  aut  viribus  confisi  transnatare 
contenderunt,  aut  lintribus  inventis  sibi  salutem  repererunt. 


THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 


151 


In  his  fuit  Ariovistus,  qui,  naviculam  deligatam  ad  ripam 
nactus,  ea  profugit;  reliquos  omnes  consecuti  equites  nostri 
interfecerunt. 

15.  Duae  Ariovisti  uxores  in  ea  fuga  perierunt;  duae  filiae 
harum,  altera  occisa,  altera  capta  est.  Caius  Valerius  Procillus, 
cum  a  custodibus  in  fuga,  trinis  catenis26  vinctus,  traheretur, 
in  ipsum  Caesarem  hostes  persequentem  incidit.  Quae  quidem 
res  Caesari  non  minorem  quam  ipsa  victoria  voluptatem  at¬ 
tulit.  Is,  se  praesente,  de  se  ter  sortibus  consultum  dicebat, 
utrum  igni  statim  necaretur,  an  in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur ; 
sortium  beneficio  se  esse  incolumem.  Item  Marcus  Mettius  ad 
eum  reductus  est.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  nuntiato,  Suevi, 
qui  ad  ripas  Rheni  venerant,  domum  reverti  coeperunt.  Ubii 
magnum  ex  his  numerum  occiderunt.  Caesar,  una  aestate 
duobus  maximis  bellis  confectis,  maturius  paulo  quam  tempus 
anni  postulabat,  in  hiberna  in  Sequanos  exercitum  deduxit ; 
hibernis  Labienum  praeposuit ;  ipse  in  citeriorem  Galliam  ad 
conventus  agendos  profectus  est. 


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NOTES 


♦ 


I.  FABLES. 

4* 

1.  domus:  genitive,  4th  declension,  §  70,  f ;  how  does  it  differ  in 
meaning  from  domi? — praetereuntem  agrees  with  lupum,  object  of 
vidit. 

2.  subveni  (imperative),  help.  — puero,  etc.,  reproached  to  the  boy  his 
rashness  ;  we  should  say,  reproached  him  for  his  rashness. 

3.  malum  (nominative),  understand  me  ludificat. 

4.  pellem  indutus,  having  put  on  the  skin ,  §  240,  c,  note.  —  audissem 
for  audivissem,  §  128,  a. 

5.  tene  ....  sectari,  you  hunt  a  lion  ?  see  §  274.  —  ne  .  .  .  . 

quidem,  not  even :  whose  voice  even  you  could  not  endure. 

6.  pontificem  sacrificaturum  sc.  esse,  that  the  priest  would ,  etc. :  see 
§  336.  —  mallem,  would  rather ,  §  267,  c. 

7.  quae:  for  the  gender,  see  §  199. 

8.  aucupis :  for  the  form,  see  §  45,  a. 

9.  singulos  correptos  comedebat,  caught  and  ate  them ,  one  by  one : 
see  §  292.  —  dum  capiuntur,  see  §  276,  e  :  we  should  use  a  past  tense  in 
English.  —  simulavit  se  esse  mortuam,  pretended  to  be  dead ,  §  330,  d. 

10.  justa,  justly ;  lit.  just  things :  see  §  148,  e,  £  ;  §  189,  b. 

11.  rata  hanc  parituram  [esse],  supposing  that  she  would  lay,  §  336  ; 
§  290,  b. 

12.  quo  :  generally  used  instead  of  ut  with  comparatives,  §  317. 

13.  usque, /or  a  while. 

14.  ut  fieri  solet,  as  often  happens.  — frangerent!  for  the  tense,  see 
§  287,  e.  —  quam  firma  res  esset,  how  strong  a  thing  is,  etc. :  see 
§  287,  d. 

15.  in  palude,  see  §  260. 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


154 


II.  TALES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

These  extracts  have  been  taken  from  Viri  Romce ,  a  compilation 
made  in  the  last  century  from  Livy,  Y alerius  Maximus,  and  other 
historical  writers.  The  earlier  tales,  though  very  famous,  are  en¬ 
titled  to  little  credit  as  history,  but  contain  such  traditions  as  were 
current  at  the  time  of  the  empire. 

1.  rex  Albanorum.  The  Albans  were  citizens  of  Alba  Longa  ( the 
long  white  city),  the  chief  city  of  Latium.  It  was  situated  on  the  Alban 
Lake  about  twenty  miles  southeast  from  Rome.  It  was  at  the  head  of 
the  league  of  the  thirty  Latin  cities,  until  supplanted  by  Rome.  —  natu 
major,  lit.  greater  by  birth,  i.  e.  older ;  for  the  ablative  of  natu  see 
Rule  26  ;  how  is  major  compared?  what  kind  of  a  clause  is  qui  natu 
major  erat  ?  —  regnum  (same  root  with  rego,  to  rule)  is  the  royal 
power.  —  pulso  fratre,  lit.  his  brother  having  been  expelled,  or,  when  he 
had  expelled  his  brother  ;  for  the  case  of  fratre,  see  Rule  35.  Notice 
that  the  noun  in  the  ablative  absolute  denotes  a  different  person  or  thing 
from  the  subject  of  the  sentence. — ut  eum  subole  privaret,  this  is  a 
final  clause  depending  on  fecit,  and  denotes  the  purpose  of  the  action. 
Why  is  privaret  in  the  imperfect  tense  ? — ejus  refers  to  Numitor;  if 
Amulius  had  been  referred  to,  suam  would  have  been  used. — Vestae. 
The  priestesses  of  Yesta,  called  the  Vestal  Virgins,  kept  alive  the  sacred 
fire  of  Yesta,  the  divinity  of  the  Hearth.  They  were  six  in  number, 
and  were  never  to  be  married  so  long  as  they  remained  in  this  service.  — • 
quae,  i.  e.  Rhea  Silvia:  translate,  but  she:  see  §201,  e.  —  quo  cognito, 
lit.  this  being  known;  this  ablative  absolute  denotes  time  :  render,  when 
this  was  known.  —  Tiberim.  The  Tiber  rises  in  the  Apennines,  and  after 
a  course  of  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  empties  into  the  Tuscan 
Sea  by  two  mouths  near  the  town  of  Ostia,  which  derives  its  name  from 
being  near  the  mouth  (ostium)  of  the  Tiber.  Rome  was  situated  about 
eighteen  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  For  the  termination  of  the 
accusative  in  -im,  see  §  56,  a,  1. — impositos,  etc.:  render,  placed  the 
little  ones  in  a  skiff  (and)  threw  them  into  the  Tiber.  —  relabente  flumine, 
when  the  river  fell  again.  —  in  sicco,  on  dry  land.  —  What  is  the  plural 
of  locus  ?  —  solitudines  (from  solus,  alone )  :  for  the  gender,  see  §  65,  b. 
ubera  eorum  ori  admovit,  suckled  them.  —  matremque  se  gessit,  acted 
as  their  mother. 

2.  saepius,  quite  often.  —  pastor  regius,  the  king's  shepherd,  §  214,  a. 
—  reverteretur :  for  the  mood,  see  §  325.  The  clause  introduces  a  reason 
for  Faustulus  noticing  the  fact.  — (eos)  conjugi  dedit  educandos,  gave 


NOTES. 


155 


them  to  his  wife  to  he  brought  up  (to  bring  up).  The  gerundive  agrees 
with  eos,  and  expresses  a  purpose  passively  :  see  §  294,  d. — vires,  see 
§  61.  —  venando,  in  hunting  :  see  §  73,  3  (d).  —  primo  ....  deinde 
....  tum,  mark  a  threefold  division  of  a  subject.  —  coeperunt,  see 
§  143,  a.  —  Why  is  a  expressed  before  quibus  ?  —  What  kind  of  a  pronoun 
is  quis?  —  The  clause  quis  esset  ejus  avus,  v'ho  was  his  grandfather , 
contains  an  indirect  question,  Rule  45  ;  the  direct  question  would  be, 
quis  est  ejus  avus,  who  is  his  grandfather  ?  Is  this  clause  subject  or 
object?  —  armatis  pastoribus,  having  armed  the  shepherds. — Albam, 
see  Rule  36.  —  Is  properavit  in  the  historical  perfect  (aorist)  or  the  per¬ 
fect  definite  ? 

3.  accusantes,  accusing  him  as  if  he  was  accustomed  to  molest,  etc., 
i.  e.  of  being  in  the  habit  of  molesting,  etc.  —  a  rege,  i.  e.  by  Amulius, 
who  was  now  king.  —  haud  ....  agnosceret,  was  not  far  from  recog¬ 
nizing,  etc.:  see  §  319,  d.  —  lineamentis,  §  253.  —  simillimus,  very 
like  :  see  §  89,  b.  — animum  Numitoris,  etc.,  kept  the  mind  of  Numi¬ 
tor  anxious  ;  anxium  agrees  with  animum.  —  condiderunt,  why  plu¬ 
ral  ?  see  §  205.  —  contentio,  what  gender  ?  —  uter,  which  of  the  two  ; 
this  is  an  indirect  question  depending  on  the  verb  implied  in  conten¬ 
tio.  —  adhibuere  auspicia  :  auspicia  (avis  and  specio)  means  divina¬ 
tion  by  means  of  birds  ;  augurium  (avis,  and  an  old  verb  gurio  from 
which  comes  our  word  garrulous)  had  nearly  the  same  meaning.  — 
prior,  §  91,  an  adjective  agreeing  with  Remus,  where  we  should  use 
an  adverb  ;  in  place  of  the  ordinal  adverbs,  prius,  primo,  posterius, 
the  corresponding  adjectives  are  often  used,  §  191. — Romam,  etc., 
he  called  (the  city)  Rome.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  muniret,  that  he  might  fortify  it 
by  laws  sooner  than  by  walls ;  antequam  and  priusquam  are  often  sep¬ 
arated.  Why  is  muniret  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive  ?  what  is  the  ob¬ 
ject  of  edixit  ?  —  ne  quis,  that  no  one :  when  a  purpose  is  expressed, 
ne  quis  is  used  instead  of  ut  nemo,  that  no  one  ;  ne  ullus  for  ut  nul¬ 
lus,  that  none ;  ne  unquam  for  ut  nunquam,  that  never ;  ne  usquam 
for  ut  nusquam,  that  nowhere.  —  vallum,  earthen  rampart.  — ■-  quod, 
this  ;  it  relates  to  the  clause  edixit,  etc.  —  sic  ....  mea,  whoever  shall 
leap  over  my  walls  shall  be  thus  affected  with  evil ;  the  subject  of  afficie¬ 
tur  is  understood,  the  antecedent  of  quicumque ;  afficietur,  transiliet, 
see  §  304,  a.  —  solus  :  for  the  inflection,  see  §  83. 

On  the  death  of  Romulus,  Numa  Pompilius  was  elected  king.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  author  of  the  religious  institutions  of  Rome  ;  he 
instituted  the  pontiffs  who  had  the  general  superintendence  of  religion, 
and  the  augurs  who  consulted  the  will  of  the  gods.  Numa  was  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Tullus  Hostilius  during  whose  reign  a  war  broke  out  between 
Rome  and  Alba  Longa. 


156 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


L  erant,  there  were ;  trigemini  is  the  subject.  —  cum  iis  agunt 
reges,  the  kings  treat  with  these.  —  ut  ....  ferro,  that  they  should  fight 
with  the  sword  each  for  his  own  country ;  quisque  is  in  apposition  with 
fratres ;  sometimes  the  verb  agrees  with  quisque  instead  of  the  proper 
subject- word  ;  why  subjunctive  ?  why  present  tense  ?  —  ea  lege,  on  these 
terms.  —  ut  unde  ....  lit.  that  whence  victory  (should  be),  there  it  also 
should  empire  be  ;  unde  is  a  relative  adverb,  and  has  ibi  for  its  antecedent. 

—  Why  is  esset  subjunctive  ?  —  itaque,  therefore ;  ita-que,  and  so.  — 
infestis  armis,  with  presented  arms.  —  terni  :  this  distributive  numeral 
implies,  three  on  each  side.  —  animos,  the  courage. 

2.  ut,  when.  —  concursu.  —  consertis  manibus,  with  their  hands 
woven  together ,  i.  e.  in  hand-to-hand  conflict.  —  alius  super  alium, 
one  upon  the  other. — ad  casum,  at  the  disaster.  — gaudio,  why  abla¬ 
tive? —  exercitus  (exerceo,  to  exercise)  is  the  drilled  army;  agmen  (to 
lead),  an  army  on  the  line  of  march  ;  acies,  an  army  drawn  up  in  line 
of  battle.  —  deserebat,  was  on  the  point  of  deserting.  —  tota  \  for  inflec¬ 
tion,  see  §  83:  give  the  English  derivative.  —  Horatium  :  for  vocative 
of  names  in  ius,  see  §  40,  c.  —  circumsteterunt,  see  §  237,  d.  — integer 
(in  not,  tango,  to  touch),  unhurt.  —  tribus,  why  dative  ?  —  secuturos, 
when  they  should  follow :  see  §  293,  a.  —  aggrederetur,  why  imperfect 
subjunctive  ?  —  aliquantum  spatii,  some  (of)  distance,  Rule  10.  —  pug¬ 
natum  est,  they  fought  (lit.  it  was  fought,  or,  the  fighting  took  place. 

—  non,  not,  is  the  usual  negative  ;  ne  is  used  in  wishes,  prohibitions, 
and  purposes  ;  haud  is  used  with  adjectives  and  adverbs,  and  in  the 
phrase  haud  nescio  an. —  loco  has  in  the  plural  loci  and  local  see 
§  79,  c.  —  ut,  what  kind  of  a  conjunction  ?  why  is  it  followed  by  the 
present  subjunctive  ?  —  opem,  the  nom.  of  this  word  is  not  used.  —  pos¬ 
set,  see  §  327. 

3.  singuli,  one  on  each  side.  —  supererant,  see  supersum.  —  alterius 
limits  corpus  and  animus.  —  fessum  agrees  with  corpus. — bellum  (from 
duellum,  duo),  war ;  proelium,  an  engagement,  action;  pugna  (root  pug, 
whence  pugno),  any  kind  of  a  contest  or  battle ;  acies,  a  pitched  bat¬ 
tle.  —  sustinentem,  a  participle  agreeing  with  eum  understood  :  trans¬ 
late,  kills  him  while  he  can  scarcely  hold  up  his  arms.  — jacentem, 
as  he  lies  prostrate.  — domum,  Rule  36.  ■ — princeps  :  in  the  place  of  the 
ordinal  adverbs,  prius,  primum,  posterius,  the  corresponding  adjectives 
are  often  used  when  they  belong  to  a  noun  in  the  sentence.  —  cui,  dative 
after  obvia,  see  §  228,  b,  his  sister  met  him.  — quse,  see  §  199.  — uni, 
why  dative?  —  ex  Curiatiis  for  Curiatiorum,  see  §  216,  c. — viso, 
what  does  this  participle  denote  ?  —  paludamento,  why  ablative  ?  This 
was  the  military  cloak  worn  by  officers  ;  the  sagum  was  worn  by  the  com¬ 
mon  soldiers.  — juveni,  see  §  235,  a.  —  comploratio,  rule  for  the  gender  ? 


NOTES. 


157 


—  abi,  from  abeo. —  oblita  agrees  with  tu,  the  subject  of  abi.  —  eat, 
let  her  perish.  —  hostis,  a  foreign  enemy  in  war ;  inimicus,,  a  private 
personal  enemy  ;  adversarius,  any  opponent. 

4.  atrox  agrees  with  facinus.— in  jus,  for  trial,  —lictor.  The  lictors 
were  the  attendants  who  walked  before  the  king  (afterwards  the  higher 
magistrates).  Their  duties  were  to  arrest  the  guilty,  and  punish  them 
by  beheading  or  scourging ;  they  carried  the  fasces,  — axes  bound  in  a 
bundle  of  rods  ;  the  axes,  as  symbols  of  beheading  and  scourging.  — 
provocavit :  provoco  was  to  appeal  to  the  people  for  life  ;  appello,  to 
appeal  to  a  magistrate.  —  interea  and  interim  both  mean  in  the  mean 
time;  interea  refers  to  an  event  continuing  during  the  whole  of  the 
time,  interim  to  one  occurring  at  some  time  in  the  interval. — jure, 
rightfully.  —  Distinguish  between  the  meaning  of  ne,  non,  haud.  —  To 
whom  does  se  refer  ?  —  peractis,  see  perago  ;  when  certain  sacrifices  had 
been  performed  ;  transmisit  per  viam,  placed  over  the  road. 


- 

III.  LIFE  OF  POMPEY. 

1.  suo  exercitui,  to  his  army,  —  bello  civili,  i.  e.  the  war  between 
Marius  and  Sulla,  B.  C.  83-82.  — distinguish  between  itaque  and  ita¬ 
que  see  §  19,  c.  —  facta  est  l  fio,  in  the  sense  of  to  be  made  is  used 
as  the  passive  of  facio.  —  conspiratio  :  for  the  gender,  see  §  65,  b.  — 
quidam,  see  Lesson  XXY.  —  contubernalis,  a  tent-mate.  It  was  the 
custom  for  young  men  of  rank,  who  wished  to  learn  the  art  of  war,  to 
accompany  a  general  on  his  campaign  ;  these  were  called  contubernales. 

—  eum  occidendum,  to  Tcill  him  ;  the  participle  in  -dus  may  be  trans¬ 
lated  in  three  ways :  (1),  like  the  present  infinitive  active  or  passive,  see 
§  294,  d  ;  (2),  see  §  294,  a  ;  (3),  see  §  294,  b.  — incenderent,  see  §  327. 

—  quae,  see  §  201,  e.  —  coenanti,  (while)  supping.  —  nihil,  in  no  respect , 
§  240,  a.  —  solito  hilarius,  with  more  than  his  usual  hilarity.  —  eadem 
....  usus  est,  he  used  the  same  affability  as  before ;  qui  after  idem 
is  translated  as.  —  districto  ense,  with  drawn  sword.  —  stragula,  the 
covering  of  his  bed.  —  suo  duci,  to  their  leader :  suo  here  refers  not  to 
the  subject  of  the  sentence,  but  to  the  milites  the  object  of  placavit  and 
reconciliavit. 

2.  partes,  the  party.  —  secutus,  see  sequor.  —  ita  egit,  so  acted :  see 
ago.  —  diligeretur,  see  §  319.  —  annos  ....  natus,  when  he  was  twen¬ 
ty-three  years  old.  —  statimque  ....  exstitit,  and  immediately  became 


158 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


a  skilful  leader.  —  nullus  ....  tsedio,  no  labor  was  irksome  to  him.  — 
saltu,  in  leaping.  —  aut  ....  adjunxit,  he  either  routed  or  joined  them 
to  himself :  see  fundo.  —  quem  ....  audivit,  when  Sulla  heard  that 
he  was  approaching  him.  —  egregiamque  ....  aspexit,  and  saw  his  dis¬ 
tinguished  youth  (i.  e.  Pompey)  under  his  standard.  —  imperator,  as  im¬ 
perator.  —  ei  venienti,  when  he  approached  (him).  —  quern,  this.  — 
tribuebat,  he  was  accustomed  to  bestow. 

3.  profectus  est,  see  proficiscor.  —  ut  ...  .  reciperet,  that  he  might 
retake  it  (as  it)  had  been  taken  possession  of,  etc.  —  quern  ....  jussit, 
Pompey  commanded  that  he  should  be  led  to  punishment,  after  that  he  had 
sharply  rebuked  him :  for  the  construction  after  jubeo,  see  §  271,  b,  end  ; 

§  330,  2.  —  Siculae  ....  principem,  the  chief  of  a  certain  Sicilian  city. 

—  in,  against. — animadvertere,  to  take  measures. — si  ....  plecteret, 
if  he  punished  all  on  account  of  the  fault  of  one  ;  in  direct  discourse,  Tu 
inique  facies,  si  ob  culpam  unius  omnes  plectes,  see  §  307.  — interro¬ 
ganti  Pompeio,  when  Pompey  asked.  —  ego  ....  qui,  it  was  I ...  . 
who.  —  libera  voce,  with  his  bold  speech.  —  pepercit,  see  parco,  see 
§  124,  c. 

4.  qui  ....  favebat,  who  favored  the  party  of  Marius.  —  adoles¬ 
cens,  (though  being)  a  youth.  —  a  Sulla,  by  Sulla.  —  quibus,  by  whom. 

—  dimittere,  to  disband.  —  cum  ....  legione,  with  only  one  legion.  — 
id  ...  .  Pompeius,  Pompey  was  displeased  at  this.  —  revertenti,  when 
he  returned. — obviam  ivit,  came  out  to  meet  him. — laetus,  with  joy, 
lit.  joyful:  see  §  191. — nihilominus  ....  restitit,  nevertheless  he 
opposed  Pompey  seeking  a  triumph  :  see  Hand-book  under  the  word  tri¬ 
umph.  —  cognomen,  see  §  80,  a.  — a  proposito,  from  his  purpose.  — ■ 
ausus  est,  see  §  136.  —  quo  ....  minui,  by  this  saying  he  insinuated 
that  the  power  of  Pompey  was  decreasing  ;  for  the  infinitive  see  §  288.  — 
triumphet,  let  him  triumph  :  see  §  266. 

5.  Metello  ....  Pompeius,  Pompey  was  appointed,  as  a  colleague 
to  Metellus,  etc.  —  subiit,  he  incurred.  —  vasta  ....  magnitudine,  of 
great  size  of  body.  —  fecisset,  see  §  325.  —  multis  ....  concurren: 
tibus,  when  many  rushed  upon  him.  —  fugientibus,  who  fled.  —  praeter 
spem,  contrary  to  his  expectation.  —  illi  ....  caperent,  they  captured , 
etc.  —  illorum  ....  effugit,  escaped  from  their  hands.  —  laboranti, 
hard  pressed.  —  fertur,  (Sertorius)  is  said.  —  fusus  est,  see  fundo.  — 
supervenisset,  had  come  up :  see  §  308.  —  puerum,  i.  e.  Pompey  ;  he  was 
only  thirty  years  old  when  he  was  sent  into  Spain  to  conduct  the  war 
against  Sertorius. 

6.  infestarent,  see  §  325. — ad  eos  opprimendos,  see  §  318,  (4). 
Pompey  was  appointed  to  this  command  in  the  year  B.  C.  67.  In  con¬ 
sequence  of  the  Social  and  Civil  Wars,  and  the  absence  of  a  fleet  in 

-  6  '*  1 


NOTES. 


150 


the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the  number  of  pirates  had  so  increased  that  they 
often  plundered  the  cities  on  the  coast,  and  cut  off  all  communication 
between  Rome  and  the  provinces.  —  nimiae  viri  potentiae,  the  too  great 
power  of  the  man.  —  imprimis,  especially.  —  qui  cum,  when  he.  —  esse 
....  tribuenda,  that  Cneius  Pompey  is  indeed ,  etc.  —  si  quid,  if  any¬ 
thing.  —  ecquem,  whom.  Is  this  the  direct  or  indirect  discourse  ? 
brevi,  in  a  short  time.  —  praedones  ....  fudit,  he  conquered  and  routed 
the  pirates  in  many  places.  —  acceptos,  when  he  had  received.  —  fudit, 
see  fundo. 

7.  Give  the  synonymes  of  proficiscor.  —  Pompey  was  appointed  in  B. 
C.  66  to  the  command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates  in  place  of  Lucullus. 
—  opportuna,  suitable.  —  castris,  in  his  camp:  see  §  258,  /.  — noctu 
....  ignotis,  but  by  night  it  was  not  safe,  etc.  —  luna  ....  adjumento, 
the  moon  was  a  great  assistance,  etc.  —  nam  ....  pertinebant,  for  since 
the  Romans  had  this  behind  them,  the  shadows  of  their  bodies  being  cast 
forward  quite  a  distance,  extended  even  to  the  front  ranks  of  the  enemy.  — 
regii  milites,  the  soldiers  of  the  king.  —  Pontus,  for  the  boundaries  :  see 
Hand-book. — why  is  a  expressed  before  patre?  —  timebat,  etc.,  he 
feared  for  his  own  life  :  see  §  227,  c.  —  quod  ....  subiret,  and  when 
it  (the  poison)  operated  too  slowly. 

8.  partes,  the  party :  what  does  this  relative  clause  denote  ?  see 
p.  227.  —  quern  ....  erexit,  yet  he  raised  him  up  kneeling  before  him. 
Give  the  synonymes  of  regnum.  —  aeque  pulchrum  judicans,  judging  it 
to  be  equally  noble.  —  rebus  Asiae  compositis,  when  the  affairs  of  Jsia 
had  been  settled:  see  compono.  —  ut,  as. — tertium  ....  duxit,  he  cele¬ 
brated  a  third  triumph  within  two  days,  i.  e.  three  triumphs  in  the  space 
of  two  days.  —  hic  triumphus,  this  triumph,  i.  e.  this  series  of  triumphs 
considered  as  a  whole.  —  quam  quod,  tha.n  because.  —  tribus  triumphis, 
for  three  triumphs.  —  tres  ....  devictae,  three  parts  of  the  world  being 
conquered.  —  quod  :  what  is  the  antecedent  ot  quod  ?  what  is  contingo 
compounded  of  ?  Syn.  Accidit  is  used  of  any  unexpected  event ;  con¬ 
fingit,  of  what  occurs  by  the  gift  of  fortune,  generally  something  favor¬ 
able  ;  evenit,  it  turns  out,  is  used  of  what  is  either  lucky  or  unlucky.  — 
ex,  on  account  of.  —  felix  opinione,  in  the  estimation.  —  si  ...  .  habu¬ 
isset,  if  he  had  had  the  same  end  of  life  as  of  glory. 

9.  orta  est,  see  orior.  —  hic,  the  former  ;  ille,  the  latter.  —  exarsit, 
see  §167,  a.  —  quern  ....  fudit,  Caesar  followed  and  routed  him  with 
his  army  at  Pharsalia:  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  was  fought  in  B.  C.  48.  — 
victus  ....  profugit,  after  Pompey  had  been  conquered  he  fled  .... 
to  whom  he  had  been  appointed  tutor  by  the  senate.  —  sub  oculis,  before 
the  eyes.  —  delatum  est,  see 'defero.  —  qui  ....  fudit,  who  when 
he  saw  this ,  shed  tears.  —  illud  ....  curavit,  he  took  care  to  have  it 
burned,  etc. 


160 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


10.  is ...  .  exitus,  such  was  the  encl  of  the  life  of  a  most  renowned 
man,  etc.  —  cum  ....  medicus,  when  his  physician  ordered  him  when 
sick,  —  negarent ....  reperiri,  but  his  servant  said  that  that  bird  could 
not  be  found  anywhere  in  the  summer  time.  —  nisi  apud  Lucullum,  un¬ 
less  at  the  house  of  Lucullus.  —  aliam  ....  apponi,  he  commanded  that 
another  bird  which  was  easy  to  be  procured  should  be  set  before  him. 

11.  Posidonium.  Posidonius  was  a  Stoic  philosopher.  Why  is  au¬ 
dire  in  the  infinitive  ?  —  voluit ....  visere,  Pompey  wished  at  least  to 
call  upon  him  ;  what  kind  of  a  verb  is  viso  ?  (See  Gr.  foot  of  p.  114.)  — 
quern  ....  salutavit,  when  he  saw  and  saluted  him.  —  moleste  se  ferre, 
that  he  grieved.  —  nec  ....  efficiat,  neither  will  I  allow  that  the  pain  of 

my  body  shall  cause  that,  etc.  —  cum - pungeret,  but  when  sometimes 

the  pain  afflicted  him  severely.  —  nihil  agis,  lit.  you  accomplish  nothing, 
i.  e.  it  is  of  no  use.  —  quamvis,  although. 


♦ 


IY.  LIFE  OF  CiESAR. 

1.  annum  ....  decimum,  being  in  his  sixteenth  year.  — paulo  post 
duxit  uxorem,  a  little  while  after  he  married  Cornelia  ;  ducere  uxo¬ 
rem,  to  marry,  is  said  of  the  husband  only.  — cujus  ....  inimicus, 
since  her  father  was  unfriendly  to  Sulla  :  how  does  inimicus  differ  from 
hostis  ?  —  ut  eam  dimitteret,  to  divorce  her,  lit.  that  he  should  divorce 
her.  — bonis,  property  :  see  §  189,  b.  —  cum  ....  quaereretur,  when  he 
was  even  sought  for  in  order  to  be  put  to  death  :  what  kind  of  a  clause 
is  this  ?  why  imperfect  subj.  ?  on  what  verb  does  it  depend  ?  — mutata 
veste :  what  does  this  participle  denote  ?  how  is  the  ablative  absolute 
rendered  ?  —  quartanae,  supply  febris,  lit.  sick  with  the  disease  of  quar¬ 
tan  ague  ;  laboret,  why  subj.  ?  —  per  proximos  suos,  by  means  of  his 
relations :  for  the  use  of  per,  see  §  246,  b.  —  qui  ....  denegasset,  when 
he  would  have  refused  it  to  the  distinguished  men  who  begged  for  it : 
denegasset,  see  §  325.  — aliquando  ....  futurum,  will  ruin  (lit.  be  for 
a  ruin )  the  party  of  the  aristocracy ,  etc. :  give  the  synonymes  of  cupio  ;  of 
puer. 

2.  Sulla  died  B.  C.  78.  —  mortuo,  see  §  135,  a.  —  secedere,  to  re¬ 
tire.  —  per  otium,  at  (his)  leisure.  —  dicendi,  of  oratory.  —  operam 
daret,  might  give  (his)  attention.  —  Syn.  maneo,  remain  whether  for  a 
long  or  short  time ;  commoror,  remain  for  some  time  in  a  place,  so¬ 
journ  ;  habito,  dwell  permanently.  —  se  gessit,  he  conducted  himself.  — 


NOTES. 


161 


vfc  .  .  .  .  esset does  this  clause  denote  purpose  or  result  ?  —  why  is  esset 
in  the  impf.  subj.  ?  —  Give  the  syn.  of  interim.  —  ad  ...  .  pecunias,  to 
get  money  :  for  the  gerundive  denoting  purpose,  see  §  318,  (4).  —  servus, 
inancipium,  famulus,  all  mean  a  slave ;  servus,  as  one  politically  inferior ; 
mancipium,  a  salable  commodity ;  famulus,  a  family  possession.  —  Syn. 
comes  (con,  eo),  companion ,  a  fellow-traveller ;  socius,  a  companion, 
member  of  the  same  society ;  sodalis,  a  companion  in  amusement  or  pleas¬ 
ure.  —  quibus  redimeret :  does  this  relative  clause  denote  purpose  or 
result?  —  Miletus,  a  flourishing  city  of  Ionia. — proxime  aberat,  was 
at  the  nearest  distance  off.  —  Syn.  poena,  general  word  for  punishment  ; 
supplicium  (supplico,  kneel),  a  severe  punishment  (the  criminal  kneel¬ 
ing  for  the  blow) ;  cruciatus  (crux,  cross),  torture,  as  of  one  on  the 
cross  ;  tormentum  (torqueo),  a  racking  torture,  to  extort  confession. 

3.  Quaestor  ....  factus  :  fio,  in  the  sense  of,  to  be  made,  appointed,  is 
used  as  the  passive  of  facio.  —  inter  se,  together.  —  concupiscebat,  de¬ 
sired  earnestly,  coveted;  see  §  167,  a.  —  in  ore  habebat,  lit.  had  in  his 
mouth,  i.  e.  kept  repeating. — colas,  see  §  267. — quod,  see  §  199. — 
memorabilis  :  a  partitive  genitive  could  not  be  used  after  nihil,  only 
neuter  adjectives  of  the  second  declension  are  so  used  :  see  §  216,  a,  Rem. 

—  orbis  terrarum  must  be  used  in  preference  to  terra,  when  there  is  a 
decided  reference  to  other  lands. 

4.  in  ...  .  honoribus  in  soliciting  the  favor  of  the  plebeians,  and  in 
canvassing  for  the  magistracies  (honors).  —  dicebat  ....  sestertium, 
lit.  he  used  to  say  that  there  was  need  to  himself  of  1,000  times  100,000 
sestertii,  — 100,000,000  sesterces,  or  nearly  $4,000,000  ;  sestertium, 
gen.  plur.  used  for  sestertiorum :  see  §  379. — ut  haberet  nihil :  after 
he  had  freed  himself  from  debt,  there  would  be  nothing  left  of  his  own. 

—  consulatum :  every  Roman  citizen  who  aspired  to  the  consulship 

had  to  pass  through  a  regular  gradation  of  public  offices,  and  the  age  in 
which  he  was  eligible  to  each  was  fixed  by  the  Lex  Annalis,  B.  C.  179, 
as  follows  :  for  the  Qufestorship,  which  was  the  first  of  the  magistracies, 
one  must  be  twenty-seven  years  of  age  ;  for  the  dEdileship,  thirty-seven  ; 
for  the  Prsetorship,  forty  ;  and  for  the  Consulship,  forty-three.  See 
Hand-book,  p.  84-87. —inito _ tulit  (see  ineo),  when  he  had  en¬ 

tered  upon  the  office  Ccesar  proposed,  etc.  —  egenis  civibus,  among  needy 
citizens.  —  ut .  .  .  .  obsisteret,  that  he  might  oppose  the  lav;' s  being  en¬ 
acted.  —  foro,  from  the  forum.  The  Forum  was  situated  between  the 
Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills  ;  it  was  the  chief  place  of  public  business. 
There  wrere  other  fora,  but  this  was  distinguished  as  Forum  Romanum, 
or  as  Forum,  being  the  most  important.  —  domi  se  continere,  to  re¬ 
main  cut  home.  — curia,  from  the  senate-house  :  senatus,  the  senate,  either 
the  senators  or  the  place  where  they  met ;  curia,  the  building  where  the 
senators  assembled.  —  quidam,  some.  —  non  ut  mos  erat,  not  as  was  the 


162 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


custom  ;  mos,  an  established  custom,  especially  of  a  nation  ;  consuetudo, 
habit,  which  results  in  a  settled  usage  (mos) ;  caeremonia,  a  religious 
ceremony.  —  consulibus  Caesare  et  Bibulo.  In  the  consulship  of  Caesar 
and  Bibulus.  The  year  was  generally  designated  at  Rome  in  this  way ; 
the  name  of  the  consuls  for  the  year  being  put  in  the  ablative  absolute 
with  consulibus.  This  was  the  year  B.  C.  59.  In  this  case  the  two 
names  (nomen,  i.  e.  Julius ;  cognomen,  Caesar)  of  Caesar  are  used  :  see 
§  80,  a. 

5.  A  Consul  after  his  term  of  office  expired  was  often  sent  as  pro- 
consul  to  govern  a  province ;  by  Sulla’s  laws  a  consul  must  remain  in 
Italy  during  his  term  of  office,  and  then  might  be  sent  to  govern  a  pro¬ 
vince.  Caesar  departed  to  his  province  in  B.  C.  58.  —  gessit ....  fere, 
during  the  nine  years  in  which  he  was  in  power  he  accomplished  in  sub¬ 
stance  the  following.  —  primus  Romanorum,  first  of  the  Romans.  — 
ponte  fabricato,  by  constructing  a  bridge.  —  maximis  ....  cladibus, 
he  made  a  great  slaughter.  —  iis,  from  them.  —  quo  in  bello,  in  this  war. 
—  inclinante  in  fugam,  giving  way.  — Syn.  Scutum,  any  shield ;  cli¬ 
peus,  a  round  shield  ;  parma,  similar  to  clipeus,  but  smaller,  a  buckler ; 
ancile,  an  oval  shield.  — •  in  primam  aciem,  to  the  front.  —  terga  ver¬ 
tentem,  turning  his  back  (to  the  enemy),  fleeing.  —  illic  sunt,  there  are 
those.  —  animos,  courage. 

6.  adhuc,  still.  —  ut  . .  .  .  absenti,  that  it  should  be  permitted  to  him 
although  absent ;  what  is  the  subject  of  liceret?  It  was  a  law  that 
every  candidate  for  the  consulship  should  appear  before  the  magistrate, 
and  have  his  name  entered  on  the  official  list  of  candidates  before  elec¬ 
tion.  —  vindicaturus,  to  avenge  ;  see  §  293,  b.  —  Brundisium,  a  town  in 
Calabria,  was  the  port  from  which  those  going  from  Rome  to  Greece  or 
the  East  embarked  ;  Dyrrachium,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Illyricum.  — 
cessantibus  copiis,  his  forces  delaying  ;  what  does  this  participle  de¬ 
note  ?  —  flante,  blowing.  —  in  altum,  out  into  the  deep  sea.  —  dirigi,  to 
be  steered.  —  cederet,  would  yield.  Caesar  had  sailed  from  Brundisium 
with  only  20,000  men.  Owing  to  the  vigilance  of  the  enemy  the  rest  of 
Caesar’s  army  was  unable  to  follow  him.  His  position  was  thus  critical ; 
cut  off  from  the  rest  of  his  army,  and  threatened  by  a  force  three  times 
superior  to  his  own.  In  his  impatience  he  attempted  to  sail  in  a  fisher¬ 
man’s  boat  across  the  Adriatic  to  Brundisium,  for  his  reinforcements, 
but  the  storm  compelled  him  to  turn  back.  In  a  short  time  the  re¬ 
mainder  of  the  army  succeeded  in  crossing  ;  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (in 
Thessaly),  Pompey’s  army  was  totally  defeated.  (B.  C.  48.) 

7.  fugientem,  (him)  fleeing.  —  eumque  ....  fuisse,  and  on  the  way 
he  learned  that  he  had  been  killed.  —  Syn.  Cognosco,  learn  (something 
beforehand);  agnosco,  recognize  (something  before  known. — Ptolemaeo, 
against  Ptolemy.  The  war  against  Ptolemy  is  called  the  Alexandrine 


NOTES. 


163 


war.  —  quattuor  ....  profligavit,  but  he  conquered  him  in  one  battle 
within  four  hours  after  he  had  come  ;  the  relative  quibus  is  in  the  abla¬ 
tive  agreeing  with  its  antecedent  horis.  —  inter  triumphandum,  during 
his  triumph.  After  a  successful  campaign,  the  victorious  general  was 
awarded,  by  a  decree  of  the  senate,  the  honor  of  a  triumph.  He  entered 
the  city  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  four  horses,  preceded  by  the  captives  and 
spoils  of  war,  and  followed  by  his  soldiers.  After  passing  along  the  Via 
Sacra,  he  ascended  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  to  offer  sacri¬ 
fice.  Pompeianarum  partium,  of  the  Pompeian  party.  The  battle  was 
fought  at  Thapsus,  in  Africa,  in  B.  C.  46.  —  in  Hispania :  the  two  sons 
of  Pompey,  Cneius  and  Sextus,  had  collected  a  large  army  in  Spain. 
After  a  hard-fought  battle  Caesar  completely  defeated  them  at  Munda, 
(B.  C.  45). 

8.  coepit  has  passive  perf.  and  infinitives,  §§  143,  a,  279,  d.  — 
quendam,  for  quemdam. —  assurgeret,  why  imperfect  subj.  ? — ei 
....  sedenti,  on  him  sitting  in  the  golden  chair.  —  regium,  royal.  — • 
a  sexaginta  ....  viris,  by  more  than  sixty  men  ;  amplius,  see  §  247,  c. 

—  conjuratum  est,  a  conspiracy  roas  formed:  see  §  39,  (c). — Idibus 

Martiis,  on  the  Ides  of  March ,  i.  e.  the  15th.  —  assidentem . cir¬ 

cumsteterunt,  they  stood  around  him  sitting,  under  pretence  of  paying 
honor.  —  quasi  ....  rogaturus,  as  if  to  ask  something.  —  clamantem, 
sc.  eum,  i.  e.  Caesarem.  —  arreptum,  which  he  had  seized.  — quern  .... 
habebat,  whom  he  had  regarded  as  his  son. 

9.  erat ....  statura,  Caesar  was  of,  etc.,  see  §  251,  a.  —  aegre  fere¬ 
bat,  grieved  (on  account)  ;  quod  ....  obnoxia,  it  was  often  the  subject 
for  the  jokes  of  his  slanderers.  —  sibi,  to  him.  —  laureae  gestandae, 
of  wearing  a  crown  of  la.urel.  —  eum  ....  fuisse,  that  he  was.  —  ini¬ 
mici  :  give  the  synonymes.  —  ne  and  quidem  enclose  the  emphatic  word 
as  in  the  text ;  see  §  345,  b.  —  ad  ...  .  rempublicam,  to  overturn  the 
republic.  —  anteibat,  see  anteeo.  —  detectum,  uncovered  :  see  detego.  — 
sive  ....  esset,  whether  it  was  sunshine  or  rain.  Syn.  Pluvia,  rain 
(general  word)  ;  imber,  rain  (heavy,  pouring  shower) ;  nimbus,  rain 
(from  dark  clouds).  —  longissimas  vias.  Caesar  was  noted  for  the 
rapidity  of  his  movements  ;  he  is  said  to  have  travelled  at  the  rate  of  one 
hundred  Roman  miles  per  day,  equal  to  about  ninety-two  English  miles. 

—  innixus  ....  utribus,  resting  upon  inflated  bags. 


164 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


y.  LIFE  OF  CATO. 

1.  domo,  what  kind  of  a  noun  is  domus  ?  what  is  the  meaning  of 
the  genitives  domus  and  domi  ?  —  de  civitate,  i.  e.  to  obtain  the  right 
of  citizenship  :  full  citizenship  consisted  of  private  and  public  rights  :  see 
Hand-book  under  Civitas.  In  how  many  ways  can  a  purpose  be  ex¬ 
pressed  in  Latin  ?  Give  the  synonymes  of  impetro.  —  se  id  facturum, 
that  he  would  do  that.  —  in  excelsam  ....  levatum,  after  he  had  taken 
him  to  a  high  part  of  the  house.  —  obtemperaret,  should  comply  with.  — 
hoc  metu,  by  this  fear ,  i.  e.  through  fear  of  this.  —  exclamasse,  for  ex¬ 
clamavisse,  see  §  128,  a.  —  gratulemur,  let  us  congratulate.  Syn.  Gra¬ 
tulor,  congratulate ,  wish  one  joy  ;  congratulor  is  used  in  the  same  sense 
as  gratulor,  but  generally  of  many  persons.  — hunc  esse,  that  he  is.  — 
si  ...  .  esset,  for  if  he  were  a  senator.  —  ne  .  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even  to 
hope  ;  see  §  308. 

2.  in  atrio :  in  the  atrium  the  Roman  received  his  friends ;  here  were 
the  images  of  his  household  gods,  and  of  his  ancestors.  About  the 
atrium  were  the  various  rooms  of  the  house.  —  seque  ....  Cassius,  and 
he  showed  that  he  was  of  the  same  opinion  with  another  boy,  (lit.  of  which 
another  boy  was)  Cassius  by  name.  —  se  .  .  .  .  facturum,  that  he ... . 
would  do  the  same  thing.  —  impegit,  see  impingo.  Give  the  synonymes 
of  sodalis. 

3.  insignis  ....  benevolentia,  the  affection  of  Cato  towards  his  brother 
was  remarkable,  and  should  be  held  up  for  imitation.  —  quaerenti  tertio, 
to  one  asking  him  the  third  time,  ille  ....  amor,  that  remarkable  affec¬ 
tion  of  Cato  towards  his  brother  ;  see  §  102,  b.  — ei  .  .  .  .  gerebat,  he 
gratified  him  in  all  things.  —  indoles,  the  natural  disposition. 

4.  voluntaria  ....  fecit,  served  voluntarily  as  a  soldier ;  on  what 
does  the  clause  ne  eum  desereret  depend  ?  what  is  the  subject  of  acci¬ 
dit  ?  —  quod,  this.  —  licet,  although.  —  Thessalonicae.  A  city  of  Mace¬ 
donia.  —  cum  ....  servis,  with  only  two  friends  and  three  servants.  — 
praeter  ....  evasit,  contrary  to  his  expectation  he  escaped  unharmed. 
—  defunctum  vita,  dead;  see  §  249. — totum  se  tradidit,  he  gave 
himself  wholly  up.  —  mortui  ....  extulit,  he  interred  the  body  of  the 
deceased  with  as  magnificent  funeral  rites  as  possible.  —  vela  facturus, 
being  about  to  sail :  lit.  to  make  sail.  —  animam  ....  respondit,  he  re¬ 
plied  that  he  would,  etc.  —  solvit,  loosed  (sc.  navem)  the  ship  from  her 
moorings. 

5.  quaestor,  as  questor :  the  questors  had  charge  of  the  finances  of 
the  state,  i.  e.  to  receive  the  revenues,  and  make  the  payments  for  the 
military  and  civil  services.  At  first  there  were  only  two,  but  with  the 


NOTES. 


165 


conquests  of  the  republic,  the  number  was  increased  to  forty.  —  Cyprum : 
give  the  situation  of  Cyprus.  — heres,  as  an  heir.  — summa  ....  redacta 
est,  the  amount  brought  back  was  far  greater  than  any  one  could  have 
hoped  :  redacta,  see  redigo. —  singulis  vasis,  to  each  vessel  ;  vas  in  the 
plural  is  of  the  second  declension  ;  vasa,  orum.  —  si ...  .  esset,  if  by 
chance  the  ship  were  sunk.  —  Catoni  ....  effusa  est,  the  senate  .... 
poured  out  to  meet  Cato  on  his  return.  —  actae  sunt,  were  given.  —  prae¬ 
tura  ....  data,  the  proctorship  was  given  to  him,  and  contrary  to  custom 
the  right  of  beholding  the  games,  although  clothed  in  the  praetexta.  — 
quem,  this.  —  iniquum  esse  affirmans,  affirming  that  it  was  unjust : 
with  what  does  iniquum  agree  ? 

6.  extrahi  curia,  to  be  dragged  forth  from  the  senate-house. — at .  .  .  . 
remisit,  but  he  abated  nothing  from  the  boldness  of  his  language.  —  sed 
....  via,  but  even  on  the  way  to  prison.  —  ut .  .  .  .  adversarentur,  that 
they  should  oppose  those  doing  such  things.  —  quod  ....  discederet,  be¬ 
cause  he  departed  from  the  senate,  although  it  was  not  yet  dismissed.  — 
sese  demitteret,  condescended.  —  quod  ....  intellexit,  when  he  saw 
that  this  was  Iwped  for  by  himself  in  vain.  —  qui  ....  demitteret ; 
what  does  this  relative  clause  denote  ? 

7.  eoque  victo,  and  when  he  was  conquered.  —  exercitus  reliquias, 
the  remnants  of  his  army.  —  cum  ....  imperium,  but  when  the  chief 
.power  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  soldiers.  — vir  consularis.  One 
who  had  been  a  consul  was  called  consularis.  —  Scipione  ....  devicto, 
even  when  Scipio  was  conquered.  —  et .  .  .  .  iturus,  and  being  about  to  go 
to  bed.  —  dixit  ilium,  he  said  that.  —  quod  ....  eripuisset,  because  he 
had  taken  from  him,  etc.  :  for  the  subjunctive  see  §  321,  a. 


• - • - 

YI.  LIFE  OF  CICERO. 

1.  equestri  genere,  of  equestrian  family.  —  Arpini,  at  Arpinum.  — 
ex  ...  .  unus,  one  of  his  ancestors ;  see  S  21 6,  c.  —  sitam,  placed,  see 
sino.  —  inditum,  bestowed  upon.  —  cum  ....  verteretur,  when  this  was 
cast  as  a  reproach  by  some  to  Cicero  ;  see  233.  —  dabo  operam,  I  will 
strive.  —  vincat,  shall  surpass.  —  quibus  ....  informari,  by  which  his 
boyhood  was  accustomed  to  be  trained  to  learning.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  domum, 
that  his  equals  returning  from  school  standing  around  hivi  in  the  midst, 
etc.  —  pueri  fama,  by  the  reputation  of  their  boy.  —  in  ...  .  ventitabant, 
kept  going  into  the  school  for  literature;  see  §  167,  b. — stomachum 
movebat,  stirred  the  anger  of  —  tribuerent,  why  subjunctive  ?  Give  the 
English  derivatives. 


166 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


2.  libertum,  a  frecdman :  libertinus  is  the  general  word  for  freed- 
man,  but  when  used  with  the  name  of  his  former  master  the  form  is 
libertus ;  the  attack  was  in  his  speech  for  Roscius  Amerinus,  delivered 
in  B.  C.  80.  — ex  ...  .  invidiam,  fearing  the  ill-will  of  him.  —  ubi  .  .  .  . 
usus  est,  where  he  employed  Molo  . ...  as  teacher.  —  nullius  ....  quaes¬ 
tura,  but  the  questorship  of  no  one :  see  §  83.  —  ingentem  ....  vim,  a 
large  amount  of  corn.  — majores  ....  detulerunt,  they  conferred  greater 
honors,  etc. 

3.  Catilinae :  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  was  crushed  in  the  year  B. 
C.  63.  —  in  petitione  consulatus,  in  his  canvass  for  the  consulship.  — 
cum  ....  constituerat,  with  many  noble  men  he  determined  to  kill 
Cicero,  etc.  —  Roma,  from  Rome.  —  quern,  him.  —  ex  medio  itinere, 
from  the  midst  of  his  journey.  —  non  ....  genui,  I  did  not  beget  thee  for 
Catiline  against  thy  country,  etc.  :  for  genui,  see  gigno. 

4.  adeo  ....  dimicatum,  so  fiercely  did  they  fight,  lit.  it  was  fought. 

—  quern  ....  locum,  the  place  which  each  one  held  while  fighting,  this, 
his  life  being  lost,  he  covered  with  his  body.  —  inter  ....  cadavera, 
among  the  bodies  of  those  whom  he  had  killed.  —  cecidit,  fell ;  see  cado. 

—  adeo  ....  plebis,  so  that  a  certain  one  of  the  tribunes  of  the  plebeians 
forbade  him  when  going  out  of  ofiice  to  speak  to  the  people.  — indicta 
causa,  their  cause  not  having  been  pleaded.  —  sed  ....  permiserit,  but 
it  was  only  permitted  to  him  to  give  the  accustomed  oath.  —  mea  unius 
opera,  by  the  aid  of  me  alone  ;  §  184,  d  ;  197,  e.\ 

5.  reus  factus  est,  was  prosecuted.  —  vestem  mutavit.  The  senate 
wore  mourning  attire,  such  as  a  person  about  to  be  tried  for  a  criminal 
offence.  —  cum,  although ■  —  urbe,  from  the  city.  —  sua  causa,  on  his 
account.  —  proficiscentem,  him  departing.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  interdiceretur, 
that  Marcus  Tullius  should  be  forbidden  the  use  of  fire  and  water,  i.  e. 
forbidden  to  obtain  the  bare  necessities  of  life,  and  therefore  obliged  to 
go  into  exile  ;  see  §  230.  —  obviam  ....  itum  est,  all  went  out  to  meet 
him  when  returning :  ei,  see  §  228,  b.  —  partes,  the  party.  —  veniam, 
pardon.  —  quo  interfecto,  when  he  was  killed.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  opponeret, 
in  order  that  he  might  place  him  against  Antony  [who  was]  disturbing  the 
republic. 

6.  transversis  itineribus,  by  cross-roads.  —  quae  ....  aberat ,  which 
was  very  near  the  sea.  —  transiturus,  for  the  purpose  of  crossing  ;  see 
§  293,  b.  —  in  altum  provectum,  having  put  out  to  sea.  —  retulis- 
sent,  see  referro.  —  in  patria  saepe  servata,  in  the  country  (which  I 
have)  often  preserved.  — mox  ....  percussoribus,  presently  his  murderers 
coming  nearer.  —  qua,  in  which.  —  eosque  ....  quod,  that  they  quietly 
should  endure  what.  —  prominenti  ....  praecisum,  then  leaning  out  of 
the  litter,  and  offering  his  neck  unmoved,  his  head  was  cut  off.  —  positum, 
was  placed.  —  se  , . .  .  laesam,  that  she  had  been  injured  by  Cicero :  see 


NOTES. 


167 


laedo.  —  in  genua,  upon  her  knees.  —  extractam  ....  confixit,  pierced 
the  tongue  torn  out,  with  a  needle. 

7.  scurra  consularis,  the  jesting  consular.  —  accinctum,  equipped. — 
juniorem  ....  erat,  that  she  was  younger  than  she  was.  —  dictitabat 
.  .  .  .  habere,  kept  saying  that  she  was  only  thirty  years  old  :  what  kind 
of  a  verb  is  dictitabat?  —  how  formed?  —  cui,  to  her.  —  audio,  see 
§  276,  d.  —  altero  ....  ultima,  the  other  consul  having  died  on  the  last  of 
December.  —  Caninium  ....  renuntiaverat,  declared  Caninius  consul 
at  the  seventh  hour  for  the  remaining  part  of  the  day  ;  this  was  about  one 
o’clock  in  the  afternoon.  As  the  new  consuls  entered  upon  office  on  the 
first  of  January,  Caninius  was  consul  for  only  a  part  of  one  day.  — 
salutatum,  to  salute  him.  —  festinemus,  let  us  hasten.  —  mirifica  vigi¬ 
lantia,  of  remarkable  vigilance  ;  see  §  251. 


VII.  LIFE  OF  BRUTUS. 

1.  ex  ... .  oriundus,  descended  from  that  family  which  had  expelled 
the  Tarquins  from  Rome.  — Sullae  partibus,  the  party  of  Sulla.  — cum 
. .  .  .  simultates,  had  borne  a  severe  grudge  against  him.  —  dolorem 
.  .  . .  posthabuit,  he  regarded  his  own  resentment  less  than  the  advantage 
of  the  republic.  —  regnum  affectare,  to  aim  at  the  royal  power.  —  prae¬ 
senti  statu,  at  the  present  state  of  affairs.  —  subscripsere,  wrote  under  ; 
perfect,  third  person  plural.  —  primi  Bruti,  i.  e.  Lucius  Junius  Brutus 
who  had  expelled  the  Tarquins  from  Rome.  —  hie,  i.  e.  Caesar.  —  tribu¬ 
nali,  on  the  judgment- seat ;  notice  that  neuter  nouns  in  e,  al,  and  ar 
have  i  in  the  ablative. 

2.  pridie  quam,  the  day  before.  —  cultellum  tonsorium,  a  razor ; 
what  kind  of  a  noun  is  cultellum?  see  §  164,  a. — eoque  ....  vul¬ 
neravit,  this  as  if  by  chance  slipping  from  her  hands,  she  wounded  her¬ 
self.  —  tonsoris  ....  praeripere,  to  take  away  the  duty  of  a  barber. 
The  Roman  barbers  not  only  shaved  and  cut  the  hair,  but  also  pared  the 
nails,  etc.  —  de  industria,  designedly.  —  an  ...  .  oppetendam,  whether 
there  was  enough  courage  in  me  to  seek  death  ;  esset,  why  subjunctive  ?  — 
si  ...  .  cessisset,  if  your  design  should  not  turn  out  according  to  your 
desire.  — possim,  why  subj.  ? 

3.  Philippos :  Philippi  took  its  name  from  its  founder,  Philip,  the 
father  of  Alexander  the  Great.  —  uni  ....  praebuit,  he  offered  his  side  to 
be  pierced  by  one  of  his  companions.  —  ei,  upon  it.  —  ut,  etc. ,  that  he 
might  be  buried  in  it.  —  quod  ....  audivisset,  when  he  heard  that  this 


168 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


was  afterwards  stolen.  —  cremati  corporis,  of  the  body  (after  it  vas) 
burned.  —  non  ....  moderatio,  the  moderation  of  Octavius  towarc  Bru¬ 
tus  was  not  the  same.  —  is  ...  .  jussit,  for  he  commanded  that  t)  head 
of  Brutus ,  being  torn  off,  should  be  borne  to  Rome  ;  see  §  271,  b. 


♦ 


YIII.  LIFE  OF  AUGUSTUS. 

1.  a  majore  avunculo.  Julius  Csesar,  the  brother  of  Julia,  the 
grandmother  of  Octavianus.  —  vacaret,  he  might  have  leisure  (to  attend). 
— Apollonia  was  a  city  of  Illyria.  It  was  celebrated  as  a  seat  of  learning, 
and  thither  the  nobility  of  Rome  repaired  to  study  the  literature  and 
philosophy  of  Greece.  —  Mutinse,  at  Mutina  (Modena),  a  city  of  Cisal¬ 
pine  Gaul.  —  cum  ....  prohiberetur,  but  when  he  was  prevented  from 
entering  the  city.  —  ut .  .  .  .  faceret,  in  order  that  he  might  inform  ;  cer¬ 
tiorem,  see  Rule  2.  —  quae  ....  deferebantur,  which  was  borne  under 
the  water  of  the  river  by  a  diver  ;  see  §  246,  b.  —  ad  id,  for  that  purpose. 
—  summa,  see  §  193.  — maxime  ....  instituisset,  especially  when  he 
had  trained  the  doves  to  fly  thither,  etc. 

2.  in  ... .  munere,  in  one  of  which  he  performed  the  duty  not  only  of 
a  leader,  but  also  of  a  soldier.  —  reconciliata  ....  gratia,  a  reconcilia¬ 
tion  being  effected  with  Antony.  —  Syn.  Ulciscor,  revenge  from  a  feeling 
of  anger  ;  vindico,  avenge  as  an  act  of  justice.  —  qui  ....  deposcerent, 
to  demand  the  consulship  for  himself  in  the  name  of  the  army.  —  hie  .... 
feceritis,  he  will  act,  if  you  shall  notact ,  see  §  307,  e.  —  si  ...  .  aufere¬ 
tis,  if  in  this  manner  you  shall  seek  the  consulship  for  Caesar ,  you  will 
obtain  it ;  see  §  307,  c.  —  quod  ....  fuit,  afterwards  this  speech  was  his 
ruin  ;  see  Rule  20.  —  invisus  ....  amantior,  for  he  began  to  be  hateful 
to  Caesar,  because  he  was  too  fond  of  liberty. 

3.  invasit,  seized  upon.  —  novamque  ....  tabulam,  a  new  proscrip¬ 
tion  list.  —  Sullana,  than  the  Sullan  (proscription).  —  pepercit,  see 
parco,  §  124,  c.  —  nomine,  see  §  253. — ut  ....  proscriberetur, 
in  order  that  as  a  man  he  might  be  proscribed.  —  protinus  ....  de¬ 
scendit,  immediately  after  he  descended  from  the  capitol  (built  upon  the 
Capitoline  hill).  — qui  ....  objecerat,  who  had  exposed  his  body  in  front 
of  him. 

4.  Societate  :  this  was  the  second  triumvirate,  an  alliance  formed 
between  Octavianus,  Antony,  and  Lepidus,  B.  C.  43.  —  quod,  this.  — 
quanquam,  although.  Syn.  —  -ZEger,  disordered  ;  either  mentally  or 
physically  ;  aegrotus,  a,  um,  ill,  unwell ;  morbidus,  diseased ;  the  last 


NOTES. 


169 


two  are  used  of  bodily  sickness.  — castris  exutus,  being  stripped  of  his 
camp  ;  Rule  28.  —  altero  ....  acerbius,  in  the  other ,  as  a  victor  he  con¬ 
ducted  himself  cruelly.  — saeviit,  he  vented  his  rage.  — adjecta  .... 
contumelia,  abusive  language  being  added  even  to  punishment.  —  uni 
....  respondit,  to  one  suppliantly  beseeching  burial  he  replied.  —  illam, 
i.  e.  sepulturam.  —  Syn.  Volucer  (properly  an  adjective),  any  winged 
creature ,  including  insects  ;  avis  and  ales,  a  winged  creature  ;  avis  is  a 
general  word  for  bird  ;  alites,  are  large  birds,  and  in  the  language  of  the 
augurs,  a  bird  whose  flight  was  to  be  interpreted,  as  distinguished  from 
ocines,  birds  whose  cry  furnished  the  omen.  —  cum  ....  parceretur,  but 
when  Octavius  was  willing  to  grant  life  to  one  only,  he  commanded  them 
to  determine  by  lot  tohieh  of  the  two  he  should  spare.  —  pro  filio,  in  the 
place  of  his  son.  —  se  .  .  .  .  obtulerat,  offered  himself.  —  prae  dolore, 
on  account  of  his  grief.  —  voluntaria  ....  nece,  by  a  voluntary  death.  — 
morientem,  (while)  dying. 

5.  repudiata,  being  divorced.  —  duxisset  uxorem,  married.  —  cen¬ 
ties  sestertium,  100  times  100,000  sesterces,  about  400,000  dollars,  see  - 
§  379.  —  Antonio  ....  coenam,  she  served  a  'magnificent  dinner  to  An¬ 
tony  denying  that  this  was  able  to  be  done.  —  tanti,  of  so  much.  —  quanti, 
as.  —  irrisa  ....  Antonio,  therefore  she  being  laughed  at  by  Antony.  — 
esset  actura  :  for  sequence  of  tenses,  see  §  286.  —  auribus,  from  auris. 
—  simili ;  notice  that  the  ablative  retains  i,  and  the  gen.  plur.  ium, 
in  all  neuters  ending  in  e,  al,  and  ar. 

6.  Actium :  Actium  is  really  in  Acarnania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Sinus 
Ambracius.  This  decisive  battle  was  fought  September  2,  B.  C.  31. 

It  completely  crushed  the  republicans,  and  formed  the  commencement 
of  the  empire.  Alexandria  :  this  city  was  founded  by  Alexander  the 
Great.  —  cum,  although.  —  necem  sibi  conscivit,  lit.  {procured  death 
for  himself ),  committed  suicide.  —  vivam,  alive.  —  aspidem  ....  cura¬ 
vit,  took  care  that  an  asp  should  be  brought  to  her  in  a  twig  basket  among 
some  figs.  —  quod  :  what  is  the  antecedent  ?  —  medicos  ....  jussit,  he 
commanded  the  physicians  to  apply  remedies  to  the  wound.  —  Psyllos,  the 
Psylli,  a  people  of  Libya,  celebrated  for  their  skill  in  curing  the  bite  of 
the  most  venomous  serpents  by  sucking  out  the  poison  without  injury 
to  themselves.  —  Syn.  Communico  and  participo,  give  a  share  of; 
impertio  and  tribuo  mean  give  or  impart,  without  implying  that  any 
part  is  retained  by  the  donor.  —  frustra,  in  vain  ;  said  of  one  who  has 
gained  nothing  by  his  toil ;  nequidquam,  in  vain ;  of  one  who  has  not 
accomplished  his  purpose. 

7.  clementem  se  exhibuit,  proved  himself  merciful.  —  cum  .... 
processisset,  when  he  an  old  man,  filthy  and  clad  in  ragged  garments, 
proceeded  among  the  captives.  —  non  ....  meriti  sumus,  he  does  not 
merit  punishment  more  than  I  do  reward  ;  see  §  205,  a.  —  me  .... 


170 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


occidi,  that  I  should  be  killed.  —  utrum,  which  of  the  two.  —  moribus : 
observe  the  difference  in  meaning  between  the  singular  mos,  custom,  and 
the  plural  mores,  character,  from  which  onr  word  moral  is  derived. 

8.  Jani  gemini,  of  the  two-faced  Janus :  Janus  is  represented  as  an 
ancient  king  of  Italy.  He  is  said  to  have  sheltered  Saturn,  when  pur¬ 
sued  by  Jupiter,  and  to  have  received  from  him  the  power  of  knowing 
both  the  past  and  future.  Hence  he  is  represented  with  two  faces,  one 
looking  backward,  and  the  other  forward.  —  tantummodo,  only.  —  post 
.  .  .  .  bellum :  the  first  Punic  war  began  in  B.  C.  264,  and  terminated  in 
B.  C.  241.  —  delati  sunt,  were  conferred.  —  ipse  ....  cognominatus,  he 
was  sumamed  Augustus.  —  Sextilis :  this  month  was  called  Sextilis, 
because  the  Roman  year  originally  began  with  March.  The  year  was 
made  to  begin  with  January  in  B.  C.  153.  — eodem  nomine,  i.  e.  Augus¬ 
tus. —  biduo,  for  the  space  of  two  days.  —  celebrarunt,  see  §  128,  a. — 
maximo  consensu,  with  the  greatest  unanimity.  —  compos  ....  meo¬ 
rum,  I  have  obtained  my  wishes. 

9.  dictaturam  ....  deprecatus,  he  begged  to  be  free  from  the  dictator¬ 
ship.  —  genu  nixus,  kneeling.  —  non  semel,  more  than  once,  lit.  not  once 
only.  —  sed  ....  pceniteret,  but  thinking  that  both  as  a  private  citizen  he 
should  not  be  without  peril ....  that  no  one  should  repent  of  the  new  state 
of  affairs.  —  tegeret,  was  trying  to  hide.  —  Syn.  Doctus,  learned,  ac¬ 
complished  ;  peritus,  experienced,  skilful;  eruditus,  educated. 

10.  summaque  ....  excipiebat,  he  received  those  approaching  him 
with  the  greatest  courtesy.  —  libellum  ....  porrigens,  offering  a  peti¬ 
tion.  —  putasne  ....  dare,  do  you  suppose  that  you  are  giving.  —  eum 
.  .  .  .  miles,  at  one  timt  a  veteran  soldier  met  him.  —  ut  sibi  adesset, 
that  he  would  aid  him.  —  sed  ....  pugnavi,  but  I  myself,  etc.  —  eru¬ 
buit  :  see  §  167,  a.  —  ipse ....  advocationem,  come  himself  as  an  advo¬ 
cate  for  him. 

11.  quern,  which.  —  socius  give  the  synonymes  and  English  deriva¬ 
tives.  —  ad  ...  .  pervenerat,  to  whom  nothing  from ,  etc.  —  Antoni, 
see  §  40,  c.  —  nihil,  lit.  in  no  respect,  see  Rule  24.  —  tantummodo, 

merely. 

12.  parum  proficeret  (sc.  corvus),  made  but  little  progress.  —  opera 
.  .  .  .  periit,  my  labor  and  expense  have  gone  for  nothing.  —  satis  .... 
habeo,  I  have  enough  of  such  saluters  at  home;  see  §  216,  4.  —  turn 
....  adj  ecit,  then  the  crow  added  even  those  words.  —  quanti  (sc.  tanti), 
for  so  much  .  ...  as. 

13.  Graeculus,  insignificant  or  paltry  Greek:  the  Greeks,  though 
better  educated,  were  despised  by  the  Romans  as  a  servile  and  cowardly 
race.  —  honorificum  ....  porrigere,  to  offer  a  short  poem  as  a  mark  of 
honor.  —  exaravit,  he  wrote.  —  et .  .  .  .  misit,  and  sent  it  to  the  Greek 
coming  to  meet  him .  —  ille  ....  gestuque,  he,  on  reading  it,  began  to 


NOTES. 


171 


praise  it,  and  to  manifest  his  admiration  by  his  voice  as  well  as  by  his 
countenance  and  gesture.  —  qua,  in  which.  —  demissa  ....  manu,  putting 
his  hand  into  his  lean  purse.  —  quos  ....  daret,  to  give  to  the  prince.  — 
se  plus  daturum,  etc. :  in  direct  discourse,  plus  darem,  si  plus  habe¬ 
rem.  —  summam,  amount  (of  money). 

14.  fere  nulli,  to  hardly  anybody. — exceptus  ....  insusurravit, 
therefore  having  been  entertained  by  a  certain  one  at  a  very  frugal  and 
ordinary  dinner ,  he  only  whispered  this.  —  me  ....  familiarem,  that  I 
teas  so  intimate  with  you.  —  patrocinium  suscepit,  undertook  the  protec¬ 
tion.  —  servus  :  what  are  the  synonymes  ? 

15.  rumpente  ....  cantu,  the  frequent  screeching  of  an  owl  inter¬ 
rupting  his  sleep.  —  liberari  ....  cupere,  that  earnestly  desired  to  be 
free  from.  —  prehendendam  :  in  what  three  ways  may  the  participle  in 
dus  be  translated  ? 

16.  Augustus  ....  admisit,  Augustus  did  not  easily  form  friend¬ 
ships.  —  imprimis  ....  Maecenatem,  above  all  he  was  intimate  with 
Maecenas.  —  qua  ....  valebat,  which  he  exercised  ivith  the  prince.  — jus 
.  .  .  .  Augustus,  sometimes  when  Augustus  was  administering  justice.  — 
multos  ....  damnaturus,  about  to  condemn  many  to  death.  —  qua 
lecta,  this  being  read.  Syn.  —  tento,  try  by  feeling,  carefully  to  test ; 
experior,  try  by  experiment ;  periclitor,  try,  facing  the  danger  arising 
from  the  experiment. 

17.  supellex  ....  erat,  his  household  furniture  also  was  scarcely  of 
the  elegance  of  that  of  private  persons.  —  cibi  ....  vulgaris,  his  food  was 
common,  and  very  little  in  amount ;  see  214,  c. 

18.  dormiebat,  used  to  sleep.  —  audisset,  for  audivisset. — licet, 
although. 

19.  exercitationes  campestres,  exercises  in  the  Campus  Martius.  — 
transiit,  he  resorted.  —  modo  ....  modo,  at  one  time  .  ...  at  another. 
—  alea,  in  gaming.  —  id  ...  .  datum  est,  this  was  imputed  as  a  fault  to 
him  ;  what  is  the  antecedent  of  id  ?  —  remisso  ....  animo,  his  mind 
being  giving  up  to  leisure.  —  vitae  ....  egisset,  whether  he  had  acted 
pretty  well  the  comedy  of  life.  —  edite  ....  applaudite ;  words  of  this 
kind  were  usually  added  at  the  end  of  the  plays  in  the  theatre  ;  this 
Augustus  applies  to  his  departure  from  the  stage  of  life.  Augustus  died 
in  A.  D.  14.  Nola  is  in  Campania,  nearly  east  from  Naples. 


172 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


IX.  THE  HELVETIAN  WAR. 

C.  Julius  Caesar  was  born  in  the  year  B.  C.  102  (usual  date  B.  C. 
100),  and  was  assassinated  in  the  year  B.  C.  44,  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
seven  years  and  eight  months.  This  date  of  his  birth  is  consistent 
with  the  fact  that  he  was  iEdile  in  B.  C.  65,  Praetor  in  62,  and 
Consul  in  59 ;  since  these  offices  could  not  be  held  by  the  Lex 
Annalis  until  one  had  entered  upon  the  age  of  thirty-seven,  forty, 
and  forty-three  respectively. 

The  Romans  had  already  extended  their  power  over  the  Greek 
states  of  the  East,  and  had  virtually  subjugated  all  the  peoples  that 
skirted  the  Mediterranean  sea,  except  the  Celtic  tribes  of  the  West. 
Their  conquest  the  Roman  people  intrusted  to  Caesar.  His  relation¬ 
ship  with  Marius  and  Cinna,  his  refusal  to  divorce  his  wife  Cornelia, 
his  wanderings  during  the  proscription  of  Sulla,  his  bravery  at  Mity¬ 
lene  and  in  Cilicia,  his  defence  of  the  Latin  colonies,  his  brilliant 
successes  in  Spain,  his  liberality  and  magnanimity,  and  even  his  vices 
endeared  him  to  the  people,  and  all  eyes  were  turned  towards  him 
as  the  leader  of  the  popular  party.  For  a  long  time  the  Romans 
had  felt  the  importance  of  possessing  Gaul,  but  as  yet  had  made  no 
systematic  effort  to  extend  their  dominion  in  that  quarter  farther 
than  occupying  the  seaboard  between  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees 
(B.  C.  118).  The  climate  of  Gaul  was  healthy,  the  soil  rich  and 
fertile,  and  the  intercourse  easy  by  land  and  sea  with  Rome.  For 
a  long  time  Roman  merchants  and  farmers  had  emigrated  in  great 
numbers  to  Gaul,  and  so  disseminated  Roman  culture  and  civiliza¬ 
tion,  that  many  of  the  tribes  could  transact  business  in  the  Latin 
language.  The  centre  of  this  civilization  and  refinement  was  the 
old  Greek  city  Massilia ;  also  the  resort  of  those  who  had  been 
banished  from  the  capital.  The  merchants  stationed  here  carried 
on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  interior  of  Gaul,  and  even  with 
Britain.  They  transported  their  produce  up  the  Rhone  and  Saone, 
and  thence  by  land  to  the  Seine  and  Loire,  or  across  to  the  Garonne, 
and  so  to  the  Atlantic.  This  intercourse  produced  a  close  connec¬ 
tion  between  the  tribes  from  the  Rhone  and  Garonne  to  the  Rhine 
and  Thames.  Csesar  saw  how  essential  the  possession  of  this  coun¬ 
try  was  to  the  Roman  state,  and  that  to  its  conqueror  it  offered  the 
prospect  of  surpassing  the  fame  of  Camillus  and  Marius. 


NOTES. 


173 


Caesar’s  effort  to  gain  control  of  the  government  by  means  of 
Catiline’s  conspiracy,  while  Pompey  was  in  the  East  engaged  in 
the  war  against  Mithridates,  was  unsuccessful.  But  Pompey’s  vari¬ 
ance  with  the  senate  on  his  return  from  the  East  gave  Caesar  an 
opportunity  of  forming  an  alliance  with  him.  Caesar  promised  him 
the  support  of  the  democratic  party  to  carry  his  measures  in  spite 
of  the  senate.  He  also  succeeded  in  effecting  a  reconciliation  be¬ 
tween  Pompey  and  Crassus.  This  was  called  the  first  triumvirate 
(B.  C.  60).  In  return  for  these  favors  Caesar  was  to  be  consul  the 
next  year  (B.  C.  59),  and  in  accordance  with  the  Sullan  laws,  to 
govern  as  pro-consul  a  province  the  following  year.  He  was  in¬ 
trusted  with  the  command  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  Illyricum,  and  the 
province  Narbo,  or  simply  Provincia,  with  three  legions,  for  the 
term  of  five  years.  Caesar  had  now  attained  his  object.  As  pro- 
consul  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  he  could  watch  the  progress  of  affairs  in 
the  capital,  while  the  threatening  movements  of  the  tribes  in  Gaul 
opened  to  him  the  prospect  of  subjugating  the  country  and  training 
an  army  for  the  civil  war  impending,  which  he  saw  was  inevitable 
between  himself  and  Pompey. 

Of  the  population  of  Gaul,  the  iEdui  had  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  Rome,  while  the  Belgae  in  the  north  and  the  Sequani  in  the 
south  sought  an  alliance  with  the  Germans.  The  iEdui,  relying  on  the 
assistance  of  Rome,  imposed  heavy  tolls  on  the  navigation  of  the  Sa- 
one.  The  Sequani  complained  bitterly  of  this,  and  thinking  that  the 
Roman  government  was  too  much  occupied  with  its  own  contentions 
at  home  to  furnish  its  clients  assistance,  determined  to  rid  themselves 
of  the  influence  of  Rome,  and  punish  the  AMui.  Eor  this  purpose 
they  invited  the  German  prince,  Ariovistus,  with  about  15,000  men, 
to  their  assistance.  The  iEdui  were  defeated,  and  forced  to  pay 
tribute  to  the  Sequani,  to  give  hostages,  and  to  swear  never  to 
wage  war  for  their  recovery,  or  to  solicit  the  aid  of  Rome.  Divi¬ 
tiacus,  the  chief  magistrate  of  his  clan,  alone  refused  to  sign  the 
treaty,  and  fled  to  Rome  to  ask  assistance.  Ariovistus  now  invited 
other  tribes  across  the  Rhine,  and  demanded  land  to  settle  them  on; 
the  whole  frontier  of  Gaul  from  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  to  the 
ocean  was  threatened  by  the  invasion  of  the  German  tribes.  These 
tribes  so  pressed  upon  the  Helvetians,  who  were  hemmed  in  on  the 
south  and  west  by  the  Alps,  Lake  Geneva,  and  the  Jura  mountains, 
that  they  determined  to  abandon  their  country  to  the  Germans,  and 
seek  larger  and  more  fertile  fields  in  the  West.  Caesar,  on  the  ex- 


174 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


piration  of  his  consulship,  had  remained  in  the  vicinity  of  the  capital 
until  he  accomplished  his  political  schemes.  But  when  the  news 
reached  him  that  the  Helvetii  had  abandoned  their  homes,  and 
were  advancing  upon  Geneva  with  the  purpose  of  crossing  the 
Rhone  and  forcing  their  .way  through  the  Province,  he  hastily 
made  his  preparations,  and  reached  the  Rhone  in  eight  days. 

The  following  is  a  brief  outline  of  Caesar’s  campaigns  in  Gaul 
(see  Latin  Reader)  :  — 

I.  Caesar  checks  the  attempt  of  the  Helvetians  to  colonize  in 
Western  Gaul,  and  forces  them,  after  a  bloody  defeat,  to  return  to 
their  own  territory.  He  then  engages  with  a  powerful  tribe  of 
Germans,  who  had  made  a  military  settlement  in  Eastern  Gaul,  and 
drives  them,  with  their  chief,  Ariovistus,  beyond  the  Rhine. 

II.  A  formidable  conspiracy  of  the  northern  populations  of  Gaul 
is  suppressed,  with  the  almost  complete  extermination  of  the  brav¬ 
est  Belgian  tribe,  the  Nervii,  in  a  battle  which  seems  to  have  been 
the  most  desperate  of  all  Cassar  ever  fought.  In  this  campaign  the 
coast  towns  of  the  west  and  northwest  (Brittany)  are  reduced  to 
submission. 

III.  After  a  brief  conflict  with  the  mountaineers  of  the  Alps, 
who  attacked  the  Roman  armies  on  their  march,  the  chief  opera¬ 
tions  are  the  conquest  of  the  coast  tribes  of  Brittany  (Yeneti,  etc.), 
in  a  warfare  of  curious  naval  engineering  in  the  shallow  tide-water 
inlets  and  among  the  rocky  shores.  During  the  season,  the  tribes 
of  the  southwest  (Aquitani),  a  mining  population,  allied  to  the 
Iberians  or  Basques,  are  reduced  by  one  of  Caesar’s  officers. 

IY.  An  attack  from  the  Germans  on  northern  Gaul  is  repulsed ; 
and  Caesar  follows  them,  by  a  bridge  of  timber  hastily  built  across 
the  Rhine.  Returning,  he  crosses  to  Britain  in  the  early  autumn, 
for  a  visit  of  exploration. 

Y.  The  partial  conquest  of  Britain  (second  invasion)  is  followed 
by  various  movements  in  northern  Gaul,  in  which  the  desperate 
condition  of  the  Roman  garrisons  is  relieved  by  the  prudent  and 
brave  conduct  of  Labienus  and  Quintus  Cicero. 

YI.  Caesar  makes  a  brief  expedition  across  the  Rhine  against  the 
Germans.  Some  general  disturbances  are  quelled,  and  northern 
Gaul  is  reduced  to  peace. 

YII.  Yercingetorix,  a  brave  and  high-spirited  chief  of  southern 
Gaul,  effects  a  conspiracy  of  the  whole  country,  which  is  at  length 
subdued.  Yercingetorix,  in  brilliant  equipment,  surrenders  himself 


NOTES. 


175 


to  secure  the  quiet  of  the  country,  and  is  taken  in  chains  to  Rome, 
where  he  is  afterwards  put  to  death  in  Caesar’s  triumph. 

VIII.  Slight  insurrections,  breaking  out  here  and  there,  are  easily 
subdued,  and  the  subjugation  of  Gaul  is  made  complete. 

During  the  winter  of  the  following  year  (B.  C.  50)  Caesar  em¬ 
ployed  himself  in  settling  the  conditon  of  the  country,  and  concili¬ 
ating  the  favor  of  the  people.  The  territory  was  united  with  the 
province  of  Narbo  until  B.  C.  44,  when  two  new  governorships, 
Gaul  proper  and  Belgica,  were  formed  out  of  it.  Caesar  imposed 
light  taxes,  and  left  the  levying  of  them  to  each  community.  Al¬ 
though  he  showed  every  consideration  to  the  nation,  and  spared 
their  national,  political,  and  religious  institutions,  so  far  as  was  con¬ 
sistent  with  their  subjection  to  Rome,  yet  he  did  not  renounce  the 
fundamental  idea  of  his  conquest,  the  Romanizing  of  Gaul.  He 
bestowed  the  franchise  upon  a  number  of  noble  Celts,  admitted 
several  to  the  senate,  introduced  the  Roman  monetary  system,  and 
made  the  Latin  the  language  used  in  official  intercourse.  By  his 
wise  and  judicious  measures  the  laws  and  institutions  of  Rome 
were  thoroughly  accepted  by  the  people,  and  became  the  basis  of 
their  social  and  political  life. 

“  But  the  fact  that  this  great  people  was  ruined  by  the  Transalpine 
wars  of  Csesar  was  not  the  most  important  result  of  that  grand 
enterprise ;  far  more  momentous  than  the  negative  were  the  posi¬ 
tive  results.  It  hardly  admits  of  a  doubt  that,  if  the  rule  of  the 
senate  had  prolonged  its  semblance  of  life  for  some  generations 
longer,  the  migration  of  peoples,  as  it  is  called,  would  have  occurred 
four  hundred  years  sooner  than  it  did,  and  would  have  occurred  at 
a  time  when  Italian  civilization  had  not  become  naturalized  either 
in  Gaul,  or  on  the  Danube,  or  in  Africa  and  Spain.  Inasmuch  as 
the  great  general  and  statesman  of  Rome,  with  sure  glance,  per¬ 
ceived  in  the  German  tribes  the  rival  antagonists  of  the  Romano- 
Greek  world ;  inasmuch  as  with  a  firm  hand  he  established  the 
new  system  of  aggressive  defence  down  even  to  its  details,  and 
taught  men  to  protect  the  frontiers  of  the  empire  by  rivers  or  arti¬ 
ficial  ramparts,  to  colonize  the  nearest  barbarian  tribes  along  the 
frontier  with  the  view  of  warding  off  the  more  remote,  and  to  re¬ 
cruit  the  Roman  army  by  enlistment  from  the  enemy’s  country; 
he  gamed  for  Hellenico-Italian  culture  the  interval  necessary  to 
civilize  the  West  just  as  it  had  already  civilized  the  East.  Ordinary 
men  see  the  fruits  of  their  actions;  the  seeds  sown  by  men  of 


176 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


genius  germinate  slowly.  Centuries  elapsed  before  men  understood 
that  Alexander  had  not  merely  erected  an  ephemeral  kingdom  in  the 
East,  but  had  carried  Hellenism  to  Asia ;  centuries  again  elapsed 
before  men  understood  that  Csesar  had  not  merely  conquered  a  new 
province  for  the  Romans,  but  had  laid  the  foundation  for  the  Ro¬ 
manizing  of  the  regions  of  the  West.  It  was  only  a  late  posterity 
that  perceived  the  meaning  of  these  expeditions  to  England  and 
Germany,  so  inconsiderable  in  a  military  point  of  view,  and  so 
barren  of  immediate  results.  An  immense  circle  of  peoples,  whose 
existence  and  condition  hitherto  were  known  barely  through  the  re¬ 
ports — mingling  some  truth  with  much  fiction — of  the  mariner  and 
the  trader,  was  disclosed  by  this  means  to  the  Greek  and  Roman 
world.  This  enlargement  of  the  historical  horizon  by  the  expedi¬ 
tion  of  Csssar  beyond  the  Alps  was  as  much  an  event  in  the  world’s 
history  as  the  exploring  of  America  by  European  bands.  To  the 
narrow  circle  of  the  Mediterranean  states  were  added  the  peoples  of 
Central  and  Northern  Europe,  the  dwellers  on  the  Baltic  and  North 
Seas;  to  the  old  world  was  added  a  new  one,  which  thenceforth 
was  influenced  by  the  old  and  influenced  it  in  turn.  What  the 
Gothic  Theodoric  afterwards  succeeded  in  came  very  near  being 
already  carried  out  by  Ariovistus.  Had  it  happened,  our  civilization 
would  have  hardly  stood  in  any  more  intimate  relation  to  the  Ro- 
mano-Greek  than  to  the  Indian  and  Assyrian  culture.  That  there 
is  a  bridge  connecting  the  past  glory  of  Hellas  and  Rome  with  the 
prouder  fabric  of  modern  history ;  that  W estern  Europe  is  Romanic, 
and  Germanic  Europe  classic ;  that  the  names  of  Themistocles  and 
Scipio  have  to  us  a  very  different  sound  from  those  of  Asoka  and 
Salmanassar;  that  Homer  and  Sophocles  are  not  merely,  like  the 
Yedas  and  Kalidasa,  attractive  to  the  literary  botanist,  but  bloom 
for  us  in  our  gardens,  —  all  this  is  the  work  of  Caesar;  and  while  the 
creation  of  his  great  predecessor  in  the  East  has  been  almost  wholly 
reduced  to  ruin  by  the  tempests  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the  structure 
of  Caesar  has  outlasted  those  thousands  of  years  which  have  changed 
religion  and  polity  for  the  human  race,  and  even  shifted  the  centre 
of  civilization  itself;  and  it  stands  erect  for  what  we  may  term 
perpetuity.”  —  Mommsen. 

1.  Gallia :  Gaul  extended  from  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Gulf  of  Lyons 
on  the  south  to  the  British  Channel  and  German  Ocean  on  the  north. 
It  was  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  east  by 


NOTES. 


177 


the  Rhine  and  Italy.  It  was  called  Transalpina  (i.  e.  beyond  the  Alps), 
to  distinguish  it  from  Cisalpina  (i.  e.  on  this  side  of  the  Alps),  in  north¬ 
ern  Italy.  It  included  France,  Belgium,  part  of  Switzerland  and  Hol¬ 
land,  and  the  part  of  Germany  west  of  the  Rhine.  In  the  division  which 
Caisar  here  makes  he  does  not  include  the  southeast  part,  called  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  or  commonly  Provincia,  whence  the  modern  name  Pro¬ 
vence.  The  Roman  dominion  in  the  Provincia  was  secured  by  the 
establishment  of  Narbo  Marcius,  a  Roman  colony  on  the  Atax,  in 
B.  C.  118. 

The  most  remote  Roman  towns  towards  the  west  and  north  were  Lug- 
dunum,  Convenarum,  Tolosa,  Vienna,  and  Geneva.  The  country  was 
well  provided  with  roads  and  bridges.  The  commerce  on  the  Rhone, 
Garonne,  Loire,  and  Seine  was  considerable  and  lucrative,  and  extended 
even  into  Britain.  The  people  were  tall,  of  fair  complexion,  and  san¬ 
guine  temperament  ;  fond  of  fighting,  and  easily  discouraged.  They 
were  skilled  in  working  copper  and  gold.  Copper  implements  of  excel¬ 
lent  workmanship,  and  even  now  malleable,  have  been  found  in  the  tombs 
of  Gaul.  The  Romans  are  said  to  have  learned  the  art  of  tinning  and 
silvering  from  them.  They  had  attained  so  much  skill  in  mining,  that 
the  miners,  especially  in  the  iron-mines  on  the  Loire,  acted  an  important 
part  in  sieges.  There  was  no  political  union  among  the  different  clans, 
no  leading  canton  for  all  Gaul,  no  tie,  however  loose,  uniting  the  whole 
nation  under  one  leadership.  Sometimes  one  canton  would  extend  its 
power  over  a  weaker  one,  as  the  Suessiones  in  the  north,  the  maritime 
cantons  in  the  west,  the  two  leagues  in  the  south,  one  headed  by  the 
y£dui,  the  other  by  the  Sequani  ;  but  the  Celts  as  a  nation  lacked 
political  unity,  and  the  cantons,  for  the  most  part,  existed  independently 
side  by  side.  In  matters  of  religion  they  had  long  been  centralized.  The 
association  of  Druids  embraced  the  British  islands,  all  Gaul,  and  perhaps 
other  Celtic  communities.  The  Druids  had  a  special  head  elected  by  the 
priests  themselves,  special  privileges,  as  exemption  from  taxation  and 
military  service,  and  an  annual  council. 

The  Province  in  Caesar’s  tune  extended  from  the  Pyrenees  to  the  Alps 
on  the  coast,  and  was  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Alps,  on  the  west  by 
the  Mons  Cevenna  (Cevennes),  southward  from  the  latitude  of  Lugdu  ■ 
num  (Lyons),  and  on  the  north  (where  it  narrowed  off)  by  the  Rhone 
from  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Geneva,  to  the  junction  of  the 
Rhone  and  Saone.  —  omnis :  Caesar  means  all  of  Gaul,  except  that  part 
which  had  been  subdued  by  the  Romans,  in  opposition  to  Gallia  in  the 
limited  sense  of  one  of  the  three  divisions  (see  Hand-book).  —  tres  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  sentence  as  being  the  significant  word,  indicat¬ 
ing  the  number  of  divisions.  —  unam :  supply  partem.  —  aliam,  another 

(part)  :  if  Caesar  had  been  enumerating  them  in  order,  he  would  have 

12 


178 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


used  alteram  or  secundam.  —  tertiam  ....  appellantur,  the  third, 

those  who  are  called  in  our  language  Gauls.  —  institutis,  in  customs  ; 
when  three  or  more  nouns  stand  together,  the  conjunctions  may  be 
omitted  altogether,  or  used  between  the  first  and  second,  and  second 
and  third,  etc.  —  inter  se,  among  themselves ,  or  from  one  another.  —  di¬ 
vidunt  is  to  he  supplied  after  Matrona  et  Sequana. — propterea  quod, 
because. — Germanis,  to  the  Germans.  —  incolunt,  dwell.  Give  the  syn- 
onymes  of  bellum.  —  quoque,  also  ;  the  ablative  of  quisque  is  quoque. 
—  virtute,  in  valor :  virtus,  from  vir,  means  manhood.  —  una  pars,  one 
part,  of  the  main  divisions  of  Gaul,  i.  e.  Gallia  Celtica. — flumine,  etc.: 
notice  that  the  connectives  are  omitted. — finibus:  finis,  limit ;  plur., 
fines,  limits,  often  applied  to  what  is  included  in  those  limits,  territories. 
— ad,  towards.  —  Belgae;  hence  the  modern  Belgium. — inferiorem  par¬ 
tem,  towards  the  mouth  of  the  river.  —  ad,  near  to;  —  spectat  inter 
occasum  solis,  it  looks  between  the  setting  of  the  sun ,  i.  e.  it  looks  north¬ 
west. 

2.  apud,  among  ;  apud  with  the  name  of  a  person  means  at  the  house 
of;  with  the  name  of  an  author,  in  the  writings  of.  — nobilissimus,  see 
§  89.  —  ditissimus  from  dis.  —  Note  the  position  of  the  word  Orge¬ 
torix  at  the  end  of  the  sentence,  to  give  prominence  to  the  name.  Syn. 
nobilis,  clarus,  illustris,  denote  distinction  ;  clarus  is  one  celebrated 
for  his  deeds  ;  illustris,  for  his  rank  or  character  ;  nobilis,  for  his  noble 
birth;  celeber  and  inclitus,  denote  celebrity,  are  generally  used  of  things, 
not  of  persons.  —  civitati,  the  state,  i.  e.  the  people,  all  the  inhabitants 
of  a  state  under  one  government ;  it  is  here  the  indirect  object  of  per¬ 
suasit,  while  the  clause  introduced  by  ut  is  the  direct  object.  —  exirent 
is  plural  on  account  of  the  plural  implied  in  civitas.  —  continentur,  are 
hemmed  in. — una  ex  parte,  on  one  side. — altera,  see  n.  p.  46. — 
altissimo ;  altus,  high,  when  reckoned  from  below ;  deep,  when  from 
above  downward.  —  Helvetium,  see  Helvetius.  —  lacu  Lemanno  :  now 
Lake  Geneva.  —  altissimo,  very  high.  The  pupil  should  be  required  to 
describe  the'  rivers  and  give  the  situation  of  the  places  mentioned  in  the 
text :  see  Hand-book.  —  tertia,  sc.  ex  parte.  —  adducti,  induced.  — 
pertinerent  is  in  the  subjunctive,  because  it  is  implied  that  these  things 
belonged  to  their  departure  in  the  opinion  of  the  Helvetians  ;  which  (as 
the  Helvetians  thought)  pertained  to  their  departure.  — jumentorum 
(from  jugo,  to  yoke )  is  both  pack  and  draught  animals.  — sementes  .  .  .  .  - 
facere,  to  make  as  large  sowings  as  possible ;  for  the  force  of  quam 
with  the  verb  possupi  in  connection  with  the  superlative,  see  §  93,  b.  — 
proximus  has  no  positive,  its  place  is  supplied  by  propinquus.  —  in 
....  confirmant,  they  fix  upon  their  departure  for  the  third  year  by  law. 
— conficiendas,  to  accomplish.  In  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  ex¬ 
pressed  in  Latin  (§  318)  ?  what  would  be  the  construction  if  the  gerund 


NOTES. 


179 


were  used  ?  —  deligitur :  deligo,  to  choose  (not  to  be  undecided  in  one’s 
choice)  ;  eligo,  choose,  in  the  sense  of  selecting.  —  Sequano,  the  Sequa- 
nian.  —  ut  regnum  ....  occuparet :  this  clause  is  the  direct  object  of 
persuadet ;  persuadet  is  in  the  historical  present,  and  therefore  fol¬ 
lowed  by  the  imperfect  subjunctive.  Give  the  synonymes  of  regnum. 
—  plebi,  to  the  plebeians  ;  see  Hand-book.  —  ut  idem  conaretur,  that 
he  should  strive  for  the  same  thing.  —  totius,  all.  —  Synonymes.  om¬ 
nis,  all  (without  exception),  in  opposition  to  nemo ;  universi,  all  col¬ 
lectively,  in  opposition  to  singuli ;  cuncti,  all  united  together  in  oppo¬ 
sition  to  dispersi ;  totus,  the  whole  as  made  up  of  parts,  which  may  be 
broken  up  ;  whereas  omnis  applies  to  each  individual.  —  ea  res,  this 
design,  lit.  this  thing.  —  ut,  when.  —  ex  ...  .  dicere,  to  plead  his  cause 
in  chains  ;  lit.  out  of  chains,  i.  e.  (being)  in  chains.  —  damnatum,  sc. 
eum,  translate,  it  was  necessary  that  the  punishment  should  follow  him 
condemned,  namely,  that  he  should  be  burned  ;  the  clause  ut  igni  crema¬ 
retur  explains  poenam ;  for  this  use  of  the  subjunctive  see  §  332.  Syn. 
— ignis,  fire  ;  flamma,  flame  ;  incendium,  a  conflagration  ;  ignis  is  the 
cause,  flamma,  the  effect.  —  familiam,  household.  —  clientes,  for  the 
relations  between  client  and  patron  at  Rome,  see  Hand-book  :  here  the 
word  is  applied  to  the  retainers  of  the  Helvetian  chief.  —  obseratos, 
debtors.  —  per  eos  se  eripuit,  by  their  means  he  rescued  himself ;  for 
the  force  of  per,  see  §  246,  b. 

3.  incitata,  incensed.  — jus  suum  exsequi,  to  inforce  (lit.  follow  out) 
their  authority. — nihilominus,  lit.  the  less  by  nothing,  nevertheless.  Syn. 
— conor,  try,  attempt;  molior  (moles),  undertake  a  difficult  work;  nitor, 
(lit.  lean  upon) ;  strive.  Syn.  —  aedificium  is  a  general  word  for  buildings 
of  all  kind  ;  domus,  the  house  as  the  residence  and  home  of  the  family  ; 
sedes  also  means  a  dwelling-house,  composed  of  several  apartments.  — 
incendo,  accendo,  inflammo,  all  mean  to  set  on  fire;  incendo,  from 
within  ;  accendo,  from  a  single  point,  as  to  light  a  lamp  ;  inflammo,  to 
put  into  a  blaze,  either  from  within  or  without ;  succendo,  set  on  fire 
from  beneath  ;  cremo,  destroy  by  burning.  —  trium  mensium  (genitive), 
for  three  months.  —  quemque,  each  one  ;  domo,  from  home  ;  jubent, 
for  the  construction  after  jubeo  see  §  271,  b ;  §  330,  2.  —  quibus  iti¬ 
neribus  :  the  noun  to  which  the  relative  refers  is  sometimes  repeated  as 
in  this  case  ;  this  repetition  of  the  antecedent  is  necessary  when  there 
are  two  nouns  preceding,  and  it  might  be  difficult  to  determine  to  which 
the  relative  referred  ;  the  relative  clause  denotes  a  consequence  and  takes 
the  subjunctive,  see  §  320.  —  The  pupil  should  be  required  to  trace  this 
route  on  the  map. — alterum,  the  other  (of  the  two). — nonnullis,  see 
§  150,  a.  —  locis,  for  the  omission  of  the  preposition  see  §  258,  /.  — 
vado  transitur,  is  crossed  by  a  ford.  —  Allobrogum.  The  Allobroges 
dwelt  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  Geneva  next  to  the  Helvetii,  where  the 


180 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Rhone  flowed  from  the  lake.  — ad  Helvetios  pertinet,  extends  (across) 
to  the  Helvetii.  The  Helvetii  occupied  a  greater  part  of  what  is  now 
Switzerland.  —  diem  dicunt,  they  appoint  a  day ;  for  the  repetition  of 
the  antecedent,  see  note  above.  —  conveniant,  are  to  assemble :  the  in¬ 
dicative  means  that  they  are  assembling ;  what  does  this  relative  clause 
denote,  purpose  or  result  ?  Describe  the  Rhone.  —  maturat,  hastened , 
the  historical  present ;  what  is  the  object  of  maturat  ? — ab  urbe,  from 
the  city,  i.  e.  Rome.  Caesar  had  obtained  previously  to  the  expiration  of 
his  consulship  (B.  C.  59),  the  provinces  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  Illyricum 
with  three  legions  for  five  years  ;  afterwards  Transalpine  Gaul  was  added 
with  another  legion.  He  set  out  from  the  city  as  pro-consul  in  the  spring 
of  B.  C.  58.  —  Galliam  ulteriorem,  Farther  Gaul,  i.  e.  Gaul  beyond 
the  Alps,  or  Transalpine  Gaul. 

4.  certiores  facti  sunt,  were  informed. — Syn.  Legatus,  an  ambas¬ 
sador,  a  lieutenant ;  orator,  one  who  pleads  a  cause,  an  envoy,  an  ora¬ 
tor  ;  rhetor,  one  who  gives  lessons  in  rhetoric,  a  rhetorician.  —  qui  dice- 
rent,  to  say,  lit.  who  should  say,  a  relative  clause  denoting  purpose.  — 
sibi  esse  in  animo,  that  it  was  their  intention,  lit.  that  it  was  to  them  in 
mind:  what  is  the  subject  of  the  verb  esse  ?  —  sine  ullo  maleficio,  without 
(doing)  any  harm.  The  Helvetii  had  two  ways  by  which  they  could  go  from 
home,  one  through  the  narrow  pass  between  Mount  Jura  and  the  banks 
of  the  Rhone  ;  the  other  by  the  fords  of  the  Rhone,  which  led  directly 
into  the  province.  In  order  to  prevent  the  Helvetii  from  taking  this 
route,  he  drew  a  line  of  fortifications  on  the  southern  side  of  the  river, 
from  Lake  Geneva  to  the  Jura  mountains,  a  distance  of  about  eighteen 
miles.  —  negat  se  posse,  he  says  he  cannot ;  nego  is  generally  used  in 
preference  to  dico  non.  —  una  is  emphatic,  one  only.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  impe¬ 
trarent,  that  he  being  the  intercessor,  they  might  obtain  (their  request).  — 
plurimum  poterat,  was  able  to  accomplish  a  great  deal ,  sc.  facere,  or 
more  freely,  had  great  influence.  —  amicus,  friendly. — in  matrimonium 
duxerat,  had  married,  when  speaking  of  a  man  taking  a  wife  ducere 
(uxorem)  was  used,  i.  e.  he  leads  her  to  his  house  ;  of  a  woman  taking  a 
husband,  nubere  was  used,  lit.  nubere  se  viro,  to  veil  herself  for  a  hus¬ 
band,  —  an  allusion  to  the  veil  worn  during  the  marriage  ceremony.  — 
itaque,  therefore.  — What  is  the  object  of  impetrat  ? 

5.  in  Italiam,  into  Italy,  i.  e.  into  Cisalpine  Gaul. — duas  legiones 
conscribit :  in  addition  to  the  four  he  already  had.  The  Allobroges  and 
Vocontii  were  both  in  the  province.  — jam,  by  this  time,  i.  e.  while  Csesar 
was  absent  collecting  troops.  —  Syn.  Populor,  to  ravage  (by  pillage  and 
fire)  ;  vasto,  to  lay  waste  ;  depopulor,  utterly  to  ravage.  —  rogatum,  to 
ask,  see  §  302.  —  depopulatis,  for  the  use  of  the  participle  of  the  de¬ 
ponent  verb  in  a  passive  sense  see  §  136,  a  and  b.  —  sese  ....  non 
facile  ....  prohibere,  that  they  could  not  easily  ward  off ,  etc. —  se  .... 


NOTES. 


181 


recipiunt,  betoolc  themselves.  —  non  exspectandum  (esse)  sibi  statuit, 
he  thought  he  ought  not  to  xvait :  sibi,  see  §  232.  , 

6.  flumen  est  Arar,  there  is  a  river  (called)  Avar;  now  the  Saone. 
It  unites  with  the  Rhone  at  the  city  of  Lugdunum  {Lyons),  about  seventy 
miles  from  Lake  Geneva.  —  quod  agrees  with  flumen,  see  §  199.  — - 
incredibili  ....  possit,  with  incredible  sviooihness  of  current,  so  that  it 
cannot  be  determined  by  the  eyes  in  what  direction  it  flows;  lenitate, 
smoothness,  contrasted  not  only  with  the  Rhone,  but  with  the  rapidity  of 
the  rivers  in  Italy.  —  possit,  see  §  319.  — ratibus  et  lintribus  junc¬ 
tis,  the  ablative  absolute  to  supply  the  place  of  the  perfect  active  parti¬ 
ciple  ;  lintribus,  small  boats;  these  were  boats  made  of  logs  hollowed  out. 

—  transibant,  were  now  crossing.  —  Helvetios  transduxisse,  that  the 
Helvetians  had,  etc.  In  Napoleon’s  Csesar,  this  place  of  crossing  the  Saone 
isHsaid  to  have  been  at  Chalons  sur  Saone.  —  de  tertia  vigilia,  just  at  the 
beginning  of  the  third  watch.  The  Romans  divided  the  night  into  four 
watches  (the  first  beginning  at  sunset),  each  of  three  hours ;  the  third 
watch  began  at  midnight.  —  aggressus  has  the  sense  of  a  perfect  active 
participle,  see  §  113,  c.  n.  How  does  concidit  differ  from  concidit  ?  — 
is  pagus,  this  canton.  —  appellabatur,  from  appello,  name,  also  to 
speak  to;  voco,  call,  summon;  nomino,  name,  in  the  sense  of  appointing 
or  electing  ;  cito,  quote.  —  L.  Cassium,  this  defeat  was  in  B.  C.  107.  — - 
consulem,  see  Hand-book.  —  sub  jugum.  It  was  considered  the  lowest 
degree  of  military  disgrace  for  the  Roman  soldiers  to  be  obliged  to  pass 
under  the  yoke.  The  yoke  was  formed  by  placing  two  spears  upright  in 
the  ground,  and  fastening  a  third  across  the  top  of  the  other  two  ;  under 
this  the  conquered  army  must  pass  in  token  of  subjugation.  —  ea  .  .  .  . 
persolvit,  was  the  first  to  su ffer  punishment ;  princeps  is  equivalent  to 
prima. 

7.  ut,  in  order  that.  —  consequi,  to  overtake.  —  in  Arare,  over  and 
upon,  i.  e.  a  floating  bridge.  — faciendum,  see  §  294,  d.  — why  is  ejus 
used,  not  suo? — cujus  ....  fuit,  the  chief  of  which  embassy  was  JDivico. 

—  bello  Cassiano,  in  the  war  roith  Cassius,  i.  e.  in  B.  C.  107,  when  the 
consul  Cassius  was  the  commander.' — agit,  argues,  discourses. — Syn. 
Dux,  a  leader,  a  general;  ductor,  a  guide  ;  imperator,  a  commander  or 
emperor.  —  pacem  and  bello  are  placed  prominently  to  mark  them  as 
significant  words.  This  section  is  in  indirect  discourse,  depending  on 
dicens  {saying)  implied  in  agit.  In  direct  discourse  it  would  read  :  si 
pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetiis  faciet  (or  faciat)  in  eam 
partem  ibimus  (or  eamus)  ubi  Caesar  eos  esse  constituerit.  For  the 
use  of  the  future  indicative  or  present  subjunctive,  see  §  307,  a  and  b. 
constituerit,  if  the  future  is  used  in  the  protasis,  would  be  in  the  future 
perfect  indicative,  otherwise  in  the  perfect  subjunctive.  The  tenses  are 
secondary,  after  the  historical  present  agit.  —  perseveraret  has  Caesar 


182 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


for  its  subject.  In  direct  discourse,  sin  bello  perseveras,  reminiscere 
et  veteris  incommodi,  etc.  — reminisceretur  ....  incommodi,  he 
should  remember  both  the  old  overthrow.  —  ne  committeret,  he  should 
not  bring  it  to  pass  ;  ne  commiseris  in  direct  discourse.  —  Syn.  cala¬ 
mitas  (lit.  a  storm  that  broke  down  the  stalks  [calamos]  of  the  corn¬ 
fields),  calamity ;  infortunium,  misfortune,  as  loss  of  property;  miseria, 
misery,  affliction  ;  infelicitas,  ill-luck. 

8.  his,  sc.  legatis.  —  sibi  ....  dari,  that  the  less  doubt  was  given  to 
him.  —  tenet  memoria,  held  in  memory  ;  remembered.  —  veteris  con¬ 
tumeliae,  former  insult.  — dentur  is  in  the  present  subjunctive,  although 
respondit,  the  leading  verb,  is  an  historical  present,  see  §  287,  e. 
facturos,  sc.  Helvetios.  —  iEduis  is  governed  by  satisfaciant.  —  ip¬ 
sis  :  the  dative  follows  the  compound  in  intulerint ;  §  228.  —  satis¬ 
faciant,  pay  damages.  The  direct  discourse  would  be  :  mihi  minus 
dubitationis  datur,  quod  eas  res,  quas  commemoravistis,  memoria 
teneo.  Si  veteris  contumeliae  oblivisci  velim,  num  potero  recen¬ 
tium  injuriarum  memoriam  deponere  ?  Tamen  si  obsides  a  vobis 
mihi  dabuntur  (dentur),  uti  ea,  quae  pollicemini,  vos  esse  facturos 
intelligam,  et  si  riEduis  de  injuriis  quas  ipsis  sociisque  eorum  intu¬ 
listis,  item  si  Allobrogibus  satisfacietis,  cum  vobis  pacem  faciam. — 
hoc  responso  dato  =  cum  hoc  responsum  dedisset. — idem  neut. ;  the 
masculine  is  idem.  —  qui  videant :  wliat  does  this  relative  clause  denote, 
cause,  purpose,  etc.  ?  —  videant  is  plur.,  because  equitatum  implies 
equites  as  the  subject.  —  qui,  these. — alieno  loco,  in  an  unfavorable 
place,  lit.  a  place  better  for  the  other  party  ;  for  the  omission  of  the  prep¬ 
osition,  §  256,  /.  —  audacius,  still  more  boldly.  —  ac  .  .  .  .  praesentia, 
and  deemed  it  sufficient  for  the  present.  —  ita,  in  such  a  way.  —  novissi¬ 
mum  agmen,  the  part  of  the  army  nearest  to  those  pursuing,  i.  e.  the  rear. 
—  nostrum  primum,  our  front.  —  non  ....  interesset,  not  more  than 
five  or  six  miles  {each  day)  intervened  ;  milibus,  see  §  94,  e  ;  the  distribu¬ 
tives  quinis  and  senis  imply  that  this  was  the  constant  difference  between 
the  armies. 

9.  interim,  give  the  syn.  —  quotidie,  every  day,  is  used  of  things 
that  are  daily  repeated ;  in  singulos  dies,  daily,  of  those  things  which 
from  day  to  day  are  making  advance.  —  iEduos  and  frumentum,  see 
§  239,  c.  —  quod  ....  flagitare,  kept  demanding  ....  which  they 
had  promised  in  the  name  of  the  state  ;  flagitare,  the  historical  infini¬ 
tive,  see  §  275,  equivalent  to  flagitabat;  polliciti  essent  refers  to 
the  promise  as  made  by  the  iEdui,  see  §  340.  —  frigora,  the  cold  cli¬ 
mate,  the  plural  is  emphatic  ;  the  plural  of  words  relating  to  the  weather 
was  often  used  as,  soles,  sunbeams ;  nives,  falls  of  snow.  —  non  modo 
followed  by  sed  (etiam),  not  only  ....  but  also,  places  the  emphasis  on 
the  last  ;  when  both  sentences  are  negative,  non  modo,  [non]  ....  sed 


NOTES. 


183 


ne  quidem  (=  sed  etiam  non),  the  second  non  in  the  first  clause  is 
omitted  if  both  sentences  have  the  same  verb,  and  the  verb  is  in  the 
second  clause  ;  if  both  clauses  have  their  own  verb,  as  in  the  text,  both 
negatives  are  used  ;  ne  .  .  .  .  quidem,  see  §  345,  b.  —  pabuli,  green 
fodder.  —  suppetebat,  was  at  hand.  —  autem,  besides,  see  §  345,  b.  — 
quod  ....  subvexerat,  which  he  had  brought  up  the  river  Arar  in  ves¬ 
sels.  —  diem  ....  JEdui,  the  AEdui  kept  putting  him  (Caesar)  off  from 
day  to  day.  —  ducere,  historical  infinitive.  —  conferri  ....  dicere,  they 
kept  saying  that  it  was  collecting,  bringing  together,  was  close  by  ;  the  sub¬ 
ject  of  conferri,  comportari,  and  addesse  is  frumentum ;  they  all 
depend  on  dicere.  —  se  diutius  duci,  that  he  was  put  off  too  long.  — 
frumentum.  The  Roman  soldier  received  no  meal  or  bread  as  his 
monthly  allowance,  but  merely  the  grain  which  he  had  to  pound  and 
make  bread  for  himself.  —  qui  ....  praeerat,  who  was  invested  with  the 
chief  magistracy ;  qui  refers  to  Liscus.  —  Why  is  ab  expressed  before 
iis  ?  why  is  sublevetur  in  the  subjunctive  ?  does  it  refer  the  charge  to 
Caesar  as  the  general  or  as  the  historian  ?  why  present  subjunctive  ? — Syn. 
Demum,  at  length,  (not  till  now)  ;  denique,  finally  (in  short)  ;  tan¬ 
dem,  at  last  (after  many  efforts) ;  postremo,  lastly  (last  in  order).  — 
proponit,  set  forth,  introduces  the  indirect  discourse  which  follows.  — 
plurimum  valeat,  is  very  powerful ;  valeat,  what  would  this  be  in  the 
direct  discourse  ?  —  seditiosa  ....  oratione,  by  seditious  and  wicked 
speeches.  —  ne  frumentum  conferant,  from  contributing  the  corn ;  con¬ 
ferant  is  plural  on  account  of  the  collective  noun  multitudo  preceding. 
—  nostra  in  the  direct  discourse  would  be  changed  to  vestra.  —  a  se, 
by  himself ;  a  me  in  the  direct  discourse.  —  quin  etiam  ....  enun- 
ciaverit,  moreover  as  to  his  having  disclosed  the  affair  to  Ccesar.  —  intel¬ 
legere  ....  fecerit,  he  was  well  aware  with  how  great  peril  he  did  that : — 
Syn.  Intellego,  understand  by  means  of  reflection  ;  sentio,  perceive  by 
the  senses  or  by  the  mind.  —  quamdiu  potuerat,  as  long  as  he  had  been 
able.  —  Syn.  Taceo,  utter  no  word,  be  silent,  pass  over  in  silence  ;  sileo, 
make  no  noise,  be  still. 

10.  Dumnorigem  ....  designari,  that  Dumnorix  was  meant.  Dum¬ 
norix  led  the  national  party  among  his  people,  as  opposed  to  Rome,  while 
his  brother  Divitiacus  favored  an  alliance  with  the  Romans.  —  pluribus 
praesentibus,  lit.  more  being  present,  or  in  the  presence  of  so  many.  — 
eas  res  jactari,  that  these  matters  should  be  considered;  jactari,  a  fre¬ 
quentative  from  jacio.  — Give  the  syns.  of  concilium. — reperit  esse 
vera,  he  finds  (that  these  statements)  things  are  true.  —  ipsum  .... 
audacia,  that  it  was  Dumnoris  himself,  a  man  of  the  greatest  audacity. — 
cupidum  novarum  rerum,  desirous  of  a  revolution.  —  complures  .... 
habere,  that  he  has  farmed  for  many  years  all  the  revenues  of  the  /Didui 
at  a  low  price.  —  Syn.  Vectigal,  tithes  (decuma),  on  agricultural 


184 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


produce  ;  tributum,  an  extraordinary  property  tax ,  levied  in  the  tribes, 
and  paid  back  when  the  exigency  was  passed  ;  scriptura,  rent  of  the  pas¬ 
ture  lands ;  portorium,  harbor  duties  originally,  afterwards  applied  to 
tolls  paid  on  transit  of  merchandise.  The  revenues  among  the  Romans 
were  not  collected  directly,  but  were  farmed  out  (or  leased)  by  the  cen¬ 
sors  to  contractors  called  publicani,  who  paid  a  fixed  sum  into  the 
treasury,  and  collected  the  taxes  for  their  own  use  ;  they  so  abused  their 
privileges,  that  the  name  publican  became  to  be  a  term  of  reproach.  — 
illo  licente,  he  bidding. — audeat,  see  §  336. — rem  familiarem,  pri¬ 
vate  property.  Dumnorix  is  the  subject  of  favere  and  odisse.  —  Syn. 
Potentia,  power  as  an  attribute  of  a  person  :  potestas,  power  as  of  a 
magistrate,  power  to  do  anything  ;  ditio  (dicio),  power,  jurisdiction.  — 
siquid  ....  Romanis,  if  anything  then  should  happen  to  the  Romans.  — 
si  quid,  see  §  105,  d.  —  obtinendi,  see  §  298.  — imperio,  under  the  gov- 
ernment ,  ablative  absolute.  —  de  regno,  of  royal  power. 

11.  certissimae  res,  the  most  undoubted  facts.  —  animadverteret, 
should  punish  him.  —  unum  repugnabat,  one  consideration  opposed.  — 
summum  ....  studium,  the  great  attachment  towards  the  Roman  people. 

—  voluntatem,  affection.  —  ejus  refers  to  Dumnorix.  • —  verebatur,  give 
the  synonymes.  —  itaque  ....  conaretur,  therefore  before  he  attempted 
anything  :  for  the  subjunctive  see  §  327.  —  commonefacit,  reminds,  lit. 
warns.  —  ipso  praesente,  when  he  himself  was  present,  i.  e.  Diviaticus. 

—  de  eo,  concerning  him,  i.  e.  Dumnorix.  —  apud  se,  before  himself,  i.  e. 
Caesar.  —  ne  quid  ....  statueret,  that  he  should  not  determine  anything 
too  severe  against  his  brother.  —  scire  ....  vera  (saying),  that  he  knew 
those  things  were  true.  —  Syn.  Populus,  the  people,  originally  only  the 
patricians,  came  to  include  the  plebeians  ;  plebs,  common  people,  opposed 
to  the  patricians  ;  vulgus,  the  ignorant  multitude.  —  quod  ....  acci¬ 
disset,  because  if  anything  too  severe  should  be  done  to  him  by  Ccesar.  — 
eum  locum,  that  place  =  so  high  a  place.  —  apud  eum,  i.  e.  Caesar.  — 
futurum,  it  would  happen,  see  §  288,/.  —  animi,  the  affections. — fra¬ 
trem  adhibet,  he  has  his  brother  present. 

12.  exploratoribus :  Syn.  Explorator,  a  scout ;  speculator,  a  spy  ; 
emassarius,  a  secret  agent.  —  milia  passuum  =  4,854  ft.,  a  little  less  than 
an  English  mile.  —  qualis  ....  adscensus,  what  its  ascent  by  a  circuitous 
route.  —  qui  cognoscerent,  misit,  he  sent  (persons)  to  ascertain ;  qui 
cognoscerent  denotes  the  purpose  (see  §  320)  ;  the  antecedent  of  qili  is 
the  object  of  misit :  what  is  the  object  of  cognoscerent  ?  —  facilem,  sc. 
ascensum.  —  eodem  itinere,  along  the  same  route.  —  quo,  by  which.  — 
prima  luce,  at  daybreak.  —  summus  mons,  the  summit  of  the  mountain , 
see  §  193.  —  ipse,  and  when  he  himself,  sc.  cum.  —  passibus,  see  § 
257,  b.  —  neque  ....  Labieni,  and  (when)  neither  his  own  approach  nor 
that  of  Labienus.  —  equo  admisso,  with  his  horse  at  full  speed.  —  volu- 


NOTES. 


185 


erit  in  indirect  discourse.  —  se  is  the  subject  of  cognovisse.  —  ex  ... . 
insignibus,  by  the  Gallic  arms  and  ornaments  ;  insignibus,  lit.  marks 
of  distinction.  This  refers  probably  to  the  style  of  armor.  —  subducit, 
draws  off.  — ut  ei  praeceptum,  as  he  had  been  instructed.  —  exspectabat, 
continued  to  look  out :  imperfect,  see  §  277.  — multo  denique  die,  at  last 
when  much  of  the  day  had  passed.  —  pro  viso,  as  seen  ;  lit.  for  seen.  — 
what  is  the  object  of  renuntiasse  ?  —  quo  consuerat  intervallo,  with 
the  usual  distance  ;  intervallo  is  the  antecedent  of  quo. 

13.  diei,  see  §  214,  g.  Eem.  — metiri,  to  measure  out.  — rei  ....  ex¬ 
istimavit,  he  thought  he  must  look  out  for  supplies,  sc.  sibi  esse.  —  seu 
....  existimarent,  because  they  believed  that  the  Romans,  being  terrified, 
were  departing  ;  the  subjunctives  existimarent  and  confiderent  repre¬ 
sent  the  idea  as  existing  in  the  minds  of  the  Helvetii.  Caesar’s  army  was 
composed  of  four  veteran  legions,  and  two  legions  newly  levied ;  the 
Helvetians  had  about  70,000,  with  about  20,000  auxiliaries,  in  all  nearly 
90,000.  For  the  time  denoted  by  the  infinitive  see  §  288  ;  discedere, 
here  is  the  imperfect  of  the  infinitive.  —  a  novissimo  agmine,  on  the 
rear.  —  postquam  id  animum  advertit,  after  that  Caesar  perceives  this ; 
id  is  governed  by  ad,  in  composition,  see  §  327,  d.  —  in  colie  medio, 
on  the  middle  of  the  hill.  —  sarcinas,  each  soldier's  baggage;  in  this  sense 
only  used  in  the  plural :  each  soldier  carried  besides,  his  personal  baggage 
and  trenching  tools  (sarcinae),  arms,  saw,  basket,  provisions  for  a  number 
of  days,  five  stakes  for  fortifying  the  camp,  —  in  all  about  sixty  pounds  ; 
the  impedimenta  were  the  heavy  baggage,  tents,  engines  of  war,  etc., 
which  were  carried  in  wagons  or  on  horses.  —  eum,  sc.  locum.  —  in  su¬ 
periore  acie,  in  the  upper  line,  i.  e.  those  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  the  two 
legions  of  newly  levied  soldiers.  —  confertissima  acie,  in  very  close 
array.  —  phalange  facta  :  the  phalanx  consisted  of  a  large  body  of  men 
in  solid  mass,  with  their  shields  raised  above  their  head,  locked  and  over¬ 
lapped  so  as  to  form  a  close  fence.  —  sub ....  successerunt,  they  ad¬ 
vanced  close  up  to  our  front  line.  —  primum  ....  equis,  first  his  own 
horse.  —  pilis :  the  pilum  was  a  shaft  of  wood,  a  little  more  than  six  feet 
long,  with  a  sharp  iron  head  projecting  about  nine  inches.  — perfrege¬ 
runt,  broke  through,  see  perfringo.  —  ea  disjecta,  when  this  (phalanx) 
was  broken  apart. 

14.  Gallis  ....  impedimento,  it  was  a  great  hindrance  to  the  Gauls. 
pluribus  eorum  scutis,  several  of  their  shields,  see  synonymes  of  scutum. 
—  cum  ....  inflexisset,  when  the  iron  (head)  became  bent.  Their 
shields  were  locked  over  their  heads,  and  overlopped  one  another  ;  a 
javelin  would  pierce  through  more  than  one,  and  bind  them  together. 
Movements  of  their  left  hands,  in  which  the  shield  was  held,  were  thus 
impeded.  —  pedem  referre,  to  retreat.  —  eo,  thither.  —  capto  monte, 
the  mountain  being  reached.  —  succedentibus  nostris,  our  men  coming 


186 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


close  up  below.  —  agmen  ....  claudebant,  closed  the  enemy's  line  of 
march.  —  ex  itinere,  on  the  march.  —  circumvenere,  perfect  tense,  third 
person,  plural.  —  Romani  ....  intulerunt,  the  Romans  turned ,  and  ad¬ 
vanced  in  two  divisions :  the  Romans  indicated  the  movements  of  their 
armies  by  terms  derived  from  the  signum,  the  standard :  thus  signa  con¬ 
vertere,  to  turn  ;  signa  conferre,  to  engage  ;  signa  inferre,  to  advance ; 
it  was  the  third  line  that  wheeled  about  and  advanced,  while  the  first 
and  second  opposed  the  Helvetians  who  had  been  driven  back.  —  ut 
.  .  .  .  resisteret,  that  it  might  resist  those  (who  had  been)  conquered  and. 
driven  back :  for  the  subjunctive  see  §  317.  —  ancipiti  proelio,  in  a  double 
conflict.  —  alteri  ....  alteri,  the  one  party  .  ...  the  other  party ,  refer¬ 
ring  to  the  Helvetians,  and  to  the  Boii  and  Tulingi  respectively.  —  ab 
hora  septima,  from  one  o’clock  in  the  afternoon  ;  the  day  began  at  sun¬ 
rise,  and  ended  at  sunset ;  the  end  of  the  sixth  hour  was  noon.  —  pug¬ 
natum  sit,  the  battle  raged ,  see  §  326.  —  aversum  hostem,  an  enemy 
turned  about.  —  nemo,  from  ne  and  homo.  —  ad  multam  noctem, 
till  late  at  night.  —  pro  vallo,  for  a  rampart ;  the  vallum  was  com¬ 
posed  of  the  dirt  heaped  up  (agger)  from  the  ditch  (fossa)  against  the 
stakes  (valli).  —  captus  est,  see  §  187.  —  eaque  tota  nocte,  during 
that  whole  night ,  see  §  256,  b.  —  nostri,  sc.  militis.  —  potuissent,  see 
§  325.  —  literas,  a  letter.  —  ne  .  .  .  .  rejuvarent,  (ordering)  that  they , 
etc. 

15.  qui  cum,  when  they.  — suppliciter  locuti,  speaking  suppliantly. 
—  quo  tum  essent,  where  they  then  were  ;  the  subjunctive  is  used  to  in¬ 
dicate  that  Caesar  did  not  know  where  they  were,  see  §  340.  —  parue¬ 
runt,  they  obeyed.  —  qui  ....  perfugissent,  which  had  fled  to  him,  i.  e. 
whatever,  etc.,  see  §  316.  — poposcit,  see  §  124,  c;  §  132,  3.  — ut  .  .  .  . 
facerent,  lit.  that  they  should  supply  them  with  corn,  i.  e.  to  supply, 
etc.  —  tabulae,  lists.  —  literis  Graecis  confectae,  made  out  in  Greek  let¬ 
ters.  —  ratio  confecta  erat,  an  account  had  been  kept.  —  qui  numerus 
....  eorum,  what  number  of  them.  —  possent,  see  §  340.  —  summa, 
the  sum. 


X.  THE  WAR  WITH  ARIOVISTUS. 

1.  totius  fere,  from  nearly ,  etc. — gratulatum,  to  congratulate. — 
intellegere  se,  (saying)  that  they  knew.  —  pro  ....  populi  Romani, 
for  the  injuries  of  the  (done  by)  Helvetians  to  the  Roman  people  ;  Helveti¬ 
orum  is  subjective,  and  populi  Romani  objective,  genitive ;  both  depend 
on  injuriis. — ex  usu  ....  accidisse,  that  this  had  happened  no  less  to  the 


NOTES. 


187 


advantage  of  the  land  of  Gaul.  — judicassent,  should  judge ,  see  §  336  ; 
for  the  form,  see  §  128,  a. —  stipendiarias,  (as)  tributaries.  —  in  diem 
certam,  for  a  certain  day.  —  indicere,  to  appoint.  —  sese  ....  vellent, 
that  they  had  certain  things  which  they  wished  to  ask  from  him  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  the  general  consent. — jurejurando  ....  sanxerunt,  they  bound 
themselves  by  an  oath  that  no  one  should  disclose  (their  deliberations)  : 
"Syx.  Jusjurandum  and  juramentum  denote  a  civil  oath  by  which 
one  promises  something  ;  sacramentum,  a  military  oath,  by  which  a 
soldier  promises  not  to  forsake  his  standard.  —  uti  ....  liceret,  that  it 
should  be  permitted  to  them  to  discuss  with  him  without  witnesses  concern¬ 
ing  the  safety  of  all.  —  Caesari,  of  Caesar,  see  §  235,  a.  —  non  .... 
impetrarent,  (saying)  that  they  strove  no  less  that  those  things  should  not 
be  divulged  which  they  might  say,  than  to  obtain  what  they  wished.  — 
se  venturos,  that  they  would  come. 

2.  factiones  esse  duas,  there  are  two  (political)  parlies.  —  principa¬ 
tum  tenere,  stood  at  the  head.  —  factumesse,  it  came  to  vass.  —  why 
is  ab  expressed  ?  —  Rhenum,  see  §  237.  Describe  the  Rhine,  — 
horum,  of  the  latter. — ad  numerum,  to  the  number. — semel  atque 
semel,  again  and  again.  —  clientes,  i.  e.  the  states  dependent  on  the 
jEdui.  —  pulsos,  sc.  iEduos,  the  subject  of  amisisse.  —  neque  .... 
essent,  neither  should  they  refuse  to  be  perpetually  under  their  power  ; 
essent,  why  subjunctive ?  unum  se  esse,  that  he  was  the  only  one.  — 
postulatum,  to  ask. — pejus  ....  accidisse,  a  worse  thing  had  happened ; 
pejus  is  the  subject  of  accidisse. —  futurum  esse,  it  would  come  to  pass. 

—  omnes,  sc.  Galli.  —  ut  semel,  when  once ,  i.  e.  as  soon  as.  —  nobilis¬ 
simi  cujusque,  of  each  distinguished  man,  see  §  93,  c.  —  in  eos  .... 
edere,  he  gives  forth  upon  them  all  (kinds  of)  examples  and  tortures.  — 
hominem,  etc.,  that  he  was  a,  etc.  — nisi,  unless  there  is  some  help,  etc. 

—  idem  esse,  etc.,  the  same  thing  will  be  done,  etc.  — ut,  (namely)  that, 
etc. ,  what  kind  of  a  clause  is  this  ?  —  fortunam,  etc. ,  and  try  whatever 
fortune  may  befall  them.  —  Caesarem,  etc.,  Caesar  could  prevent  a  greater 
number  of  Germans  being  led  across  the  Rhine.  —  Rhenum,  why  accusa¬ 
tive?  Compare  major. 

3.  unos  ....  facere,  the  Sequani  alone  did,  etc.  Syn.  — Reliqui,^ 
others  of  whom  some  have  been  named  before  ;  ceteri,  the  rest  (of  the  same 
class)  ;  alii,  others,  different  persons.  — ejus  rei,  of  this  conduct.  — om¬ 
nino,  etc.,  to  extort  any  reply  at  all.  —  Is  the  i  long  or  short  in  idem? 

—  hoc,  on  this  account.  —  ne  .  .  .  .  quidem,  see  §  345,  b.  —  auderent, 
see  §  136.  —  absentis,  even  when  absent.  —  confirmavit,  cheered  up, 
etc.  (saying).  —  beneficio  suo,  by  his  (former)  kindness,  i.  e.  Caesaris.  — 
multae  res,  many  considerations.  —  quod  ....  teneri,  because  he  saw 
that  the  JEdui,  often  called  brothers  and  kinsmen ,  etc.  —  in  tanto  im¬ 
perio,  considering  the  great  power.  —  Germanos  ....  videbat,  he  saw 


188 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


that  it  was  'perilous  (to  the  interests  of  the  Roman  people)  for  the  Ger¬ 
mans  to  cross  the  Rhine.  —  sibi  temperaturos,  that  they  would  restrain 
themselves :  for  the  meaning  of  tempero  with  the  dative  and  accusa¬ 
tive,  see  §  226,  c.  —  ut,  as.  —  Cimbri  :  the  war  against  the  Cimbri  and 
Teutones  was  ended  by  Marius  and  Crassus,  at  the  battle  of  Aquae  Sextiae 
(B.  C.  102),  and  near  Yercellae  (B.  C.  101).  — Why  is  fecissent  in  the 
subjunctive  ?  Does  it  refer  to  Caesar’s  own  past  conviction  or  to  others  ? 
—  quibus  ....  putabat,  he  thought  he  ought  to  meet  these  things  as 
quickly  as  possible ;  rebus  is  governed  by  occurendum.  —  quam,  see 
§  93,  b. 

4.  placuit  ei,  it  pleased  him ,  i.  e.  he  resolved.  —  qui  ....  postu¬ 
larent,  to  ask  from  him  ;  in  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed 
in  Latin  ?  —  uti  ....  diceret,  that  he  should  appoint  some  place  midway 
between  both  for  a  conference.  —  summis  utriusque  rebus,  the  highest 
interest  of  both.  —  si  ...  .  esset,  if  he  himself  had  need  of  anything  from 
Ccesar  ;  opus  stands  in  the  predicate  ;  it  is  used  either  impersonally  with 
the  ablative,  or  personally  with  the  thing  needed  in  the  nominative. 
§  243,  e.  —  si  ...  .  velit,  if  he  wants  anything  of  him  ;  with  se  supply 
facere,  that  he  should  do  anything  ;  notice  that  esset  is  in  the  imperfect 
subjunctive,  denying  the  want  of  anything  from  Caesar  in  past  time ; 
velit  in  the  present  subjunctive,  implying  that  Caesar  does  now  want 
something  from  him. — quid  ....  negotii  esset,  what  business  there  was , 
etc.  —  his  responsis,  this  reply.  —  for  iterum  in  enumeration  of  par¬ 
ticulars,  see  note  on  §  1.  —  beneficio  affectus,  having  been  treated  with 
kindness.  —  hanc  ....  referret,  he  now  made  such  a  return ,  etc.  ; 
hanc  =  talem.  — haec  esse,  quae,  that  these  are  the  things  which  ;  this 
clause  depends  on  mittit.  —  Syn.  Gratiam  habere,  to  feel  thankful ; 
gratias  agere,  to  return  thanks  in  words  ;  gratias  referre,  to  show  one's 
self  thankful  by  acts.  —  ne  quam,  any.  —  si  id  non  impetraret,  if  he 
(Caesar)  should  not  obtain  that. — Syn.  Obtineo,  hold ,  occupy  ;  impetro, 
obtain  by  entreaty  ;  adipiscor,  get,  or  obtain.  —  sese  ....  neglecturum, 
that  he  should  not  neglect,  etc.  —  quicunque  ....  obtinebat ;  the  gov¬ 
ernment  of  the  Roman  provinces  was  assigned  by  the  senate  to  the 
consuls  by  lot.  —  Syn.  Tueor,  defend  or  protect  against  danger ,  in 
opposition  to  negligo  ;  defendo,  defend ,  from  an  actual  attack,  in 
opposition  to  desero. 

5.  jus  esse  belli,  it  was  the  law  of  war.  —  populum  .  .  .  consuesse, 
that  the  Roman  people  was  accustomed  to  command  the  conquered  not  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  dictates  of  another,  etc.  —  sibi,  by  himself.  —  stipendia¬ 
rios  esse  factos,  have  become  tributaries.  —  congrederetur,  might  meet 
him  (in  battle)  ;  the  subjunctive  instead  of  the  accusative  with  the  in¬ 
finitive.  —  quid  ....  possent,  what  the  invincible  ....  were  able  (to  do) 
by  their  valor.  —  eodem  tempore.  —  Syn.  Tempus,  time  (in  general). 


NOTES. 


189 


an  epoch,  an  opportunity ;  sevum,  a  long  space  of  time,  an  age ;  tem¬ 
pestas,  an  entire  space  of  time,  a  period,  a  season.  —  ^Edui  questum, 
the  jEdui  (came)  to  complain,  sc.  veniebant.  —  Treviri,  sc.  veniebant 
questum.  —  si  ....  conjunxisset,  (this)  new  body  should  join,  etc.  — 
ne  .  .  .  .  minus  ....  posset,  that  he  would  be  less  easily  resisted. 

6.  tridui  viam,  a  march  of  three  days,  see  §  238.  —  What  is  the  sub¬ 
ject  of  nuntiatum  est  ?  —  occupandum  :  is  this  the  gerund  or  gerun¬ 
dive  ? —  quod,  see  §  199.  —  contendere,  was  hastening.  — processisse, 
had  accomplished. — praecavendum.  .  .  .  existimabat,  Caesar  thought  that 
great  precaution  should  be  taken  by  him,  sc.  sibi  esse.  —  facultas,  abun¬ 
dance.  —  ad  ...  .  bellum,  for  protracting  the  war.  —  facultatem,  means. 
—  reliquum  ....  continet,  a  mountain  occupies  the  remaining  space.  — 
ita  ....  contingant,  so  that  the  banks  of  the  river  touch  the  foot  of  the 
mountain  on  each  side  (of  the  mountain).  —  hunc  ....  efficit,  a  wall 
makes  this  (mountain)  a  citadel.  —  dum,  see  §  328.  —  ex  percunc- 
tatione,  etc.,  from  the  inquiries  of  our  (men)  and  the  remarks  of  the 
Gauls  and  merchants,  who  said  that  the  Germans  were,  etc.;  vocibus, 
see  §  242,  n. — praedicabant,  see  §  277.  —  saepenumero  ....  potu¬ 
isse,  (saying)  that  they  had  contended  with  them  very  often,  and  were  not 
able  to  endure  even  (the  expression  of)  their  countenance  and  the  look  of 
their  eyes.  —  Syn.  Facies  and  oculi,  the  face,  the  eyes  in  a  physical 
point  of  view  ;  vultus,  the  countenance,  the  looks.  By  the  face,  which  is 
unchangeable,  one  man  is  distinguished  from  another  ;  by  the  counte¬ 
nance,  which  is  changeable,  the  motives  of  the  mind  are  indicated.  —  tri¬ 
bunis  :  there  were  six  tribunes  in  each  legion,  and  each  commanded  the 
legion  in  turn  for  two  months.  —  non  magnum  ....  habebant,  had  no 
great  experience  in  military  affairs.  —  alius ....  petebant,  one  having 
assigned  one  cause,  another  another,  requested.  —  totis  castris,  through¬ 
out  the  whole  camp.  —  qui,  etc. ,  those  who  wished  to  be  considered,  etc.  — - 
non  ....  dicebant,  said  that  they  did  not,  etc.  —  intercederent,  see 
§  340.  —  castra  moveri,  that  the  camp  should  be  moved:  for  the  description 
of  the  camp  see  Hand-book.  —  non  ....  milites,  that  the  soldiers  would 
not  be  obedient  to  the  order ;  milites  is  the  subject  of  fore;  dicto  is  in 
the  dative  after  audientes. 

7.  omniumque  ....  centurionibus,  the  centurions  of  all  ranks  being 
admitted  ;  there  were  sixty  centurions  in  each  legion,  and  each  centurion 
commanded  a  century.  In  this  case  all  the  centurions  in  the  army  were 
summoned  to  the  council  of  war  ;  ordinarily  a  council  of  war  was  com¬ 
posed  of  the  commander-in-chief,  the  lieutenants,  the  tribunes,  and  the 
chief  centurion  of  each  legion.  —  quaerendum  ....  putarent,  they 
thought  that  they  should  inquire  into,  or  deliberate  ;  see  §  232.  —  Ario¬ 
vistum,  (saying)  that  Ariovistus. — ab  officio,  from  his  duty,  to  the 
Roman  people  in  return  for  what  they  had  done  for  him.  —  sibi  .... 


190 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


persuaderi,  that  he  was  indeed  persuaded ,  lit.  that  it  was  indeed  per 
suadedtohim;  what  is  the  subject  of  persuaderi?  —  cognitis  postu¬ 
latis,  when  his  demands ,  etc.  —  quod  si,  but  if.  —  sua,  their  own ; 
ipsius,  his  (Caesar’s).  —  Syn.  Amens,  without  reason ;  demens,  mad, 
infatuated  ;  insanus,  not  in  one's  senses  ;  excors,  weak-minded  ;  amentia 
like  amens,  simply  without  reason ;  dementia,  like  demens ;  furor, 
irritation . — factum,  etc.,  that  a  trial  of  this  enemy  had  been  made. — Syn. 
Periculum,  lit.  a  trial ;  hence  risk,  danger ;  discrimen,  a  distinction, 
difference,  a  turning-point.  —  servili  tumultu,  at  the  tune  of  the  servile 
insurrection;-  the  war  with  the  gladiators  in  B.  C.  73-71.  —  Syn. 
Tumultus,  stronger  than  bellum,  used  by  the  Romans  to  denote  a  war 
in  Italy,  or  against  the  Gauls  ;  turba,  confusion.  —  constantia,  a  reso¬ 
lute  spirit.  —  Syn.  Supero,  lit.  rise  above,  hence  to  conquer  (an  adver¬ 
sary) ;  vinco,  conquer  (opposition). — demum,  at  length,  not  till  now; 
denique,  finally,  in  short ;  tandem,  at  last,  after  many  efforts  ;  pos¬ 
tremo,  lastly,  in  order  of  time.  —  si  quos,  if  any  one.  —  castris,  in  his 
camp,  see  §  258,  f  —  consilio,  by  stratagem.  — qui,  etc.,  those  who 
attributed  their  fear  to  the  narrowness  of  the  roads  acted  arrogantly,  since 
they  appeared  either  to  despair  of  the  commander  s  doing  his  duty,  or  to 
dictate  to  him.  —  quod  ....  dicantur,  as  to  their  saying  that,  etc.  — 
nihil,  etc.,  he  was  moved  not  at  all  by  this  circumstance.  —  moturum 
(esse),  that  he  should  move.  —  quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible.  — 
sibique  ....  futuram,  lit.  that  it  should  be  a  praetorian  cohort  to  him¬ 
self:  the  praetorian  cohort  was  the  general’s  body-guard ;  it  had  more 
pay  and  privileges  than  the  other  soldiers. 

8.  belli  gerendi,  what  would  be  the  construction  if  the  gerund 
were  used  ?  —  innata  est,  see  innascor :  what  is  the  force  of  in,  in  com¬ 
position  with  verbs  ?  with  adjectives  ?  see  §  170,  a.  —  princeps  =  pri¬ 
ma.  —  quod  ....  fecisset,  because  he  had  formed,  etc. :  the  subjunc¬ 
tive  is  used  to  express  the  opinion  of  the  tribunes ;  see^321,  a.  —  ege¬ 
runt,  acted  in  the  same  manner.  —  itinere  exquisito,  the  route  having 
been  sought  out.  —  Ariovisti ....  abesse,  that  the  forces  of  Ariovistus 
were  distant,  etc.  — Syn.  Abesse,  to  be  absent,  denotes  absence  as  a  local 
relation,  to  be  away  from  a  place ;  deesse,  to  be  wanting,  denotes  absence 
by  which  a  thing  is  rendered  incomplete.  —  quod,  (saying)  what.  —  id 
fieri  licere,  that  could  be  accomplished  ;  licere  depends  on  mittit.  —  pro 
.  .  .  .  beneficiis,  in  consideration  of  his  own  benefits  and  those  of  the 
Roman  people  towards  him  (Ariovistus).  —  fore,  see  §  288,  f.  —  ne  quis 
is  used  in  negative  clauses  instead  of  ut  nemo.  —  alia  ratione,  on 
any  other  term.  —  equitatui :  the  cavalry  in  Caesar’s  army  consisted 
wholly  of  Gauls ;  he  was  therefore  afraid  to  trust  entirely  to  them. 
—  audebat,  see  §  136. — commodissimum  esse  statuit ,  he  deemed  it 
most  expedient ;  what  is  the  subject  of  esse  ?  —  omnibus.  .  .  .  imponere, 


NOTES. 


191 


all  the  horses  having  been  taken  from  the  Gallic  horsemen,  to  place  on  them 
(eo),  etc. 

9.  ex  equis,  on  horseback.  —  denos,  ten  apiece.  —  commemoravit, 
recounted.  —  quod,  how  that. — quam  ....  docebat,  he  informed  him  that 
this  thing  had  both  happened  to  few,  and  in  consideration  of  important  ser¬ 
vices. —  quam,  etc.,  how  old,  and  how  just  causes  of  relationship,  etc. — in 
eos,  for  them.  —  postulavit ....  dederat,  then  he  demanded  the  same 
things  which  he  had  given  to  the  ambassadors  as  his  demands.  —  habere, 
that  he  had.  — obsides,  that  the  hostages. — capere,  that  he  had  exacted. — 
Syn.  Experior,  try,  learn  by  experiment ;  tento,  try  by  feeling,  test ; 
periclitor,  make  trial  of,  facing  the  danger  arising  from  the  experiment. 

—  pace  uti,  to  enjoy  peace.  —  quod  ....  pependerint,  which  they  had 
paid,  etc.,  see  p.  84,  b.  — amicitiam  ....  oportere,  that  the  friendship 
of  the  Roman  people  ought  to  be  a  protection,  not  an  injury.  —  quod,  as  to. 

—  id  ...  .  facere,  that  he  did  this  to  fortify  himself,  etc.,  see  §  318  (6). 
prius  ....  quam,  before,  separated  by  tmesis.  —  fines  egressum,  passed 
beyond  the  territories.  —  quid  sibi  vellet  ?  what  did  he  wish  for  himself? 
sibi  refers  to  Csesar.  —  provinciam,  etc.,  that  this  was  his  province  just 
as,  etc.  —  qui  ....  interpellaremus,  since  we  interrupted  him  in  his 
right,  see  §  320,  e. 

10.  neque  ....  desereret,  neither  his  own  nor  the  custom  of  the  Roman 
people  would  permit  that,  etc.  —  potius  esse  Ariovisti,  belonged  to  Ario¬ 
vistus.  —  senatus,  of  the  senate.  —  quam  ....  voluisset,  since,  though 
conquered,  (the  senate)  had  willed  that  it  (quam)  should  enjoy  its  own 
laws.  — prope,  §  234,  e.  —  imperavit ....  rejicerent,  he  commanded 
that  they  should  not  throw  back  a  single  weapon  upon  the  enemy.  —  ne  quod, 
from  ne  quis.  —  legionis  delectae,  to  his  chosen  legion.  —  tamen  .... 
circumventos,  yet  he  did  not  think  that  the  opportunity  should  be  given 
that  the  enemy  having  been  routed,  it  might  be  said  (by  them)  that  they  had 
been  surrounded  by  him  (Caesar)  at  the  conference.  —  posteaquam,  etc., 
after  that  it  was  spread  abroad  among  the  common  soldiers,  see  §  39,  b. 

—  qua  ....  interdixisset,  with  what  arrogance  (lit.  using  what  arro¬ 
gance )  Ariovistus  had  forbidden  the  Romans  (the  use)  of  Gaul.  —  inter¬ 
dico  is  here  followed  by  the  dative  and  ablative,  see  §  225,  d.  —  multo 
major,  greater  by  much.  — injectum,  was  infused. 

11.  post,  an  adverb,  —  velle  ....  cum  eo,  (saying)  that  he  wished 
to  treat  with  him.  —  uti  aut,  or  (requesting)  that:  notice  the  twofold 
construction  after  mittit  legatos ;  in  the  first  case  it  implies  saying , 
and  is  followed  by  the  accusative  with  the  infinitive  ;  in  the  latter  the 
verb  requesting  is  implied,  and  therefore  the  subjunctive  is  required. 

. —  ex  legatis  aliquem,  see  §  216,  c. — visa  non  est,  did  not  appear 
(sufficient).  —  legatum  ex  suis,  a  commissioner  from  his  own  men.  — 
qua  ....  utebatur,  which  Ariovistus,  from  long  habit,  used  with  great 


192 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


ease ;  qua  refers  to  lingua,  and  multa  agrees  with  qua ;  notice  the  force 
of  the  imperfect.  —  qui  ....  usus  erat,  who  was  accustomed  to  enjoy 
the  hospitality  of  Ariovistus.  —  an  ....  causa,  was  it  not  to  spy  out ;  the 
complete  sentence  would  he  utrum  aliud  peterent,  an  speculandi 
causa  venirent,  see  §  211,  and  d :  also  see  §  318,  5.  — prseter,  past.  — 
eo  consilio,  with  this  design. — uti,  (namely)  that,  see  §  831,  d. — ex 
....  iEduis,  from  the  (country  of),  etc.  —  pro  castris,  before  the  camp.  — 
si  vellet,  if  he  wished ,  see  §  308.  —  ei  .  .  .  .  deesset,  that  the  opportunity 
might  not  be  wanting  to  him. 

12.  ubi  ....  tenere,  when  ....  that  he  held  himself  in  his  camp, 
see  §  55,  /.  —  acieque  ....  instructa,  a  triple  line  of  battle  being  formed. 

—  tertiam  castra  munire,  the  third  to  fortify  the  camp.  — eo  .  .  .  .  ex¬ 
pedita,  thither  light-armed  troops ,  about  six  thousand  in  number.  — 
quse  copiae,  that  these  forces.  — prohiberent,  see  §  317.  — a  majoribus, 
sc.  castris.  —  potestas,  an  opportunity. — ubi  ....  intellexit,  when  he 
perceived  that  not  even  then  they  would  come  forth  (to  fight),  see  §  345, 
b.  —  tum  demum,  then  at  last ;  give  the  synonymes.  —  oppugnaret, 
see  §  317.  —  multis  ....  vulneribus,  many  wounds  being  given  and 
received  :  illatis,  see  infero.  —  Syn.  Accipio,  take  anything  that  is 
offered;  recipio,  take  anything  under  one  s protection ;  excipio,  take  what 
is  escaping,  intercept ;  suscipio,  undertake  a  task  ;  sumere,  take  up  any¬ 
thing  (to  use  it) ;  capere,  take  anything  (to  possess  it). 

13.  quam  ob  rem,  on  account  of  what  thing,  i.  e.  for  what  reason.  — 
sortibus  et  vaticinationibus,  from  lots  and  auguries.  —  utrum  .... 
necne,  whether  a  battle  could  be  fought  advantageously,  or  not.  —  esset, 
see  §  211,  Rem.  — eas  ....  superare,  they  (women)  said  that  it  was  not 
the  will  of  heaven  for  the  Germans  to  conquer.  —  alarios,  auxiliaries , 
generally  stationed  on  the  wings  (alae)  of  the  army.  — quod  ....  valebat, 
because  he  was  less  strong  in  the  number  of  legionary  soldiers  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  the  enemy.  —  eo,  lit.  thither,  i.  e.  on  these  (chariots  and 
wagons).  — passis  manibus,  with  outstretched  hand  (passis  from  pando) : 
flentes  agrees  with  quae,  subject  of  implorabant. 

14.  Caesar  ....  praefecit,  Ccesar  appointed  over  each  legion  a  lieu¬ 
tenant,  and  quaestor :  for  the  duties  of  the  quaestor  see  Hand-book. 

—  a  dextro  cornu,  on  the  right  wing  (of  the  Romans).  —  minime  fir¬ 
mam,  least  strong. — itaque,  and  so. — spatium,  space  (of  time). — re¬ 
jectis  pilis,  the  javelins  being  thrown  aside  ;  for  the  manner  in  which 
the  Roman  army  was  armed,  see  Hand-book.  —  Syn.  Gladius,  sword 
(a  general  word)  ;  ensis,  sword  (poetical)  ;  pugio,  a  dagger  or  short  sword 
(often  worn  by  magistrates)  ;  sica,  dagger,  (the  secret  weapon  of  the 
assassin).  —  complures  nostri  milites,  many  of  our  soldiers,  see  § 
216,  c,  3. — miles  from  mil  (mille)  and  eo,  in  allusion  to  the  army 
as  arranged  by  Servius  Tullius.  —  qui  ....  insillirent,  who  leaped,  see 


NOTES. 


193 


§  320.  —  scuta,  etc.,  tore  off  with  their  hands  the  shields  (of  the  enemy). 

—  a  sinistro  cornu,  on  the  left  wing  (of  the  Germans).  —  a  dextro 
cornu,  on  the  right  wing  (of  the  German  army).  —  perpauci,  a  very  few. 

—  confisi,  relying  on  their  strength  :  see  confido. 

15.  cum  ....  traheretur,  as  he  ivas  being  dragged  along.  —  trinis 
catenis,  with  three  chains.  —  in  ...  .  incidit,  fell  in  with  Ccesar  himself. 

—  de  .  .  .  .  dicebat,  he  said  that  it  had  been  thrice  consulted  by  lots  about 
him.  —  coeperunt,  began ,  see  §  143,  a.  —  duobus  bellis,  i.  e.  the 
Helvetian  and  German  wars.  —  maturius  paulo,  a  little  earlier.  —  ad 
conventus  agendos,  to  hold  the  courts,  i.  e.  to  attend  to  lawsuits,  and 
all  matters  pertaining  to  the  civil  administration  of  the  country.  Each 
province  was  divided  into  districts,  in  which  the  pro-consul  held  a  court, 
to  which  any  one  might  apply  for  redress  of  grievances.  The  pro-consul 
himself  presided  at  the  trials,  and  pronounced  the  decision  according  to 
the  views  of  the  judges,  who  were  generally  selected  from  among  the 
Roman  citizens,  who  resided  in  the  province.  Csesar  also  had  another 
object  for  passing  the  winter  in  Italy,  in  order  to  watch  the  movements 
of  political  parties  at  the  capital,  and  especially  of  Pompey,  who  now, 
according  to  the  arrangement  made  by  the  triumvirs,  held  the  chief 
power  there. 


QUESTIONS  EOE  EEYIEW 


1 .  How  do  nouns  of  the  first  declension  end  ?  Decline  stella.  What 
words  of  this  declension  are  masculine  ?  What  words  have  abus  in  the 
dative  and  ablative  plural  ?  For  what  purpose  ?  What  are  the  termina¬ 
tions  of  Greek  nouns  ?  Decline  cometes.  Decline  together  stella  lucida. 
What  cases  are  alike  in  the  first  declension  l  What  declensions  have  no 
neuter  nouns  ? 

2.  How  do  nouns  of  the  second  declension  end  ?  Which  terminations 
are  neuter  ?  Which  masculine  ?  Decline  puer,  donum,  dominus.  Why 
is  the  accent  in  dominus  on  the  antepenult?  What  nouns  in  er  retain  e 
in  the  oblique  cases  ?  How  do  puer  and  liber  differ  in  declension  ?  What 
class  of  nouns  in  us  are  feminine  ?  What  is  said  of  vir  ?  What  nouns  in 
us  are  neuter  ?  What  is  the  gender  of  vulgus  ?  Decline  filius  and  deus. 

3.  How  are  nouns  of  the  third  declension  classified  ?  Decline  mare 
and  turris.  What  is  the  regular  ending  of  the  accusative  and  ablative  in 
this  class  of  nouns  ?  Which  retain  the  regular  form  ?  What  is  the  gen¬ 
itive  plural  of  canis  ?  Of  turris  ?  Decline  vis,  Tiberis. 

4.  Decline  honor,  nomen,  and  consul.  What  is  the  stem  of  honor  ?  Ex¬ 
plain  the  formation  of  the  nominative  singular.  Decline  opus.  Explain 
the  formation  of  the  nominative  singular. 

5.  Decline  urbs  and  ars.  Explain  the  formation  of  the  nominative 
singular  of  comes ;  accent  comites.  In  what  does  the  ablative  of  nouns 
of  this  class  end  ?  Decline  apex,  explaining  the  formation  of  the  nomi¬ 
native  singular ;  also  rex,  pax,  and  arx.  Decline  caro,  vas,  bos,  nix,  and  os. 

6.  What  terminations  of  the  third  declension  are  masculine?  What 
neuter?  What  nouns  in  or  are  feminine?  What  neuter?  What  is  the 
gender  of  juventus ,  pes,  plebs,  caro,  aes,  jus,  rus,  and  arbor  ?  What  termi¬ 
nations  of  the  third  declension  are  feminine?  Write  the  declension  of 
miles,  onus,  ordo,  and  corpus,  explaining  the  formation  of  the  nominative. 
Decline  together  puer  bonus  and  vox  saeva. 

7.  Give  the  accusative  singular  of  mare,  turris.  Give  the  ablative  sin¬ 
gular  and  genitive  plural  of  sermo,  homo,  equus,  cor,  gens,  pax,  and  arx. 
[Observe  that  neuter  nouns  in  e,  al,  and  ar  retain  i  in  the  ablative  and  ium 
in  the  genitive  plural ;  nouns  in  ns  and  rs  of  only  one  syllable,  as  well 
as  nouns  in  is  and  es,  not  increasing  in  the  genitive  (see  §  78,  3  a),  and 


196 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


monosyllables  ending  in  two  consonants,  retain  ium  in  the  genitive  plural.] 
How  do  nouns  in  as  form  their  genitive ?  Nouns  in  a?  Nouns  in  o ? 
Nouns  in  do  and  go  ?  Give  the  genitive  of  iter ;  of  Jupiter  ;  of  cor ;  of 
litus.  How  do  nouns  in  es  form  their  genitive  ?  in  is  ?  in  os?  in  us ?  In 
what  does  the  ablative  singular,  the  nominative,  and  genitive  plural  of 
vowel  stems  generally  end  ?  In  what  liquid  stems  ?  In  what  mute  stems  ? 
Mention  exceptions. 

8.  How  do  nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  end  ?  Decline  currus ,  fruc¬ 
tus,  and  genu.  What  nouns  of  this  declension  are  feminine  ?  What 
nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  retain  u  in  the  dative  and  ablative  plural  ? 
Decline  domus.  What  difference  of  meaning  have  domus  and  domi  ? 
What  nouns  have  the  forms  of  the  second  and  fourth  declension  ?  De¬ 
cline  together  altus  lacus,  tristis  casus. 

9.  How  do  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  end  ?  What  is  their  gender? 
Decline  res,  dies,  spes.  What  exceptions  in  gender  ?  How  many  nouns 
belong  to  this  declension  ?  How  many  are  complete  ?  Mention  those  that 
have  only  the  nominative  vocative  and  accusative  plural.  Decline  together 
longa  acies. 

10.  Into  how  many  classes  are  irregular  nouns  divided?  Define  each. 
Define  heterogeneous ;  heteroclite.  Give  examples  illustrating  each.  De¬ 
cline  together  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero.  Which  is  the  personal  name? 
Which  the  name  of  the  Gens  ?  What  was  the  agnomen  ?  Illustrate  by 
example. 

11.  What  is  an  Adjective  ?  Into  what  classes  are  they  divided  ?  How 
are  adjectives  in  o  stems  declined  ?  Decline  servus,  ater,  tener.  Decline 
in  the  singular  solus.  What  other  words  are  declined  like  it  ?  Decline 
alter  in  the  singular.  Decline  alius  in  the  singular  and  uterque  in  the  plu¬ 
ral.  Decline  acer.  How  many  adjectives  like  it?  Decline  felix,  iens, 
vetus. 

12.  Decline  carior.  Decline  dis.  Decline  together  stella  clara,  insula 
longa,  vir  bonus,  hortus  parvus,  campus  longus,  periculum  magnum,  acer, 
auriga.  When  is  the  vocative  different  from  the  nominative  ?  In  what 
does  the  genitive  plural  of  adjectives  of  the  third  declension  generally 
end  ?  In  what  the  ablative  of  comparatives  and  participles  in  ns  ?  How 
do  adjectives  of  one  termination  form  their  ablative  ? 

13.  Give  the  genitive  and  ablative  singular  and  plural  of  filia,  vas, 
passer,  opus,  alius,  mitis,  mare,  juvenis,  dies,  acus,  specus,  nubes,  difficultas. 

14.  Give  the  rule  for  forming  the  comparative  and  superlative  of  ad¬ 
jectives.  Compare  felix,  audax,  durus,  and  mitis. 

15.  How  are  adjectives  in  er  compared  ?  What  adjectives  in  us  have  a 
similar  superlative  ?  Compare  acer,  piger,  miser,  pulcher. 

16.  Compare  facilis.  What  other  adjectives  are  compared  like  this? 
Compare  doctus,  gracilis,  altus,  potens. 


QUESTIONS  FOR  REVIEW. 


197 


17.  What  irregularity  have  five  adjectives  in  feus'?  Compare  maledicus 
and  benevolus .  Mention  five  adjectives  whose  comparatives  are  regular, 
but  whose  superlatives  are  irregular.  Compare  them.  Compare  idoneus. 
Give  the  rule  for  it. 

18.  Compare  bonus,  magnus,  malus,  mirificus,  dives,  frugi,  and  dexter. 
Compare  seven  adjectives  which  want  the  positive. 

19.  Compare  juvenis  and  senex.  What  adjectives  want  the  comparative  7 
Mention  three  that  want  the  superlative. 

20.  Decline  minor,  animus  ferox,  and  vulnus  grave,  together.  Compare 
citerior.  What  other  adjectives  are  formed  like  this  ? 

21.  Compare  the  adverbs  formed  from  bonus,  malus,  altus,  gravis.  Com¬ 
pare  diu,  scepe,  satis,  multum ,  cegre. 

22.  How  may  the  force  of  the  comparative  and  superlative  be  increased  ? 
What  is  the  force  of  quam  before  the  superlative  ?  What  is  the  force  of 
quisque  with  the  superlative?  Of  per  ?  Of  sub  in  composition  ? 

23.  Name  the  principal  classes  of  numeral  adjectives.  What  are  the 
cardinals  ?  Which  are  not  declined  ?  Decline  duo.  What  is  irregular 
in  the  declension  of  unus  ? 

24.  Give  the  cardinals  from  1  to  20. 

25.  Give  the  Latin  for  12,  14,  16,  17,  18,  19.  Explain  the  last  two. 

26.  Give  the  Latin  for  11,  21,  28,  49,  60,  75,  94,  100. 

27.  How  is  mille  used  ? 

28.  What  are  Ordinals?  Give  the  Latin  ordinals  from  1st  to  10th. 
What  are  Distributives  ?  Give  them  up  to  the  10th. 

29.  What  are  Numeral  Adverbs  ?  Give  the  first  ten  numeral  adverbs. 

30.  Give  the  Roman  numerals  for  20,  45,  52,  67,  78,  98,  200,  500,  1,000, 
5,000,  10,000,  and  explain  the  Roman  method  of  notation. 

31.  What  is  a  Pronoun?  Decline  ego,  tu,  sui.  Give  the  possessive 
pronouns  formed  from  these.  How  are  they  declined  ?  Decline  meus  puer, 
nostra  domus. 

32.  Which  are  the  demonstrative  pronouns  ?  Decline  ille  puer,  hie 
vir,  hoc  proelium,  heee  sententia. 

33.  Decline  ipse,  ille  in  the  singular,  and  is  and  idem  throughout ;  ac¬ 
cent  the  last. 

34.  Decline  unus  locus,  tota  acies. 

35.  Define  relative  pronoun.  Decline  qui  and  quis.  Write  the  nomi¬ 
native  plural  of  quis,  aliquis,  and  siquis.  What  is  the  difference  between 
the  forms  in  quid  and  quod  ?  Decline  quivis. 

36.  Decline  together  in  the  singular  quilibet  miles,  aliqua  salus,  qui¬ 
dam  homo. 

37.  Decline  together  idem  metus,  here  res,  illud  periculum,  uterque  miles. 

38.  What  is  a  Verb?  (See  Lessons  for  definitions.)  What  is  the  Sub¬ 
ject  of  a  verb?  What  is  meant  by  the  Active  Voice?  By  the  Passive 


198 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Voice?  What  is  a  transitive  verb?  Intransitive?  What  are  Moods? 
How  many  ?  Define  each.  What  is  a  Participle  ?  What  form  has  the 
participle  ?  In  what  does  it  resemble  the  verb  ?  In  what  ail  adjective  ? 
How  many  participles  ?  What  is  the  Gerundive  ? 

39.  What  are  Gerunds  ?  What  are  Supines  ?  How  do  they  end  ?  In 
what  sense  are  they  used  ?  What  are  Tenses  ?  What  is  the  first  division 
of  time  ?  Name  the  tenses,  and  define  each.  Name  those  which  repre¬ 
sent  the  action  as  not  completed ;  those  which  represent  it  as  completed. 
Upon  what  stems  are  the  tenses  formed  ? 

40.  What  are  the  principal  parts  of  a  verb  ?  What  tenses  are  formed 
from  each?  Write  the  present  indicative  of  esse.  Write  the  imperfect 
subjunctive;  the  present  imperative ;  the  infinitives.  Por  what  are  forem, 
forent,  and  fore  used  ?  What  tense  of  esse  has  two  forms  ? 

41.  Explain  the  compound  of  esse  and  pro.  Write  the  present  and 
perfect  indicative. 

42.  Explain  the  composition  of  potis  and  sum.  Write  the  present  and 
imperfect  indicative;  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive. 

43.  What  is  the  conjugation  of  a  verb?  How  many  conjugations? 
How  are  they  distinguished  ?  Illustrate  the  formation  of  the  tenses  of 
voco,  deleo,  duco,  and  audio.  How  were  verbs  classified  into  four  conjuga¬ 
tions  (see  Note,  p.  61)  ? 

44.  Give  a  synopsis  of  tenses  of  the  Present  Stem  in  the  active  of  amo ; 
of  the  perfect  stem  of  moneo;  of  the  supine  stem  of  rego.  Inflect  the 
present  imperative,  active  and  passive,  of  amo  and  doceo. 

45.  Give  the  synopsis  in  the  active  voice  of  rego.  Give  all  the  infini¬ 
tives  of  audio.  Give  the  present  imperative,  active  and  passive,  of  rego 
and  audio.  Give  a  synopsis  of  the  active  and  passive  of  audio. 

46.  Give  the  participles,  gerund,  and  supine  of  amo.  Give  a  synopsis 
of  the  tenses  from  the  supine  stems  of  amo.  Give  the  principal  parts  of 
amo,  moneo,  rego,  and  audio  in  both  voices. 

47.  How  are  Deponent  verbs  conjugated  ?  What  is  said  of  their  parti¬ 
ciples  ?  Conjugate  miror.  What  is  said  of  neuter  deponents  ?  What 
active  forms  have  they  ?  Give  all  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  sequor, 
vereor,  potior,  criminor. 

48.  What  are  Semi-deponents'2  Name  them.  Give  a  synopsis  of 
audeo  and  fido.  What  are  neutral  passives 2  Enumerate  them. 

49.  Give  the  future  indicative  and  present  subjunctive  of  capio.  Give 
the  present  indicative  passive  of  capio.  Inflect  the  imperative  active  and 
passive  of  capio. 

50.  Parse  the  following,  and  inflect  the  tenses  to  which  they  belong: 
Amaverunt,  monebuntur ,  monitus  ero ;  monete,  monere,  amabit ;  monuerit ,  amet, 
ametur,  moneat,  mone,  monere.  Explain  how  vocatum  iri  is  formed.  Is  the 
termination  tum  variable  ? 


QUESTIONS  FOR  REVIEW. 


199 


51.  Regat ,  regunt,  reget,  regar,  auditor,  capiunt,  regitor,  rege,  regere, 
capite,  audias,  audies,  audire,  audiret,  rexero,  moneant,  monebis,  rectus  est, 
mirer,  verear,  mirator. 

52.  Explain  the  forms  amasse,  audieram,  nosse,  dic,  fer,faxim,  vocarier. 

53.  Explain  the  formation  of  the  present  and  perfect  stem  of  amo  (see 
§30,  1);  of  moneo;  of  rego ;  of  audio:  the  supine  stem  of  nomino;  of 
terreo  ;  of  duco ;  of  deleo  ;  of  Jingo. 

54.  What  are  derivative  verbs  ?  Define  each  class.  Explain  how  they 
arc  formed,  and  of  what  conjugation. 

55.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  fateor,  bibo,  cerno,  arcesso ,  vinco,  vincio, 
cado,  credo,  cedo,  disco,  plecto ,  fingo,  do,  peto,  pello,  lavo. 

56.  What  verbs  are  called  Irregular?  Give  the  present  indicative  and 
present  subjunctive  of  fero.  Give  the  imperatives,  active  and  passive.  Give 
the  present  and  imperfect  passive. 

57.  Give  the  present  indicative  and  present  subjunctive  of  volo,  nolo, 
malo.  Give  the  imperative  of  nolo.  Give  the  imperfect  of  volo,  nolo,  malo. 
Give  the  infinitives. 

58.  Inflect  the  present  indicative  of  eo ;  of  fio ;  the  present  subjunctive ; 
the  imperfect  indicative  and  subjunctive.  Give  the  imperative  of  each. 

59.  Parse  the  following,  and  inflect  the  tenses  to  which  they  belong : 
ferat, feret,  ferar ,  fero  ;  vis,  volet,  voluit;  nonvultis,  noles,  noli  ;  mavis,  malle, 
mavultis;  it,  eam;  fiunt, fies, fierem,  fiat, fi. 

60.  What  are  Defective  verbs  ?  Conjugate  coepi,  odi.  Give  the  parts 
in  use  of  aio,  inquam.  In  what  sense  are  odi  and  memini  used  ?  What 
name  do  they  have?  What  is  said  of  the  compounds  of  fio? 

61.  What  are  Impersonal  verbs?  What  nominative  usually  precedes 
them  in  English»?  How  are  they  classified  ?  Conjugate  licet. 

62.  How  are  the  Periphrastic  Conjugations  formed  ?  How  the  first 
periphrastic  conjugation  ?  How  the  second  ? 

63.  In  what  ways  may  verbs  be  compounded  (see  §  30,  6  c?)?  How 
are  the  compounds  of  capio  and  teneo  formed?  Of  cogo  and  dego ?  Of 
facio  with  a  preposition  (see  §  44,  3  e)  ? 

64.  Define  Particles.  How  are  Adverbs  formed  ?  Explain  the  forma¬ 
tion  of  care,  dearly ;  fortiter,  bravely ;  multum,  much ;  falso,  falsely  ;  quo, 
whither ;  ibi,  there ;  statim,  immediately.  How  are  adverbs  classified  ? 
Explain  the  distinction  between  certo  and  certe ;  primum  and  primo. 

65.  How  are  adverbs  compared  ?  Illustrate  by  examples. 

66.  What  is  a  Preposition  ?  How  many  take  the  accusative  ?  How 
many  the  ablative  7  How  many  have  either  the  accusative  or  the  ablative  ? 
What  is  the  distinction  in  the  use  of  a,  ab,  and  abs?  Of  e  and  ex?  What 
is  said  of  the  meaning  of  prepositions  in  composition  (see  §  44,  3  g)  ? 

67.  What  is  a  Conjunction  ?  Into  how  many  classes  are  conjunctions 
divided  ?  What  does  the  first  class  include  ?  What  the  second  ?  What 
conjunctions  are  Enclitics  ?  How  are  ae  and  atque  distinguished  ? 


200 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


68.  Distinguish  between  a  Root  and  Stem.  Explain  the  meaning  of 
such  derivatives  as  ductor,  victrix,  viator,  miles  (from  mil,  a  thousand,  and 
eo,  go),  gaudium,  Jlumen,  puellula.  How  are  Patronymics  formed?  What 
is  the  termination  of  masculine  patronymics?  Of  feminine?  Of  what 
declension  are  patronymics  ?  How  are  gentile  nouns  formed  ?  Explain 
the  meaning  in  the  terminations  to  the  following  words :  pugnax ,  ovile, 
alumnus,  difficultas,  lapidosus,  Cannensis. 

69.  Define  a  Sentence.  How  many  kinds  ?  Define  each.  Define  Sub¬ 
ject,  Predicate,  Copula,  Substantive  Verb,  a  Phrase,  a  Clause.  How  are 
clauses  classified?  What  is  meant  by  Agreement  and  Government  in 
Grammar  ?  Illustrate. 

70.  Define  Apposition.  Give  the  rule  for  the  agreement  of  an  adjec¬ 
tive  with  a  noun  ;  when  the  nouns  are  of  different  gender ;  when  they  de¬ 
note  things  without  life. 

71.  Give  the  rule  for  the  agreement  of  a  relative  pronoun  with  its  ante¬ 
cedent.  How  is  its  case  determined  ?  How  its  gender  ?  Illustrate. 

72.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  agreement  of  a  verb?  Of  what  number 
is  the  verb  when  belonging  to  two  or  more  nominatives  singular  ?  When 
a  nominative  singular  is  joined  to  an  ablative  with  cum  ?  What  is  said  of 
Collective  nouns?  Of  uterque?  quisque ? 

73.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  Genitive  after  nouns?  Explain  the  differ¬ 
ence  between  the  subjective  and  objective  genitive.  What  is  the  rule  for 
the  genitive  after  partitives  ?  What  is  the  rule  for  the  genitive  after  verbs  ? 
Of  verbs  of  remembering?  Verbs  of  accusing?  Verbs  of  pity?  Of 
miseret,  etc.  ?  Of  refert,  etc.  ?  Of  egeo,  etc.  ? 

74.  What  other  construction  is  used  after  refert  and  interest  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  nominatives  of  these  verbs  ?  What  is  said  of  potior  ?  When 
do  verbs  of  remembering  take  the  accusative  ?  How  is  the  punishment 
expressed  ?  What  is  said  of  tanti,  quanti,  etc.  ?  Of  pridie  and  postridie  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  construction  after  omnes  ? 

75.  Give  the  general  rule  for  the  Dative.  For  the  dative  with  verbs. 
Mention  the  verbs  that  take  the  dative  generally  without  the  sign  to  or 
for.  Give  the  rule  for  verbs  compounded  with  ad,  ante,  etc  What  is  the 
rule  for  esse,  and  the  dative  ?  How  may  esse  in  such  cases  be  translated  7 
What  is  said  of  the  agent  after  passive  verbs  ?  Of  the  agent  with  ger¬ 
unds,  etc.  ?  Give  the  rule  for  the  dative  of  Service,  Nearness,  Advantage, 
and  Ethical  dative. 

76.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  dative  after  adjectives  ?  What  is  said  of 
dicto  audiens  ?  Mention  adjectives  that  are  followed  by  either  the  geni¬ 
tive  or  dative  ?  What  is  said  of  propior  and  proximus  ?  Of  obvius  ?  Of 
idem  ?  Of  nomen  est  ?  Explain  the  following  :  Est  mihi  cultellus;  cultellus 
est  meus  *  habeo  cultellum ;  est  mihi  nomen  Alexandro. 

77.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  Direct  Object  of  a  verb  ?  For  the  Cog¬ 
nate  Accusative  ?  For  verbs  of  motion  compounded  with  circum  and 


QUESTIONS  FOR  REVIEW. 


201 


trans?  For  delectat,  etc.  ?  For  verbs  of  asking,  etc.  ?  What  prepositions 
take  the  accusative  ? 

78.  When  the  active  voice  takes  two  accusatives,  which  is  retained  after 
the  passive  voice  ?  What  is  said  of  peto  ?  Of  id  temporis  ?  What  is  the 
Synecdochical  accusative  ?  Is  this  an  illustration  of  it :  inutile  ferrum 
cingitur  ?  In  what  ways  may  the  accusative  after  many  neuter  verbs  be 
explained  ?  •  What  interjections  are  followed  by  the  accusative  ? 

79.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  Vocative  ? 

80.  Give  the  general  rule  for  the  Ablative  ;  for  the  ablative  of  separa¬ 
tion  ;  for  opus  and  usus  ;  ablative  of  source  ;  of  cause  ;  ablative  after  dig¬ 
nus,  etc. ;  ablative  of  agent ;  of  comparison ;  of  means  ;  of  the  ablative 
after  utor,  etc. ;  of  quality  ;  of  price ;  of  specification ;  for  the  locative 
ablative  ;  for  the  ablative  absolute. 

81.  What  is  said  of  compounds  of  a,  ab,  etc.?  What  is  said  of  egeo 
and  indigeo  ?  When,  after  verbs  denoting  origin,  is  the  preposition  ex¬ 
pressed  ?  How  is  the  agent  sometimes  expressed  ?  What  is  said  of  plus, 
minus,  etc.  ? 

82.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  time  when  and  how  long  ?  For  space  ?  For 
place  ?  What  is  said  of  domi,  etc.  ?  What  is  said  of  the  use  of  preposi¬ 
tions  before  names  of  towns  ?  Before  names  of  other  places  ? 

83.  Mention  the  prepositions  that  govern  the  accusative ;  those  that 
govern  the  ablative.  What  is  said  of  in,  sub,  super,  subter  ?  Of  preposi¬ 
tions  used  in  dates  ?  Of  the  adverbs  pridie,  etc.  ?  What  prepositions 
often  follow  their  nouns  ? 

84.  Name  the  Moods,  and  define  each.  How  is  the  hortatory  subjunc¬ 
tive  used  ?  The  optative  subjunctive  ?  The  concessive  subjunctive  ? 
Define  the  Infinitive  mood ;  as  a  subject ;  the  complementary  infinitive ; 
with  subject  accusative ;  the  historical  infinitive. 

85.  Into  what  two  classes  are  Tenses  divided  ?  Mention  those  of  the 
first  class ;  of  the  seeond  class.  Define  the  tenses  of  the  indicative.  How 
many  tenses  has  the  subjunctive  ?  Give  the  primary  tenses  ;  the  sec¬ 
ondary.  In  compound  sentences  by  what  tense  is  the  primary  tense 
followed  ?  Illustrate  by  examples.  When  is  the  perfect  definite  followed 
by  a  secondary  tense  ?  When  is  the  present  ? 

86.  What  time  is  denoted  by  the  Infinitive 7  How  is  the  infinitive 
translated  in  indirect  discourse  ?  Illustrate. 

87.  What  is  a  Conditional  Sentence  ?  How  are  conditional  sentences 
classified  ?  Give  the  different  forms  of  particular  suppositions,  and  one 
example  of  each.  When  is  the  indicative  used  in  both  clauses  ?  When 
the  future  indicative  ?  Define  general  suppositions.  Give  examples. 

88.  What  is  an  implied  condition  ?  Define  and  illustrate  a  disguised 
condition  ;  condition  omitted  ;  potential  subjunctive. 

89.  What  are  Temporal  clauses  ?  Mention  the  temporal  adverbs.  Give 


202 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


the  rule  for  the  mood  of  temporal  clauses ;  for  cum  temporal ;  for  ante¬ 
quam,  etc. ;  for  dum,  etc. ;  for  cum  causal. 

90.  What  are  Causal  clauses  ?  Give  the  causal  particles  and  the  rules 
for  the  mood  following  them. 

91.  What  is  a  Final  clause  ?  Give  the  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses.  In 
how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  in  Latin  ?  Illustrate. 

92.  What  are  Consecutive  clauses  ?  Give  the  rule  for  consecutive 
clauses  after  ut ;  after  quin ;  for  relative  clauses ;  clause  after  unus,  etc. ; 
after  quam ;  after  dignus. 

93.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  mood  in  Intermediate  clauses  ?  Give  ex¬ 
amples  in  which  the  subjunctive  and  indicative  are  used. 

94.  What  is  meant  by  Direct  Discourse?  By  Indirect?  Write  these 
sentences  in  Latin  and  give  the  rule :  I  am  writing ;  he  says  1  am  writing ; 
if  you  should  say  that,  you  would  he  mistaken ;  he  thinks  that  you  would  he 
mistaken  if  you  should  say  that. 

95.  What  is  an  Indirect  Question  ?  What  mood  does  the  imperative 
take  in  indirect  discourse  ? 

96.  Give  the  rule  for  Wishes  and  Commands. 

97.  When  do  Relative  clauses  take  the  indicative  ?  When  do  they  take 
the  subjunctive  ?  Classify  them,  and  give  one  example  of  each. 

98.  What  is  a  Substantive  clause  ?  How  are  they  classified  ?  Mention 
four  kinds,  and  give  examples  of  each. 

99.  How  are  Questions  introduced  ?  Mention  the  interrogative  parti¬ 
cles.  Give  illustrations  of  their  use.  How  is  a  double  question  ex¬ 
pressed  ?  How  is  the  Answer  expressed  in  Latin  ? 

100.  What  is  a  Participle?  What  is  said  of  the  time  of  the  participle? 
How  are  the  present  and  perfect  participles  used  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
future  participle? 

101.  What  is  a  Gerund?  Followed  by  what  cases?  Instead  of 
the  gerund  of  a  transitive  verb,  what  construction  may  be  used  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  participles  of  utor,  etc.  ?  When  the  participle  in  dus  is  used 
for  a  gerund,  what  is  it  called  ?  What  is  the  rule  for  the  genitive  of  ger¬ 
unds  and  gerundives  ?  For  the  dative  ?  For  the  accusative  ?  For  the 
ablative  ? 

1 02.  What  is  a  Supine  ?  By  what  cases  are  gerunds  followed  ?  What 
do  they  follow  ?  What  is  the  rule  for  the  supine  in  um  ?  In  u? 

103.  What  is  the  order  of  words  in  a  Latin  sentence?  Where  do  nu¬ 
merals  generally  stand  ?  Where  demonstrative  pronouns  ?  Relative  pro¬ 
nouns  ?  What  connectives  occupy  the  second  or  third  place  ?  Where  is 
a  modifier  of  a  noun  and  adjective  placed  ?  What  is  the  position  of  ne 
and  quidem  ?  Of  inquam  ?  How  can  the  subject  and  predicate  be  made 
emphatic  ? 


QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW. 


203 


QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW. 

104.  Decline  mea  filia ,  meus  filius ,  bona  dea.  Mark  the  quantity  of 
the  penultimate  and  final  syllables. 

105.  What  are  Epicenes  1  What  is  meant  by  the  Copula?  Decline 
Anchises,  PEneas. 

106.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  8 to,  duco,  vinco,  morior,  oportet,  jacio, 
jaceo. 

107.  Decline  bonus  vir,  Orpheus,  alta  turris,  Tiberis,  Achilles,  canis,  ju¬ 
venis.  Give  the  gender  of  each  with  the  rule,  and  mark  all  the  long 
vowels. 

108.  How  are  adjectives  compared  ?  Compare  hebes,  humilis,  inops,  dex¬ 
ter,  juvenis ;  mark  the  quantity  of  all  the  penults. 

109.  Form  adverbs  from  the  following,  and  compare  them  :  levis,  latus, 
audax,  bonus,  miser,  facilis,  gravis. 

110.  By  what  case  or  cases  are  peto,  queer o,  do,  circumdo,  postulo,  laeto, 
utor,  consulo, facio, faveo,  jubeo,  nubo,  followed? 

111.  Give  the  participles  of  conor,  sequor,  caedo,  fateor,  lorquor,  fido,  domo, 
velo,  sto,  plico. 

112.  Write  the  compounds  formed  from  con  and  ago,  con  and  lego,  in 
and  ludo.  How  is  iexi  formed  from  tego  ?  nupsi  from  nubo  ?  passus  from 
patior  ?  maximus  from  magnus  ? 

113.  Decline  and  mark  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate  and  final  sylla¬ 
bles  of  caro,  bos,  nix,  os,  vis,  Dido,  Jupiter,  iter,  poema,  fructus. 

114.  Give  the  meaning  of  the  following  words  in  the  singular  and  plu¬ 
ral  :  copia,  sad,  locus,  impedimentum,  littera,  forum,  finis,  plaga,  opera. 

115.  Decline  together  Tullia  minor  ;  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus ; 
alter  Vie  qraer. 

116.  Write  in  Latin,  v:e  are  reading ;  I  and  you  are  reading ;  you  and 
that  boy  are  reading  ;  he  and  that  boy  are  reading.  What  is  the  quantity  of 
monosyllables  ? 

•r 

117.  What  are  Patronymics?  Form  masculine  and  feminine  patro¬ 
nymics  from  Tantalus,  xEneas,  Priamus.  Mark  the  quantity  of  the  penulti¬ 
mate  syllable. 

ft 

118.  Enumerate  the  chief  uses  of  the  Genitive?  What  is  the  distinc¬ 
tion  between  the  use  of  nostrum  and  nostri  ?  vestrum  and  vestri  ? 

119.  Explain  the  meaning  of  the  terminations  of  the  following  words  : 
lumen  (from  luc-men),  audacia,  lacesso,  cantillo,  esurio,  viator,  collegium.  Mark 
the  quantity  of  the  final  vowels. 

120.  What  is  an  Intensive  verb?  Form  one  from  each  of  the  following 
words  :  dico,  jacio,  clamo,  habeo,  and  lego. 

121.  Give  all  the  infinitives  and  imperatives  of  the  following  :  capio, 
tollo ,  quaero,  nosco,  posco,  pango,  labor,  juvo,  veto,  gero. 


204 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


122.  Explain  and  illustrate  the  partitive  genitive  with  numerals;  with 
neuter  adjectives.  Would  nihil  memoriabilis  be  correct? 

123.  Give  the  principal  parts,  and  explain  how  the  perfeet  is  formed,  of 
the  following  verbs  :  dico,  colo,  gigno ,  augeo ,  finio. 

124.  Form  nouns  to  express  the  male  agent  from  amo,  audio ,  vinco ;  the 
female  agent  from  vinco,  venor,  lego. 

125.  Distinguish  in  meaning  between  the  following  with  the  dative  and 
with  the  accusative  :  consulo,  metuo,  caveo,  tempero,  moderor. 

126.  How  may  a  sentence  in  the  active  voice  be  converted  into  the  pas¬ 
sive  ?  Apply  the  rule  to  the  following  :  Romulus  urbem  muris  cinxit ;  Re¬ 
mus  fratrem  liberavit. 

127.  What  are  Interjections  ?  Mention  the  principal  ones,  with  the 
cases  that  follow  them.  What  is  the  quantity  of  final  as,  es,  os  ? 

128.  Parse  the  following:  imitatus,  vixisset,  attulisset,  edisceret,  uteretur, 
scriptam  esse,  jussi,  ausi  simus,  mansi. 

129.  What  are  the  derivations  of  Romanus,  oratio,  orator,  and  the  mean¬ 
ing  of  the  derivative  terminations  in  each  ?  What  suffixes  must  be  at¬ 
tached  to  a  noun  to  express  the  office  of  a  person  ?  A  collection  of  trees  ? 

130.  Enumerate  the  chief  uses  of  the  Dative  case.  What  is  the  pri¬ 
mary  meaning  of  the  dative  ? 

131.  Give  the  gender  of  the  following  words,  with  the  rules  under  which 
they  come,  or  to  which  they  are  exceptions  :  magister,  arbor,  finis,  deus, 
oratio,  caput,  dies,  manus,  amnis,  lepus,  mus,  tellus,  laus,  palus,  genu,  collis, 
ensis,  lex. 

132.  Enumerate  the  chief  uses  of  the  accusative  case.  What  is  the 
rule  for  the  accusative  of  time  and  space  ?  In  what  other  case  are  nouns 
denoting  time  and  space  often  put  ?  To  denote  a  place  by  its  distance 
from  another,  which  case  is  used  ?  Is  a  preposition  ever  expressed  with 
this  accusative  ?  Explain  the  accusative  in  the  following  :  ferire  ficedus,  to 
strike  a  treaty.  What  impersonal  verbs  are  followed  by  the  accusative  ? 

133.  Decline  veter,  judicum,  ordo,  Paris,  vimen,  lapis,  Lysias,  Thales. 

134.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  the  following  :  rapio,  facio,  curro,  tego, 
texo,  tero,  queror. 

135.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  fero  when  compounded  with  ab,  ad,  con , 
dis,  ex,  in,  ob,  sub,  and  explain  the  euphonic  changes.  Mark  the  quantity 
of  each  vowel. 

136.  Enumerate  the  chief  uses  of  the  Ablative.  What  is  the  rule  for 
the  voluntary  agent  after  a  passive  verb  ?  Of  the  voluntary  agent  after 
neuter  verbs  ?  What  is  said  of  the  involuntary  agent  ?  What  construc¬ 
tion  arises  from  the  want  of  a  present  participle  of  esse  ? 

137.  How  is  the  perfect  stem  of  the  third  conjugation  formed  ?  When 
reduplicated,  what  vowel  may  the  prefix  take  ?  What  verbs  retain 
their  reduplication  in  their  compounds  ?  Illustrate  with  the  following : 
cado,  do,  mordeo,  tundo,  spondeo ,  sto ;  in  and  cado  ;  in  and  mordeo  ;  re-  and 


QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW. 


205 


spondeo ;  circum  and  do ;  con  and  sto ;  con  and  disco ;  ex  and  posco ;  con 
and  curro  ;  oh  and  ccedo. 

138.  Compare  the  following :  adolescens,  novus,  egenus,  dives,  diligens , 
leviter,  diu.  What  is  the  quantity  of  final  is,  us,  ys  ? 

139.  Decline  respublica,  ambo,  ais,  moenia,  os,  lacus,  deus. 

140.  Classify  the  tenses,  and  illustrate  the  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses 
by  examples. 

141.  How  is  the  place  to  which,  at  which,  from  which,  expressed  in  Latin  ? 

142.  What  is  meant  by  the  Locative  case  (or  form)  1  With  what  case 
is  it  usually  identical  in  form'?  Write  the  locative  of  Karthago,  Athence, 
Roma.  Explain  the  following :  Albce  constituerunt  in  urbe  munita  (see 
§  46,  2  b). 

143.  Give  examples  of  Inceptive  and  Diminutive  verbs,  and  the  rule 
for  their  formation. 

144.  How  is  the  time  how  long,  the  time  when,  the  time  within  which,  an 
event  occurs,  expressed  ? 

145.  Explain  the  mode  of  reckoning  time  used  by  the  Romans.  Ex¬ 
press  in  Latin,  May  2,  7,  16 ;  January  4,  9,  25.  Give  a  rule  for  convert¬ 
ing  English  dates  into  Latin  and  Latin  into  English. 

146.  What  cases  following  peto,  in,  sub,  pcenitet,  utor,  indigeo,  do,  post, 
similis,  proximus,  propior  ? 

147.  Classify  Conditional  sentences.  Write  the  different  forms  in  Latin, 
using  the  following  sentence:  if  he  does  this,  it  is  well  Write  each  form 
of  particular  suppositions  after  the  word  dixit,  making  the  necessary 
changes  to  convert  it  into  the  indirect  discourse. 

148.  Give  a  synopsis  of  the  present  stem  in  both  voices  of  capio,  fero, 
audio,  veho. 

149.  Decline  together  aula  ampla,  ipse  tu,  gravis  idem  senex.  When  is 
is  final  long  ? 

150.  In  a  negative  final  or  consecutive  clause  would  you  use  ne  quis  or 
non  ullus  ? 

151.  Explain  the  use  of  cum  temporal  and  cum  causal. 

152.  In  final  clauses,  how-is  the  tense  of  the  subjunctive  determined  ? 

153.  How  is  the  want  of  a  perfect  active  participle  supplied  in 
Latin  ? 

154.  Illustrate  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse  by  using 
the  following  sentences :  he  says  that  he  is  writing ;  he  says  that  he  was 
writing  ;  he  says  that  he  has  written  ;  he  says  that  he  will  write  ;  he  said  that 
he  was  writing,  etc. 

155.  Write  two  intermediate  clauses,  in  one  of  which  the  subjunctive  is 
used,  and  one  the  indicative. 

156.  In  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  in  Latin  ?  Illus¬ 
trate  by  examples. 


206 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


157.  Mention  the  different  kinds  of  Substantive  Clauses.  Explain  the 
following  :  post  ejus  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetii  id,  quod  constituerant,  fa- 
cere,  conantur,  ut  e  finibus  suis  exeant. 

158.  Distinguish  between  the  use  of  ille,  iste,  and  hie.  When  is  final  a 
long  ? 

159.  Mention  some  deponent  verbs  whose  perfect  participle  is  used  in  a 

passive  sense. 

160.  Decline  (marking  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate  and  final  sylla¬ 
bles)  littera,  donum,  nostra  domus,  gemis,  litus,  scelus. 

161.  How  is  a  Wish  conceived  as  possible  expressed  ?  How  a  hopeless 
wish  ?  Illustrate  by  examples. 

162.  What  perfect  participles  are  used  in  the  sense  of  a  present  ?  How 
is  the  place  of  the  present  passive  participle  supplied  ? 

163.  What  is  the  distinction  in  the  use  of  the  interrogatives  quis,  qui; 
quid,  quod  ? 

164.  What  is  the  potential  subjunctive?  The  optative  subjunctive  ? 

165.  When  do  Causal  sentences  take  the  subjunctive?  What  are  in¬ 
definite  relatives  ?  What  mood  do  they  generally  take  ? 

166.  What  verbs  govern  two  accusatives  ? 

167.  Explain  the  use  of  the  gerund  and  gerundive;  examples.  What 
is  the  use  of  the  gerundive  in  connection  with  euro,  loco,  trado  ? 

168.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  venio,  curro,  disco,  vinco,  vincio,  rapio. 

169.  How  is  a  Question  asked  in  Latin  ?  Give  examples,  using  differ¬ 
ent  interrogative  particles.  How  is  the  answer  expressed  ? 

170.  Give  examples  of  the  use  of  ut  and  ne  after  verbs  of  fearing. 

171.  Distinguish  between  non  nemo  and  nemo  non ;  translate  nemo  non 
audiet. 

172.  Decline  and  give  the  gender  of  insula,  hortus,  sanguis,  frons,  vulgus, 
sal,  lapis ,  templum,  animal,  gens,  finis,  nox,  fides,  arcus. 

173.  What  is  meant  by  elision,  ellipsis,  arsis,  hiatus,  stanza,  foot, 
metre  ? 

174.  Explain  the  following  :  ccesural  pause,  catalectic,  synapheia. 

175.  Mark  the  quantity  of  the  vowels  in  the  following  words,  to  which 
the  rules  apply  (give  the  rules) :  amare,  regitur,  auditur,  monetur,  datum, 
juvi,  tuli,  didici,  occido,  nego,  nequam. 


EXAMINATION  PAPEES. 


The  following  have  been  used,  in  past  years,  in  examinations  for  admission  to  Harvard 
College. 

I. 

1.  Give  the  gender  of  each  of  the  following  nouns,  and  the  rule  for  it : 
pax,  pactio,  manus,  salus,  ager,  pes. 

2.  Decline  the  following  nouns,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  penulti¬ 
mate  and  final  syllables  in  each  form  :  filius,  iter,  domus,  dies. 

3.  Decline  solus,  fiords,  idem,  quidam.  Compare  ingens,  similis,  sacer. 
Give  the  meaning  of  the  following  endings  of  nouns  and  adjectives : 
-ula  ( cornicula ),  -ium  ( ministerium ),  -etum  (saxetum),  -icius  ( patricius ). 

4.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  the  verbs  fundo,  veto,  verto,  voveo,  sancio, 
ccedo.  Give  the  third  person  singular  of  the  present  subjunctive  active 
and  of  the  future  indicative  passive  of  veto,  verto,  and  sancio.  Inflect  the 
imperfect  subjunctive  passive  of  facio,  and  the  future  indicative  active  of 
transeo. 

5.  By  what  cases  respectively  are  these  words  followed :  occurro,  con¬ 
demno,  sub,fruor,  doceo,  noceo  ? 

II. 

1.  Write  down  the  following  words  and  mark  the  quantity  of  the  pe¬ 
nult,  giving  the  rules  of  prosody :  tempora,  responderunt,  dederint,  discedo, 
iniquus,  oceanus,  remanet,  egi,  impedit,  manus,  brevis,  cervices,  protulit,  nolite, 
vectigal. 

2.  Meaning  of  termination  :  -etum  in  rosetum  1  Of  -olus  in  filiolus  ?  Of 
-ax  in  loquax  ?  Of  -mentum  in  tegumentum  ? 

3.  Write  the  perfects  and  supines  of  diligo,  reperio,  maneo,  perfundo,  in- 
dulgeo,  cedo,  ccedo,  cado,  moveo,  cognosco. 

4.  Compare  acer,  bene,  magnus,  similis,  gravis. 

5.  Give  the  present  subjunctive  and  future  indicative,  third  person  sin¬ 
gular,  of  sum,  cerno,  eo,  malo,  caveo,  venio. 

6.  Decline  aliquis,  alter,  ipse. 

7.  What  is  the  Latin  for  five  ?  for  fifth  ?  for  five  times  ?  for  fifty  ?  fifti¬ 
eth  ?  fifty  times  ?  Write  in  Latin,  one  man  in  every  ten. 


208 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


.  III. 

1 .  Decline  soror,  vir,  vis,  vulnus,  animal.  Give  the  gender  of  each  of 
these  nouns,  with  the  rule.  Mark  the  quantity  of  all  the  penultimate  and 
final  syllables  you  write  in  this  section.  Give  the  genitive  plural  of  gens 
and  hostis,  with  rules. 

2.  Decline  sacer,  acer,  alius.  Compare  similis,  superus,  parvus,  juvenis. 
Form  and  compare  adverbs  from  acer,  altus.  Decline  idem,  tu,  aliquis. 
Give  the  Latin  numerals  for  sixty,  seventy,  eighty,  six  hundred,  seven  hun¬ 
dred,  eight  hundred. 

3.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  vinco,  vincio,  spondeo,  domo,  lacesso,  caedo, 
audeo.  All  the  participles  and  infinitives  of  adipiscor  and  fero.  The  sec¬ 
ond  person  singular  of  the  future  indicative  and  of  the  imperfect  subjunc¬ 
tive  of  audeo,  audio,  fugio,  eo,  possum,  volo.  Mark  all  the  penultimate  and 
final  syllables  you  write  in  this  section. 

4.  How  is  the  price  or  value  expressed  in  Latin  ?  time  in  which  ?  place 
where  1  What  case  or  cases  follow  the  verbs  miseret,  obliviscor,  ignosco, 
fungor,  rogo,  respectively  1 

5.  What  is  a  spondee  ?  An  iambus  %  What  is  an  heroic  hexameter  1 

IV. 

1.  Decline  dens,  alius,  tu,  si  quis,  and  audax,  marking  the  quantity  of 
penultimate  and  final  syllables.  Compare  audax,  multus,  and  nequam. 
Compare  adverbs  formed  from  audax,  bonus,  miser,  and  honorificus.  Give 
the  rule  for  the  gender  of  formido,  caput,  pax,  fas,  and  Tiberis. 

2.  Inflect  the  future  indicative  and  present  subjunctive  of  teneo,  gero,  sto, 
and  fio,  marking  the  quantity  of  all  the  syllables.  Give  the  infinitives  of 
tollo  and  scribo.  Give  all  the  participles  of  haurio  and  onor.  Give  the 
principal  parts  of  uro,  vendo,  paro,  pario,  pareo,  memini,  and  nanciscor. 

3.  What  case  or  cases  follow  fido,  jubeo,  memini,  existimo,  poenitet,  con¬ 
tra,  clam,  and  the  interjection  0  ?  By  what  two  cases  may  price  or  value 
be  expressed,  and  when  is  one  used,  and  when  the  other  ?  What  case  fol¬ 
lows  the  comparative  when  quam  is  omitted  q  When  is  it  necessary  that 
quam  be  expressed  ?  Give  five  important  rules  for  the  ablative  without 
a  preposition  after  verbs. 

4.  When  is  ut  omitted  before  the  subjunctive  1  Give  the  rules  for  the 
subjunctive  in  relative  clauses.  Translate  into  Latin  the  plan  of  setting  the 
city  on  fire,  using  first  the  gerund  and  then  the  gerundive.  (Plan,  concil¬ 
ium,  to  set  on  fire,  infiammare.) 

V. 

1.  Decline  mare,  pignus,  cor,  fructus.  Give  the  gender  of  these  nouns, 
with  the  rules.  Mark  the  quantity  of  any  increments  that  occur  in  their 
declension. 


EXAMINATION  PAPERS. 


209 


2.  Compare  humilis,  niger,  malus.  Give  the  synopsis  of  morior  and  gau¬ 
deo.  Give  the  second  person  of  the  future  indicative,  and  of  the  present 
imperfect  and  perfect  subjunctive  of  spero,  fero,  volo,  in  the  active  voice. 
The  same  of  facio  and  audio  in  the  passive.  Give  the  principal  parts  of 
fateor,  tono,  peto,  vincio,  colo,  tango. 

3.  Compare  diu.  Form  and  compare  an  adverb  from  brevis.  "What  are 
the  meanings  of  the  terminations  of  copiosus,  civilis,  audacia,  victrix  ? 
What  cases  follow  infero,  poenitet,  parco,  careo,  fruor,  tenax,  fretus,  in,  ante, 
super  ? 

4.  How  is  the  place  to  which,  the  price,  the  agent  of  a  passive  verb,  ex¬ 
pressed  in  Latin  ? 

5.  How  is  a  condition  contrary  to  the  fact  expressed  in  Latin  ?  State 
one  case  in  which  a  relative  clause  requires  the  subjunctive.  One  case 
where  the  subjunctive  is  used  in  principal  clauses.  What  is  a  gerundive  ■? 
Give  an  example. 

VI. 

1.  Decline  Penelope,  mons,  cubile,  and  give  the  gender,  with  the  rule. 
Mark  the  quantity  of  penults  and  final  syllables  of  the  above  words. 
Decline  uterque.  Decline  acer,  and  compare  it.  Form  an  adverb  from  it, 
and  compare  it. 

2.  Compare  senex  and  munificus.  Give  the  derivation  of  filiolus,  docu¬ 
mentum,  quercetum,  audax,  capesso,  and  the  meaning  of  the  terminations. 
Give  all  the  participles  and  infinitives  of  vereor  and  caedo,  and  mark  the 
quantity  of  the  penults.  Inflect  the  imperatives  of  fero,  ordior,  nolo,  fateor. 
Give  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive,  first  person  singular,  of  ad¬ 
juvo,  eo,  soleo,  and  fugio,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  penults.  Give  the 
principal  parts  of  pario,  pareo,  paro,  reddo,  redeo,  surgo,  and  the  compounds 
of  ab  and  fero. 

3.  What  case  or  cases  follow  refert,  irascor,  circumdo  ?  How  do  the 
constructions  of  names  of  towns  differ  from  those  of  other  words  ?  How 
is  the  degree  of  difference  expressed  in  Latin  ?  How  the  agent  of  the  par¬ 
ticiple  in  - dus  ?  What  construction  is  used  after  verbs  of  saying  ?  verbs 
of  fearing  ?  How  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  ?  How  docs  a  gerund  re¬ 
semble  a  noun  ?  How  does  it  resemble  a  verb  ?  How  does  the  gerundive 
differ  from  it  ? 

VII. 

1.  Decline  the  following  words,  and  give  their  genders  respectively -• 
onus,  collis,  salus,  gradus.  Decline  felix,  quidam,  senex.  Compare  parvus, 
beneficus.  Form  and  compare  an  adverb  from  acer. 

2.  Give  the  synopsis  of  mordeo,  scio,  in  the  active  voice,  and  of  hortor, 
orior,  polliceor,  nolo.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  paro,  pario,  pareo,  ulciscor, 
pango,  tollo. 


14 


210 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


3.  What  are  the  meanings  of  the  derivative  terminations  in  acritudo , 
clamito,  vinculum,  parvulus  ? 

4.  What  case  or  cases  follow  moneo,  prosum,  rogo,  in,  praeter  ?  What  is 
the  force  of  num  in  a  question  ?  Of  -ne  ?  Explain  the  mood  and  tense 
of  mansisset  in  mansissetque  utinam  fortuna.  Explain  the  mood  of  esset,  and 
the  case  of  fronde,  in  nos  delubra  miseri,  quibus  ultimus  esset  ille  dies,  velamus 
fronde.  Explain  the  mood  of  polliceantur  in  ad  eum  legati  veniunt,  qui  polii - 
ceantur  obsides  dare. 

5.  What  is  the  use  of  the  supine  in  -um  ?  In  -u?  Explain  construc¬ 
tion  of  usui  and  fore  in  magno  sibi  usui  fore  arbitrabatur.  Describe  the  feet 
of  two  syllables.  Mark  the  quantity  of  the  penults  and  last  syllables  in 
the  above  extracts. 


VIII. 

1 .  Decline  filius,  pectus,  manus,  animal.  Give  the  genders,  and  mark  the 
quantity  of  all  the  penultimate  and  final  syllables.  Give  the  gender  and 
the  ablative  singular  and  the  genitive  plural  of  imago,  mons,  vis,  turris, 
sedile.  Decline  capax,  aeger,  and  the  comparative  of  miser.  Compare 
facilis,  acer,  and  an  adverb  formed  from  piger.  Decline  uterque. 

2.  Give  the  first  person  of  the  future  indicative,  and  all  tenses  of  the 
subjunctive  of  possum,  pario,  sono,  vereor,  eo,  soleo.  Mark  quantities  of 
penults.  Give  the  infinitives  and  participles,  active  and  passive,  of  spon¬ 
deo,  morior,  paro,  quaero,  queror,  adipiscor. 

3.  Explain  the  force  of  the  derivative,  terminations  in  longitudo,  tenax , 
vehiculum,  Priamides,  clamito,  vinolentus,  filiolus. 

4.  What  is  the  construction  in  Latin  of  the  place  in  which  (including 
names  of  towns)  ?  the  price  or  value  ?  the  degree  or  measure  of  difference 
between  objects  compared  ?  the  agent  of  the  passive  voice  ? 

5.  What  case  or  cases  follow  credo,  pudet,  fungor,  refert.,  aptus,  avidus, 
dignus,  in,  pro,  propter,  doceo,  condemno,  circumdo  ? 

6.  How  is  a  future  condition  with  its  conclusion  expressed  ?  How  a 
condition  contrary  to  fact  ?  How  an  object  clause  after  a  verb  of  fearing  ? 
of  commanding?  of  saying"? 

7.  Translate  cave  eas,  and  explain  the  peculiarity.  When  can  you  use 
the  gerundive  for  the  gerund  ?  Give  an  example  of  each.  Give  an  ex¬ 
ample  of  the  use  of  the  supine. 

IX. 

1.  Decline  together  in  the  singular  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  senex.  In  the 
same  way  decline  (both  in  the  singular  and  plural),  with  the  adjective  an¬ 
nexed  in  the  proper  gender,  dies  (fastus) ,  flumen  ( aureus ) ;  in  the  plural, 
arma  (victrix),  dea  (immortalis).  Mark  the  quantity  of  all  the  vowels  in 
the  above  nouns  and  adjectives. 


EXAMINATION  PAPERS. 


211 


2.  State  the  signification  of  the  terminations  -men  (in  /lumen),  -eus  (in 
aureus),  -trix  (in  victrix).  What  classes  of  words  of  the  third  declension 
form  their  ablative  in  i  only  7 

3.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  adjuvo,  nolo,  venio,  paciscor,  sperno,  foveo , 
mordeo,  scindo,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate  vowel. 

4.  Give  synopsis  of  mordeo  and  paciscor ;  give  all  the  infinitives  and 
participles,  and  inflect  the  imperatives. 

5.  Give  all  the  rules  you  remember  for  verbs  that  govern  the  dative. 
State  the  case  or  cases  by  which  the  price,  the  source,  time  when,  and 
place  where  (including  names  of  towns),  are  expressed,  and  give  the 
rules. 

6.  Give  the  rule  for  the  subjunctive  in  the  following  sentences  : 

Quid  enirn,  Catilina,  est  quod  te  jam  in  hac  urbe  delectare  possit  ? 

Nunc  ego  mea  video  quid  intersit. 

Supplicatio  decreta  est  his  verbis  quod  urbem  incendiis  liberassem. 

C.  Sulpicium  misi  qui  ex  aedibus  Cethegi,  si  quid  telorum  esset,  efferret. 

0  fortunate  adolescens  qui  Homerum  praeconem  inveneris. 


'  ■  V ’ .  « 

. 

■ 

*J  I 

. 

. 


' 


* 


■ 


- 


o’  .  , 

. 

. 


VOCABULARY. 


I.  LATIN  AND  ENGLISH. 

— « — 

ABBREVIATIONS. 


CL.  .........  ftCtlVG* 

abl. . ablative. 

acc . accusative. 

adj . adjective. 

adv. .  . . adv. 

conj . conjunction. 

comp . comparative. 

dat . .  elative. 

def. . defective. 

dep . deponent. 

dim . .  diminutive. 

f. . feminine. 

gen.  .  . genitive. 


imperat . imperativo. 

impers. .  .  . . impersonal 

indecl . indeclinable. 

inch . inchoative. 

interj . interjection. 

m . masculine. 

n . neuter. 

num . numeral. 

part . participle. 

perf. . perfect. 

pi . plural 

prep . preposition. 

pron . pronoun. 


The  quantity  of  vowels  that  are  long  or  short  by  position ,  of  diphthongs,  and  final  syllables, 
is  not  given. 

The  references  in  the  Vocabulary  are  to  the  marginal  numbers  of  Allen  &  Gbeenocgh’s 
Grammar. 


a,  Ab,  prep,  with  abl.  (a  only  be¬ 
fore  consonants  ;  ab  before  vow¬ 
els  and  consonants) ,  from ,  by ; 
ab  aliquo  stare,  to  stand  on  the 
side  of  any  one. 

£b-alieno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ab; 

alienus),  to  estrange,  alienate, 
ab-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a.,  to 
put  away,  hide,  conceal. 
ab-eo,  ire,  ivi,  or  ii,  Itum,  n.  (§ 
37,  6),  to  go  away,  depart. 
ab-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(ab;  jacio),  to  throw  away ,  give 
up,  abandon. 

ab-scindo,  scindSre,  scidi,  scis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  tear  away,  deprive, 
separate. 

abs-ens,  entis,  part,  (ab-sum), 
absent. 


ab-similis,  e,  ad}.,  unlike,  dis¬ 
similar. 

ab-solvo,  solvere,  solvi,  sSlu- 
tum,  a.,  to  unbind,  acquit,  dis¬ 
charge. 

ab-sorbeo,  sorbere,  sorbui,  sorp- 
tum,  a.,  to  suck  in,  swallow  up, 
devour. 

abs-que,  prep,  with  abl.,  without , 
but  for,  except. 

abs-tineo,  tinere,  tlnui,  tentum, 
a.  and  n.  (teneo),  to  hold  or  keep 
away  from,  abstain,  refrain. 

ab-sum,  esse,  fui,  n.  irr.,  to  be 
absent,  to  be  wanting. 

ab-sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sump¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  take  away,  waste, 
destroy. 

ac,  see  at-que. 


2 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Acca  Larentia,  ae,  f,  the  wife 
of  the  shepherd  Faustulus,  who 
reared  Romulus  and  Remus, 
ac-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
7i.  (ad;  cedo),  to  go  towards , 
approach ,  be  added. 
acceptus,  a,  um,  part,  (ac-cipio), 
agreeable ,  acceptable. 
ac-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  no  sup.,  n. 
(ad ;  cado),  to  fall  upon,  befall , 
happen. 

ac-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum,  a. 
(ad;  caedo),  to  cut,  consume, 
weaken. 

ac-cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinc¬ 
tum,  a.  (ad;  cingo),  to  gird  on, 
arm,  equip. 

ac-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum,  a. 
(ad;  capio),  to  take,  receive, "get, 
undertake. 

ac-clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 
a.,  to  cry  out ,  applaud,  proclaim. 
ac-curro,  currere,  cucurri  and 
curri,  cursum,  n.,  to  run  to, 

hasten  to. 

ac-cuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ad; 

causa),  to  accuse,  blame ,  inform 
w  against. 

Acarnania,  ae,  f,  a  province  of 
central  Greece  (now  Carnia). 
acer,  cris,  ere,  adj.  (acuo),  shaip, 
keen,  eager,  active. 
acerbe,  adv.,  sharply,  bitterly, 
harshly. 

Scerbus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sharp,  bitter, 

harsh. 

acervus,  i,  m.,  a  heap,  pile. 
acetum,  i,  n.,  vinegar. 
acidus,  a,  um,  adj ,  sour,  unpleas¬ 
ant. 

Scies,  ei,  f. ,  an  edge ;  a  line  of 
battle. 

acriter,  adv.  (acer),  sharply,  keen¬ 
ly ,  fiercely . 

Actiacus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Actium), 
relating  to  Actium,  of  Actium. 
Actium,  ii,  n.,  a  promontory  of 
Acarnania  on  the  Ambracian 
Gulf. 

acuo,  Sre,  ui,  utum,  a.,  to  make 
sharp),  rouse  up,  excite. 


acus,  us,  f.  (acuo  §  12,  3,  d) ,  (a 
thing  sharpened),  a  needle,  pin. 
acutus,  a,  um,  part,  (acuo),  sharp¬ 
ened,  sharp,  pointed. 
ad,  prep,  with  acc.,  to,  towards, 
near  to,  at,  besides. 
ad-amo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
begin  to  love. 

ad-do,  addere,  addidi,  additum, 

a.,  to  add,  join,  annex  to. 

ad-dubito,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 
a.,  to  be  in  doubt,  to  be  doubtful 

ad-duco,  Sre,  xi,  ctum,  a.,  to  lead 

along,  bring  to. 

ad-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n.  and  a., 

to  go  to,  approach;  undergo ,  sub¬ 
mit  to. 

ad-eo,  adv.  (ad;  is),  so  far,  so 
long,  so,  truly,  moreover. 
adf,  see  aff. 

ad-hibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.  (ad ; 
habeo),  to  hold  or  apply  to;  to 
send  for,  summon,  have  near. 
ad-huc,  adv.  (ad;  hie),  to  this 
place,  thus  far,  besides,  as  yet. 
ad-ipiscor,  ipisci,  eptus  sum, 
dep.  (ad;  apiscor,  §  35,  1,  h), 
to  win,  get,  obtain. 
adi-tus,  us,  m.  (adeo,  §  44,  1,  c. 

2),  a  going  to,  approach. 
ad-jicio,  ere,  eci,  ectum,  a.  (ad ; 
jacio),  to  cast,  throw,  add,  put 
on. 

adju-mentum,  i,  n.  (adjuvo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  help,  assistance. 
ad-jungo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  a.,  to  join 
or  fasten  to,  annex ,  put  upon-. 
ad-juvo,  juvare,  juvi,  jutum,  a. 

and  n.  (§  31,  2),  to  help,  assist. 
ad-ministro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
and  n ,  to  manage,  perform,  at¬ 
tend,  wait. 

admlra-tio,  onis,  f.  (admiror,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  an  admiring,  admi¬ 
ration,  wonder,  swprise. 
ad-miror,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
admire,  wonder  at. 
ad-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 
a.,  to  allow,  admit,  commit;  ad¬ 
misso  equo,  at  full  gallop. 


/ 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


3 


ad-modum,  adv.,  very,  exceedingly , 
quite. 

ad-mbneo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.,  to 

put  in  mind  of,  admonish , 
warn. 

ad-mbveo,  mbvere,  movi,  mo¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  lead  or  move  towards , 
bring  near,  apply. 

Sdblescens,  entis,  part,  (adoles¬ 
co),  growing  up,  young.  As 
noun,  common  gender,  a  young 
man,  a  young  woman  (from  15 
to  30,  and  sometimes  to  40  and 
later) . 

adole-sco,  olescere,  olevi,  ul- 
tum,  n.  inch,  (adbleo,  §  36,  a ), 
to  grow  up,  grow,  increase. 
ad-bperio,  ire,  ui,  turn,  a.  (§  34, 

2),  to  cover. 

Sd-opto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a .,  to 

choose,  adopt. 

ad-brior,  briri,  ortus  sum,  dep. 
(§  35,  1,  h),  to  rise  up  against; 
to  attack,  assault,  begin. 

Sd-oro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  wor¬ 
ship,  respect,  entreat,  beg. 
ads,  see  ass. 

ad-sum,  adesse,  affui,  n.,  to  be 
near,  be  present,  assist. 

Sdultus,  a,  um,  part,  (adblesco), 

grown  up. 

ad-vbnio,  venire,  veni,  ventum, 

n.,  to  come  to,  arrive,  approach. 

adven-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  in¬ 
tern.  (advenio,  §  3 6,b),to  come 
to,  advance. 

adven-tus,  us,  m.  (advenio,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  coming  to,  drawing 
near,  arrival. 

adversarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (adver¬ 
sus),  turned  towards,  fronting. 
As  noun,  m.,  an  opponent, 
enemy. 

adversor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(adversus),  to  stand  opposite  to, 
resist,  oppose,  thwart. 
adversus,  prep,  with  acc.,  opposite 
to,  against,  towards. 
adversus,  a,  um,  part,  (adverto), 
turned  towards,  opposite ,  con¬ 
trary. 


ad-verto,  Sre,  ti,  sum,  a.,  to  turn 
to  or  towards,  to  direct ;  ani¬ 
mum  advertere,  to  observe, 
attend  to ;  animum  advertere 
in  aliquem,  to  punish  one. 
advoca-tio,  onis,  f.  (advbco,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  legal  assistance, 
advocacy. 

advbcatus,  i,  m.  (one  who  is 
called),  a  legal  assistant,  coun¬ 
sellor,  attorney,  advocate. 
ad-vbco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
call  to,  summon. . 
aedes,  is  ,f,  a  temple;  pi.,  a  house 
(§14,  2,  c). 

aedific-ium,  ii,  n.  (aedifico,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  building. 
aed-i-fico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(aedes;  facio),  to  make  a  build¬ 
ing,  to  build. 

iEdui,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  Gaul 
between  the  Liger  (modern 
Loire),  and  the  Arar  (Saone). 
aeger,  gra,  grum,  adj.,  sick,  weary, 
sad. 

aegre,  adv.  (aeger),  with  difficulty, 
scarcely. 

aegroto,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  (aegro¬ 
tus),  to  be  sick.  [ill. 

aegrotus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aeger),  sick, 
iEgyptus,  i,  /.,  Egypt. 
aequa-lis,  e,  adj.  (aequo),  equal  in 
age,  like,  resembling . 
aeque,  adv.  (aequus),  equally,  just 
so. 

aequor,  oris,  n.  (aequo),  a  level 

surface,  the  sea. 

aequus,  a,  um,  adj..  plain,  smooth, 
level,  equal,  just  right. 
aequo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (to 
make  aequus),  to  make  even,  to 
^equalize. 

aer,  eris,  m.  (acc.  aera  and  aerem), 
the  air,  cloud,  mist. 

aer-arium,  ii,  n.  (aes),  (the  place 
where  money  is  kept),  treasury. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  money,  wages ; 
aes  alienum,  debt. 

aes-tas,  atis,  f.,  summer. 
aes-timo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (aes), 
to  estimate,  value. 


4 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


sest-lvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aestas),  of 
summer,  summer-like.  As  noun, 
aestiva,  orum,  n.,  summer-quar¬ 
ters. 

aetas,  atis,  f.  (aevum),  age  (time 
of  life). 

aetern-itaSj  atis,  f  (aeturnus,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  eternity. 
aet-ernus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aetas),  eter¬ 
nal,  everlasting,  enduring. 
aevum,  i,  n.,  an  age  (period). 
affecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (affec¬ 
tus),  to  have  a  passion  for  any 
thing,  to  strive  after,  reach. 
affectus,  us,  m.  (afficio),  love, 
fondness,  passion. 
af-fero,  ferre,  attuli,  allatum,  a. 
(ad;  fero),  to  bring,  announce, 
procure,  betake,  allege. 
af-ficio,  ere,  feci,  fectum  (ad; 
facio),  a.,  to  treat,  affect,  dis¬ 
turb,  visit  (with punishment,  &c.). 
af-figo,  ere,  ixi,  ixum,  a.  (ad; 

figo),  to  fasten,  join,  attach. 
af-finis,  e,  adj.  (ad;  finis),  bor¬ 
dering  upon,  adjacent  to,  kindred. 
affin-itas,  atis,  f.  (affinis,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  relationship  by  marriage, 
relationship,  alliance,  nearness. 
af-firmo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ad; 
firmo),  to  make  strong,  confirm, 
maintain. 

af-fligo,  ere,  ixi,  ictum,  a.  (ad; 
fligo),  to  strike ,  distress ,  cast 
down. 

a-fore,  fut.  inf.  of  absum,  to  be 

_  away,  absent. 

Africa,  ee,  f,  Africa,  especially 
the  country  near  Carthage, 
ager,  gri,  m.,  afield,  territory. 
agger,  gris,  m.,  a  heap ,  mound, 
embankment. 

ag-gredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
dep.  (ad;  gradior),  to  go  to, 
approach,  attack. 

ag-men,  inis,  n.  (ago,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  a  flock,  troop,  crowd ,  army 
(on  the  march) . 

a-gnosco,  noscere,  novi,  nitum, 
a.  (ad;  gnosco  =  nosco),  to 

recognize,  own ,  acknowledge. 


agnus,  i,  m.,  a  lamb. 
ago,  ere,  egi,  actum,  a.,  to  ad,  do , 
lead,  drive ;  to  deal,  treat,  strive , 
endeavor. 

agr-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ager),  of 
fields  or  public  lands. 
agr-i-c61a,  ae,  m.  (ager;  colo),  a 
cultivator  of  the  land,  a  farmer. 
agricul-tura,  ae,  f.  (ager ;  c61o, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  agriculture,  hus¬ 
bandry.  [.say. 

aio,  def.  (§  38,  2,  a),  to  speak, 
ala,  ae,  f,  a  wing,  the  wing  of  an 
army. 

alacer,  cris,  ere,  adj.,  lively,  brisk , 
quick,  eager,  active. 
alacr-itas,  atis,  f.  (alacer,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  liveliness,  eagerness ,  alac¬ 
rity. 

al-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ala)  of  the 

wing  (of  an  army). 

Alba,  ae,  f.  Alba  (Longa),  an 
ancient  town  of  Latium,  20 
miles  S.  E.  of  Rome,  built  by 
Ascanius,  son  of  iEneas. 
Alb-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Alba,  §  44, 
1,  c,  3),  of  or  belonging  to  Alba ; 
Alban. 

albus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  white,  fair. 
alea,  ae,  f,  a  die  or  dice  for  play¬ 
ing  at  games  of  chance  ;  hazard, 
venture,  risk. 

ales,  alitis,  adj.  (ala,  and  i,  root  of 
eo,  wing-going),  with  wings, 
winged.  As  noun,  com.  gen., 
a  bird. 

w 

Alexander,  dri,  m.  (Defender  of 
men),  son  of  Philip  and  Olym¬ 
pia,  surnamed  ‘  ‘  the  Great,  ’  ’ 
the  founder  of  the  Macedonian 
w  Empire  (b.c.  356-323). 
Alexandria,  ae,  f. ,  the  city  built 
by  Alexander  the  Great  (b.c. 
332),  upon  the  north  coast  of 
Egypt,  noted  for  its  luxury, 
ali-enus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alius),  be¬ 
longing  to  another  person  or 
thing ;  another's,  foreign,  hostile; 
aes  alienum,  debt. 
aliquamdiu,  adv.  (aliquis;  diu), 
awhile ,  for  a  while,  for  some  time. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


5 


&Uqu-ando,  adv.  (aliquis)  (of  time 
past,  future,  or  present),  for¬ 
merly ,  hereafter ,  now,  some  time, 
at  length. 

all-quantus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alius ; 
quantus),  some,  considerable. 

Sll-quanto,  ado.  (aliquantus),  con¬ 
siderably ',  not  a  little. 

ali-quis  (aliqui),  qua,  quid  or 
quod  (alius  ;  quis) ,  pron.  indef. 
(§  22,  2,  d ),  some  one ,  some, 
any ;  aliquid,  something,  some¬ 
what. 

ALI-quot,  indefinite  numeral  adj., 
indecl.  (alius ;  quot),  some,  sev¬ 
eral,  a  few. 

aliquot-ies,  ado.  (aliquot),  several 
times. 

alius,  a,  um,  adj.,  another,  other 

(§  16,  1,6);  alius  . . .  alius,  one 
.  .  .  another. 

al-llcio,  licere,  lexi,  lectum,  a. 
(ad;  lacio),  to  allure,  entice. 

al-llgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ad; 
llgo),  to  bind  to,  fasten,  hinder, 
detain. 

Allobroges,  um,  m.,  a  Gallic  peo¬ 
ple,  bounded  on  the  north  and 
west  by  the  Rhodanus  (Rhone), 
south  by  the  Isara  (Isere).  and 
extending  eastward  to  the  Alps. 

al-loquor,  qui,  cutus  sum,  dep. 
(ad ;  loquor),  to  speak,  ad¬ 
dress. 

almus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alo),  nourish¬ 
ing,  nutritious,  benign,  propi¬ 
tious. 

alo,  ere,  ui,  alitum  and  altum,  a., 

to  nourish,  support,  feed,  sus¬ 
tain. 

Alpes,  ium,/*.,  the  Alps ;  the  high 
mountain  range  between  Italia, 
Gallia,  and  Helvetia. 

alte,  ado.  (altus),  on  high,  highly, 
deeply. 

alter,  tera,  terum,  adj.  (§  16,  1,  b), 
one  of  two,  other,  second;  alter 
.  .  .  alter,  one  .  .  .  the  other. 

alter-cor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(alter),  to  dispute,  contend, 
wrangle. 


altius-culus,  a,  um,  adj.  dim. 

(§  44,  3),  (altus),  rather  high. 
altus,  a,  um,  part,  (alo),  high, 
deep.  [ trough ,  skiff. 

alveus,  i,  m.  (alvus),  a  channel, 
alvus,  i ,fi,  the  belly,  stomach.  [Gaul. 
Ambarri,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  people  of 
amb-io,  ire,  ivi  or  Ii,  itum,  n.  and 
a.  (eo),  to  go  about,  solicit ,  can¬ 
vass. 

ambl-tio,  onis,  f  (ambio ;  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  canvassing,  desire  for 
honor,  ambition.  [both. 

ambo,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.  (§  18,  1,  b), 
ambulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n .,  to 
walk.  [distracted. 

a-mens,  entis,  adj.,  mad,  insane, 
amic-Ifcia,  se,f.  (amicus;  §  44,  1, 
c,  2) ,  friendship . 

am-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (amo),  lov¬ 
ing  ,  friendly ,  kind. 
amicus,  i,  m.,  a  friend. 
a- mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 
a.,  to  let  go,  dismiss,  lose. 
amnis,  is,  m.,  a  river  (large  deep 
stream) . 

amo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  love. 
amor,  oris,  m.  (amo;  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  love,  desire,  longing. 
am-plector,  plecti,  plexus  sum, 
dep.,  to  wind  around,  embrace. 
amplius,  comp.  adv.  (ample), 
more,  longer,  further. 
amplus,  a,  um,  adj.,  great,  ample , 
spacious,  grand,  large. 
am-puto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  cut 
around,  lop  off,  prune. 

Amulius,  ii,  m.,  a  king  of  Alba, 
brother  of  Numitor,  and  great- 
uncle  of  Romulus, 
an,  disjunctive  interrogative  particle 
(§  71),  whether,  or. 
anas,  atis,  com.  gen.,  a  duck. 
an-ceps,  cipitis,  adj.  (an ;  caput), 
two-headed,  doubtful,  uncertain , 
critical. 

ancil-la,  se,f. ,  a  maid-servant. 
ango,  gere,  xi,  ctum  or  xum,  a., 
to  press  tight,  choke,  strangle. 
anguis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  serpent , 
snake. 


6 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


angust-ise,  arum,  f.  (angustus, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  narrowness ,  a 
narrow  pass,  defile. 
angus-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ango), 

narrow,  scanty. 

an-ima,  a e,f,  air,  breath,  life. 
anim-adverto,  tere,  ti,  sum,  a. 
(animus ;  adverto),  to  attend 
to,  consider,  observe;  animad¬ 
vertere  in  aliquem,  to  punish 
one. 

anim-al,  alis,  n.  (anima),  an  ani¬ 
mal,  living  creature. 
an-imus,  i,  m. ,  the  sold,  mind,  dis¬ 
position,  temper,  thought. 
an-non,  conj.,  or  not. 
ann-ona,  a e,fi.  (annus),  the  yearly 
produce,  harvest,  corn ;  the  price 
of  corn,  provision. 
annus,  i,  m.,  a  year. 
ante,  prep,  with  acc.,  before,  in 
front  of.  As  Adverb,  before, 
previously. 

ante-curro,  ere,  no  perf,  no  sup., 
n.,  to  run  before. 

ante-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  no.  sup.,  n., 
to  go  before,  precede,  excel. 
ante  .  . .  quam,  conj.,  before  that. 
Antiochus,  i,  m .,  a  Syrian  king, 
ant-iquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ante), 
former,  ancient,  old. 

Antonius,  ii,  m. ,  Marcus  Antonius, 
the  distinguished  triumvir,  con¬ 
quered  by  Octavianus,  at  Ac¬ 
tium,  b.c.  31. 

antrum,  i,  n.,  a  cave,  cavern,  grotto. 
anus,  us,/".,  an  old  woman. 
anxius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ango),  tor¬ 
mented,  anxious,  troubled,  un¬ 
quiet. 

Sper,  pri,  m.,  a  wild  boar. 
apgrio,  ire,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  open, 
unclose,  show,  reveal. 
aper-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (aperio), 
open,  clear,  free. 
hpis,  is  ,f,  a  bee. 

Apollo,  inis,  m.,  Apollo,  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona,  twin  bro¬ 
ther  of  Diana ;  god  of  light, 
poetry,  music,  archery,  also  of 
the  healing  art. 


Apollonia,  se,/’.,  a  town  of  Mace¬ 
donia. 

ap-pareo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.  (ad; 
pareo),  to  appear,  be  visible, 
manifest. 

appella-tio,  onis,  f.  (appello,  § 

44,  1,  c.  2),  an  addressing,  ad¬ 
dress,  appeal. 

ap-pello,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ad; 
pello),  to  address,  speak  to,  call, 
name. 

ap-pendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  a.  (ad; 

pendo),  to  weigh. 
appet-ens,  entis,  part,  (appeto), 
striving  after,  eager  for. 
ap-plaudo,  ere,  si,  sum,  a.  and 
n.,  to  applaud ;  to  clap  the  hands. 
ap-plico,  are,  avi  or  ui,  atum  or 
itum,  a.  and  n.  (ad;  plico),  to 
join,  fix,  fasten,  apply;  to  ap¬ 
proach,  draw  near. 
ap-pono,  ponere,  posui,  positum, 
a.  (ad;  pono),  to  put,  place 
near,  appoint,  assign. 
ap-prehendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  a. 
(ad ;  prehendo),  to  seize,  take 
hold  of. 

ap-propinquo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
(ad;  propinquo),  to  approach, 

^  draw  nigh. 

Aprilis,  is,  m.  (aperio),  April ;  the 
month  in  which  the  earth  opens 
itself  to  fertility.  As  Adj.,  of 
April. 

aptus,  a,  um,  adj.,  joined,  fastened, 
suited,  fit,  appropriate. 
apud,  prep,  with  acc.,  with,  near 
to,  in  the  presence  of;  apud  me, 
at  my  house. 
aqua,  ae,/’.,  water. 
aquila,  s e,f.,  the  eagle;  the  stand¬ 
ard  of  the  Roman  legion, 
aquil-i-fer,  eri,  m.  (aquila ;  fero), 
w  an  eagle-bearer,  standard-bearer. 
Aquitania,  se,  f,  a  province  in 
Southern  Gaul. 

Aquitan-us,  a,  um,  adj.,  Aqui- 
tanian. 

w 

Arar,  aris,  m.,  a  tributary  of  the 
Rhodanus  Gaul  (now  the  Sa6ne). 
ara-trum,  i,  n.,  a  plough. 


VOCABULARY. - 1. 


arbiter,  tri,  m.,  a  spectator ,  hearer , 
umpire,  judge. 

arbitrium,  ii,  n.  (arbiter),  a  deci¬ 
sion,  judgment ;  power,  will. 
arbitror,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (ar¬ 
biter),  to  hear,  observe,  judge, 
think ,  suppose. 
arbor,  oris,/.,  a  tree. 
arc-a,  ae,/.  (arceo)  (the  enclosing 
thing'),  a  chest,  box. 
arc-eo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  a.,  to 
inclose,  shut  up,  keep  off,  hinder, 
prevent. 

ar-cesso,  ere,  sivi,  situm,  a.  (ad ; 
cedo)  (to  cause  to  come),  to 
summon,  call,  invite. 
arct-e,  adv.  (arctus),  closely,  tightly. 
arc-tus,  a,  um,  adj.,  nqrrow,  closer 
strait,  confined. 

arcus,  us,  m.,  a  bow,  rainbow, 
curve,  arch. 

ard-eo,  ere,  arsi,  arsum,  n.,  to 

burn,  blaze. 

ard  or,  oris,  m.  (ardeo,  §  44,  1,  c. 

2),  a  burning ;  a  flame,  fire. 
are-na,  ae,/.  (areo)  (the  dry  thing), 
sand. 

ar-eo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.,to  be  dry. 
argentum,  i,  n.,  silver,  money. 
ar-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (areo),  dry, 
parched. 

aries,  ietis,  m.,  a  ram  ;  an  engine 
for  battering  down  walls ;  a  bat¬ 
tering-ram. 

arma,  drum,  n.,  arms,  defensive 
weapons. 

Ariovistus,  i,  m.,  a  king  of  the 
Germans. 

Armenia,  ae,/.,  a  country  of  Asia. 
Armenius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Armenian. 
armo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (arma), 
to  furnish  with  weapons,  to  arm, 
equip,  fit  out. 

aro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  plough, 
till. 

Arpinum,  i,  n.,  a  town  in  Latium, 
S.  W.  of  Rome,  the  birthplace 
of  Cicero  and  Marius, 
ar-rlpio,  ere,  ripui,  reptum,  a. 
(ad;  rapio),  to  snatch,  catch, 
seize,  engage  in  eagerly. 


7 

arrdga-ns,  ntis,  part,  (arrdgo), 

assuming, presumptuous, haughty, 
proud. 

arrdgan-ter,  adv.  (arrogans),  as- 

sumingly,  haughtily,  proudly. 
ar-rogo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ad ; 
rogo),  to  appropriate  to  one's 
self,  to  claim,  assume. 
ars,  artis,  /.,  skill,  ability,  clever¬ 
ness,  invention. 

ar-undo,  Inis,/,  (ad;  unda)  (that 
which  grows  near  water),’  the 
reed,  cane ,  arrow. 

Arverni,  orum,  m.,  a  people  of 
Gaul,  in  the  present  Auvergne, 
ar-vum,  i,  n.  (aro),  cultivated  land , 
afield. 

arx,  arcis,/  (for  axes  from  arc- 
eo),  a  castle,  citadel,  tower. 

as,  assis,  m.,  a  unit;  an  as;  a 
small  coin  used  as  the  uxit  of 
weight,  money,  and  measure 
among  the  Romans  (§  85). 

a-scendo,  scendere,  scendi, 
scensum,  n.  and  a.  (ad;  scan- 
do),  to  ascend,  mount  up,  climb. 
ascen-sus,  us,  m.  (ascendo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  an  ascending,  ascent. 
Ascanius,  ii,  m.,  a  son  of  iEneas. 
Asia,  ee,  /.,  Asia,  generally  Asia 
Minor. 

asinus,  i,  m.,  an  ass. 
asper,  era,  erum,  adj. ,  rough,  harsh, 
violent,  sharp. 

a-spicio,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  a.  (ad ; 

specio),  to  look  at,  to  behold ,  see. 
aspis,  idis, /.  (§  11,  iii.  6,  6),  a 
viper,  adder  ;  a  shield. 
as-sideo,  ere,  edi,  essum,  n.  and 
a.  (ad;  sedeo),  to  sit  near, 
attend,  watch ;  to  invest,  be¬ 
siege. 

as-surgo,  gere,  rexi,  rectum,  n. 
(ad ;  surgo),  to  rise  up,  stand  up. 

at,  conj.,  but ,  yet. 

Athenae,  arum,  /.,  Athens,  the 
w  chief  city  of  Attica. 

Atilius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name. 
at-que  or  ao,  conj.  [in  the  best 
writers  ac  is  used  only  before  a 
word  beginning  with  a  conso- 


8 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


nant],  and  also,  and  besides , 
and;  simul  atque,  as  soon  as; 
minus  ac,  less  than. 
atrium,  ii,  n.  (the  principal  apart¬ 
ment  of  a  Roman  house,  next  to 
the  entrance),  a  hall ,  court. 
atrox,  ocis,  adj.,  savage ,  fierce , 
wild,  stern,  cruel. 

at-tendo,  ere,  di,  turn,  a.  (ad; 

tendo),  to  attend  to,  consider. 
atten-tus,  a,  urn.,  part,  (attendo), 
attentive ,  assiduous. 

Attica,  se,f.,  Attica,  the  most  fa- 
mo  us  country  of  ancient  Greece. 
Atticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Attica. 
at-tingo,  ere,  tigi,  tactum,  a.  and 
n.  (ad ;  tango),  to  touch,  border 
upon,  lie  near,  reach. 
au-ceps,  aucupis,  m.  (avis ;  ca¬ 
pio),  a  bird-catcher,  fowler. 
auc-tor,  oris,  m.  (augeo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  1),  a  founder,  maker,  author. 
auctor-itas,  atis ,f.  (auctor,  §44, 1, 
c,  2) ,  authority,  power ,  dignity, 
influence. 

auc-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (augeo), 
enlarged,  great,  ample,  rich. 
aucup-ium,  ii,  n.  (aucupor,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  bird-catching,  fowling . 
aucup-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(auceps),  to  go  a  bird-catching, 
or  fowling. 

audac-ia,  a e,f.  (audax,  §  44, 1,  c, 

2),  courage ,  boldness,  daring, 
insolence. 

audac-iter,  and  audac-ter,  adv. 
(audax),  boldly,  courageously, 
daringly. 

aud-ax,  acis,  adj.  (audeo,  §  44, 

1,  c,  3),  daring ,  bold,  courage¬ 
ous,  rash,  violent. 

aud-eo,  ere,  ausus  sum,  semi-dep. 

(§  35,  2),  to  dare,  venture. 
audi-ens,  entis,  part,  (audio), 
obedient  to.  As  noun,  m.  or  f., 
a  hearer. 

aud-io,  ire,  ivi,  or  li,  itum,  a.,  to 

hear,  listen. 

au-fgro,  ferre,  abstuli,  ablatum, 
a.  irregular  (ab;  fero),  to  carry 
away ,  remove. 


au-fugio,  Sre,  fugi,  fugitum,  n.  and 
a.  (ab;  fugio),  to  flee  away ;  to 
flee  from. 

augeo,  ere,  auxi,  auctum,  a.,  to 

increase,  enlarge. 

au-gur,  uris,  com.  gen.,  a  diviner, 

soothsayer. 

augur-ium,  ii,  n.  (auguror,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  divination,  prophecy , 
soothsaying . 

augur-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 

(augur),  to  predict,  foretell. 
aug-ustus,  a,  um,  adj.  (augeo), 
majestic,  noble,  venerable. 
Augustus,  i,  m.  (augustus),  Oc¬ 
tavius  Ccesar,  first  Emperor  of 
Rome,  b.c.  31  to  a.d.  14. 
aula,  as,  f.,  a  hall,  court,  pal¬ 
ace. 

aura,  ae,f.,  the  air 
aur-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aurum,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  golden. 
aur-is,  is,/,  (audio)  (the  hearing 
thing),  the  ear. 
aurum,  i,  n.,  gold. 
au-spex,  icis,  com.  gen.  (avis; 

specio),  a  diviner,  soothsayer. 
auspic-ium,  ii,  n.  (auspex,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2) ,  an  omen  (taken  from  the 
watching  of  birds),  an  auspice ; 
auspicia  habere,  to  hold  or  take 
the  auspices. 

auster,  tri,  m.,  the  south  wind;  the 
south. 

aut,  conj.  (§  43,  2,  a),  or ;  aut .  . . 
aut,  either  ...  or. 

autem,  conj.  (§  43,  2,  b),  but, 

however,  besides. 

auxilium,  ii,  n.  (augeo),  help,  aid, 
assistance ;  auxilia,  orum,  aux¬ 
iliary  troops. 

avar-itia,  se,f.  (avarus,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2) ,  an  eager  desire,  greediness, 
avarice. 

av-arus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aveo),  eager, 

greedy,  covetous. 

a-vello,  ere,  velli  or  vulsi,  vul¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  tear  away,  pluck  off, 
pull  apart. 

&veo,  ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  a.,  to 
long  for,  crave. 


VOCABULARY. - 1. 


9 


&veo,  ere,  no  per/.,  no  sup.,  n.,  to 
be  safe,  happy,  well;  ave  ( im¬ 
perative  of  aveo),  hail,  farewell. 
a- verto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  a.,  turn  away 
from,  avert,  withdraw. 
av-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aveo),  eager, 
greedy ,  covetous. 
avis,  is,  /'.,  a  bird. 
a-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  call 
away  from,  call  off,  withdraw. 
av-unculus,  i,  m.  (avus),  a  ma¬ 
ternal  uncle. 

avus,  i,  m.,  a  grandfather. 

B. 

Babylon,  onis,  f.  (§  11,  iii.  6), 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  Baby¬ 
lo- Assyrian  Empire,  in  Mesopo¬ 
tamia,  on  the  River  Euphrates. 
Baleares,  ium,  f. ,  the  Balearic 
isles ,  in  the  Mediterranean,  east 
of  Spain. 

balneum,  i,  n.  (pi.  balneas,  arum, 
f.fi  a  bath. 

barba,  se,f,  the  beard. 
barbarus,  a,  um,  cidj.,  foreign , 
strange ,  barbarian ;  barbari, 
orum,  m.,  foreigners,  barbari¬ 
ans;  a  name  applied  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  to  people 
of  other  nations, 
be-atus,  a,  um,  adj.  (beo),  happy, 
prosperous,  fortunate. 

Belgae,  arum,  m.,  the  Belgians,  a 
warlike  people  dwelling  in  the 
north  of  Gaul. 

b-ellum,  i,  n.  (old  form  du-ellum) 
(duo)  (a  contest  between  two 
parties),  war. 

bene,  adv.  (§17,  4),  well,  finely, 
prosperously ;  bene  pugnare,  to 
fight  successfully. 
bine-factor,  oris,  m.  (bene;  fa¬ 
cio),  a  benefactor. 
bene-ficium,  ii,  n.  (bene  ;  facio, 
§44,  1,  c,  2),  kindness ,  favor, 
benefit,  service. 

bene-volens,  entis,  adj.,  wishing 
well,  kind,  obliging. 


benevdlent-ia,  a e,/.  (bSnevdlens, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  kindness,  good¬ 
will,  friendship. 

ben-ignus,  a,  um,  adj.  (bonus), 
good,  kind,  friendly. 
beo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  make 
happy,  bless,  gladden. 
bestia,  ae,  f,  a  beast,  creature, 
animal.  (drink. 

bibo,  bibere,  bibi,  no  sup.,  a.,  to 
Bibracte,  is,  n.,  Bibracte,  the  chief 
town  of  the  iEdui. 

Bibrax,  actis,  n. ,  Bibrax ,  a  town 
of  Gaul,  in  the  territory  of  the 
Remi. 

Bibulus,  i,  m. ,  Marcus  Calpurnius , 
consul  b.c.  59,  colleague  of 
Csesar. 

bi-duum,  ui,  n.  (bis;  dies),  a 

space  of  two  days. 
bl-ni,  ae,  a,  numeral  distributive  adj. 

(bis),  two  each,  two  by  two. 
bi-partito,  adv.  (bis  ;  pars),  in  two 
parts,  two  divisions. 
bis,  numeral  adv.,  twice. 
blandus,  a,  um,  adj.,  flattering, 
friendly,  gentle,  kind. 

Boii,  orum,  tn.,  the  Boii,  a  people 
of  Gaul. 

bon-itas,  atis,/.  (bonus,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  goodness,  virtue,  worth. 
bonus,  a,  um,  adj.,  good,  kind,  fit, 
prosperous,  virtuous;  n.  pi.,  as 
noun,  bona,  drum,  goods,  prop¬ 
erty,  riches. 

bos,  bdvis,  com.  gen.  (§  11,  in.  4, 
d),  an  ox,  a  cow. 
brachium,  ii,  n.,  an  arm. 
brevi,  adv. ,  shortly,  in  a  short  time , 
briefly. 

brevis,  e,  adj. ,  short,  small ,  brief. 
Britannia,  ae,  /.,  Britain. 
Britanni,  drum,  m. ,  the  inhabitants 
of  Britain,  Britons. 
Brundisium,  ii,  n.,  Brundisium ; 
an  ancient  town  of  Calabria,  in 
S.  E.  Italy,  nearest  seaport  to 
Greece. 

Brutus,  i,  m.,  Lucius  Junius,  a 
founder  of  the  Roman  Republic. 
b.c.  500. 


10 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Brutus,  Marcus ,  a  friend  of  Cice¬ 
ro,  a  conspirator  against  Caesar; 
Decimus ,  a  fellow-conspirator 
with  the  preceding. 

C. 

C,  an  abbreviation  denoting  Gaius 
(Caius)  ;  as  a  numeral ,  c  =  cen¬ 
tum. 

cad-aver,  eris,  n.  (cado),  a  dead 
body,  corpse,  carcass. 
cado,  cadere,  cecidi,  casum,  n., 
to  fall,  happen,  perish.  \_den. 
caecus,  a,  um,  adj.,  blind,  dark,  hid - 
caed-es,  is,  f.  (caedo),  slaughter, 
bloodshed,  havoc. 

caedo,  ere,  cecidi,  caesum,  a. 
(cado),  (to  cause  to  fall),  to  cut 
down ,  kill,  strike. 
caelum,  i,  n. ,  see  caelum. 

Caesar,  aris,  m. ,  C.  Julius ,  mur¬ 
dered  by  Brutus  and  Cassius, 
b.c.  44. 

calam-itas,  atis,  f. ,  loss,  misfor¬ 
tune,  calamity. 

calamus,  i,  m.,  a  reed,  cane,  stalk. 
calcea -mentum,  i,  n.  (calceo,  to 
shoe,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  shoe. 
calendae  (kal),  arum,  f. ,  the  first 
day  of  the  month. 

caleo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.,  to  be 
warm,  hot. 

cal-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (caleo), 

warm,  hot. 

call-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (calleo,  to 

be  versed  in),  shrewd,  cunning, 
crafty,  skillful. 

cal-or,  oris,  m,  (caleo,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  warmth,  heat. 

calv-itium,  ii,  n.  (calvus),  bald¬ 
ness. 

calvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bald. 
camelus,  i,  m.,  a  camel. 
Campania,  ae,  f,  Campania,  a 
very  fruitful  province  in  middle 
Italy,  of  which  the  chief  city 
was  Capua. 

camp-ester,  estris,  estre,  adj. 
(campus),  of  the  plain,  level flat. 


campus,  i,  m.,  a  plain,  field,  level 
surface ;  Campus-  Martius,  a 

grassy  plain,  in  Rome,  along 
the  Tiber,  dedicated  to  Mars, 
where  elections  were  held,  ex¬ 
ercise  and  recreation  taken. 
Caninius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
canis,  is,  com.  gen.,  a  dog  (§11, 
1,3,  d,  (4). 

cano,  canere,  cecini,  no  sup.,  a. 
and  n.,  to  sing,  foretell,  predict; 
tubicen  cecinit,  the  trumpeter 
gave  the  signal. 

oan-tus,  us,  m.  (cano,  §  44,  1,  e, 

2)  ,  singing,  playing,  song ,  proph¬ 
ecy. 

capel-la,  se,  /.,  dim.  (§  44,  1,  c , 

3)  ,  (caper) ,  a  she-goat. 
caper,  pri,  m. ,  a  he-goat ,  a  goat. 
cap-illus,  i,  m.  (caput),  the  hair. 
capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum,  a., 

to  take,  lay  hold  of,  seize;  re¬ 
ceive,  contain. 

Capitblium,  ii,  n.  (caput),  the 
capital;  the  citadel  of  Rome 
and  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  built 
upon  the  Capitoline  hill, 
capra,  as,  f. ,  a  she-goat. 
cap-tivus,  a,  um,  adj.  (capio), 
taken  prisoner,  captive.  As  NOUN, 
captivus,  i,  to.,  a  prisoner. 
cap-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  in- 
tens.  (capio,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2, 
b),  to  strive  after,  catch  at. 
capulus,  i,  to.  (capio),  handle , 
hilt. 

caput,  itis,  n. ,  the  head. 

Carbo,  onis,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
career,  eris,  to.,  a  dungeon, prison. 
carmen,  inis,  n.,  a  poem,  song; 
an  oracle. 

carnifex,  ficis,  m.  (caro;  facio), 

an  executioner,  hangman. 
caro,  carnis,  f ,  flesh. 
carpo,  ere,  si,  tum,  a.,  to  pick , 
pluck,  eat,  gather. 
carrus,  i,  to.,  a  two-wheeled  cart; 
cart,  wagon. 

Carthago  (Kar),  inis,/. ,  Carthage, 
a  celebrated  city  of  N.  Africa, 
carus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dear,  precious. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


11 


c&sa,  ae,/.,  a  hut ,  cottage ,  cabin. 
Casca,  ae,  m.,  one  of  the  conspira¬ 
tors  against  Csesar. 
casses,  ium,  n.  pi.,  a  hunting  net , 
snare,  trap. 

cassis,  idis,/ ,  a  helmet  (of  metal) . 
Cassius,  ii,  m. ,  the  chief  conspira¬ 
tor  against  Caesar, 
castel-lum,  i,  n.,  dim.  (castrum, 
§  44,  1,  c,  3),  a  castle,  fort. 
castigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (cas¬ 
tus),  (to  make  pure),  to  chastise, 
reprove,  censure. 
castra,  orum,  n.  pi. ,  a  camp. 
castrum,  i,  n.,  a  castle,  fortress. 
ca-sus,  us,  m.  (cado,  §44,  1,  c,  2), 
a  falling  down;  fall ,  chance, 
calamity. 

catena,  ae,/. ,  a  chain,  a  fetter. 
Catilina,  ae,  m.,  Lucius  Sergius 
Catilina ;  a  Roman  who  was  no¬ 
torious  for  several  times  at¬ 
tempting  insurrections  against 
his  country. 

Cato,  onis,  m.,  Marcus  Porcius 
Cato  (b.c.  93-45),  the  younger, 
the  enemy  of  Csesar,  who  com¬ 
mitted  suicide  after  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia. 

catulus,  i,  m.,  dim.,  a  young  dog ; 
whelp,  puppy. 

Catulus,  i,  m.,  Quintus  Catulus,  a 
Roman  statesman, 
cauda,  ae,/.,  the  tail  (of  animals), 
causa  (caussa),  3d,  f,  a  cause, 
reason ;  causa,  for  the  sake  of, 
for  the  purpose  of  (§  54,  3,  c). 
caveo,  ere,  cavi,  cautum,  n.  and 
a.,  to  beware,  take  heed,  guard 
against,  avoid. 
cavus,  a,  um,  adj.,  hollow. 
cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum,  n. 
and  a.,  to  go,  depart,  yield,  give 
up,  give  way,  retreat. 
celgber,  bris,  bre,  adj.,  frequented, 
celebrated,  glorious. 
cblebr-itas,  atis,  /.  (celeber,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  multitude ;  fame,  re¬ 
nown. 

cSlebro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (cele¬ 
ber),  to  frequent ;  celebrate,  praise. 


celer,  eris,  ere,  adj.,  swift,  fleet , 
quick,  speedy. 

celer-itas,  atis,/  (celer,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  siviftness,  quickness,  speed. 

celer-iter,  adv.  (celer),  swifdy 
quickly,  speedily. 

celo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (§  52, 

2,  d),  to  hide,  conceal. 

Celtae,  arum,  m.,  the  Celts;  the 
inhabitants  of  S.  Gaul, 
cena  (ccena),  ae,/  (the  principal 
meal  of  the  Romans),  supper , 
dinner. 

ceno  (caeno),  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
and  a.  (cena,  §  44,  2,  a,  1) ,  to 
dine,  sup,  take  a  meal. 
censeo,  ere,  ui,  um,  a.,  to  esti¬ 
mate,  value,  think,  believe,  vote. 
centum,  adj.,  indecl.,  a  hundred. 
centuria,  ae,/.  (centum),  a  divi¬ 
sion  of  one  hundred  ;  a  century, 
company. 

centurio,  onis,  m.  (centum),  the 

commander  of  a  century  ;  a  cen¬ 
turion. 

cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cretum,  a., 
to  separate,  discern,  perceive. 
certa-men,  inis,  n.  (certo,  §  44,  1, 
e,  2),  a  contest ,  battle.  [52,  2). 

certiorem  facere,  to  inform  (§ 
certo,  adv.  (certus),  certainly. 
certo,  are,  avi,  atum,  1  v.  n.,  to 
fight,  contend ,  strive ,  vie  with. 
certus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cerno),  de¬ 
termined,  fixed,  sure,  certain ; 
trusty  ;  resolved. 
cervix,  icis,  / ,  the  neck. 
cervus,  i,  m. ,  a  stag,  a  deer. 
cesso,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  intens. 
(cedo,  §  36,  b ,  and  44,  2 ,  b),  to 
delay ,  loiter,  cease ,  linger. 
(ceterus),  a,  um,  adj.  (nomina¬ 
tive  singular  masc.  not  found) , 
the  other,  the  rest. 
ceu,  conj.  (§  43,  2,  e ),  as, as  if,  as 
it  were,  like  as  if. 
charta,  ae,  /. ,  paper,  writing,  letter. 
Chrysogonus,  i,  m. ,  a  freedman 
of  Sulla. 

cibaria,  orum,  n.  (cibus),  food, 

provisions,  fodder. 


12 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


cibus,  i,  m. ,  food. 
cicatrix,  icis,  f. ,  a  scar. 
cicer,  eris,  n.  ( used  only  in  the 
sing.),  the  chick-pea,  vetch. 
Cicero,  onis,  m.,  Marcus  Tullius 
Cicero ,  the  greatest  of  Roman 
orators  and  writers  (b.  c.  106- 
43). 

ciconia,  se,  /. ,  a  stork. 

Cimbri,  oram,  m .,  a  people  of 
Northern  Germany, 
cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinctum, 
a.,  to  gird ,  surround ,  enclose ; 
besiege,  invest. 
cinis,  eris,  m.  and/*.,  ashes. 
circa,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  the  acc. , 
around ,  about. 

circiter,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  the 
acc.,  round  about ,  near. 
circui-tus,  us,  m.  (circumeo,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  a  going  around  in  a 
circle  ;  a  circuit ,  compass. 
circum,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  acc., 
around ,  about ,  near. 
circum-do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  a. 
(§  51,  1,  c),  to  put  around ,  to 
surround  with,  encompass ;  cir¬ 
cumdare  murum  urbi  or  ur¬ 
bem  muro,  to  put  a  wall  round 
the  city ,  or  to  surround  the  city 
with  a  wall. 

circum-eo,  ire,  ivi,  or  ii,  itum,  n. 

and  a.,  to  go  round ,  surround. 
circum-pono,  ponere,  posui, 
positum,  a.,  to  place  around. 
circum-sto,  stare,  steti,  no  sup., 
n.  and  a.,  to  stand  around;  to 
surround ,  beset,  besiege. 
circum-venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum, 
to  come  around,  encompass,  invest. 
cis,  prep,  with  acc. ,  on  this  side. 
citerior,  us,  adj.  (§  17,  3),  on  this 
side,  hither  ;  Gallia  citerior,  hith¬ 
er  Gaul ,  i.e.,  this  side  of  the 
Alps. 

cito,  adv.,  quickly ,  speedily ,  soon , 
{comp,  citius,  sup.  citissime), 
citra,  prep,  and  adv. ,  on  this  side  ; 
before,  within. 

civicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (civis),  be¬ 
longing  to  citizens,  civic. 


civ-ilis,  e,  adj.  (civis,  §  44,  1,  c, 

3),  belonging  to  citizens,  civil, 
courteous. 

civis,  is,  com.  gen.,  a  citizen. 
civ-itas,  atis,  f  (civis,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  citizenship;  a  city,  state ; 
freedom  of  the  city. 
clades,  is,  f ,  disaster,  slaughter. 
clam,  adv.  and  prep.  (§  56,  2,  c), 
secretly  ;  without  the  knowledge  of. 
clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a., 
to  cry  out ,  call,  proclaim. 
clam-or,  oris,  m.  (clamo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  a  shout,  applause,  clamor. 
clarus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  clear ,  bright; 

plain;  famous,  illustrious. 
classis,  is,  f ,  a  fleet. 
claudo,  ere,  si,  sum,  a.,  to  shut , 
close,  surround ,  finish . 
claudus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  lame. 
claus  ula,  se,/,  (claudo),  a  con¬ 
clusion,  end ,  clause. 
clavis,  is,  /.,  a  key. 
clemens,  entis,  adj.,  merciful, 
mild,  gentle. 

clemen-ter,  adv.  (clemens),  mild¬ 
ly,  gently,  calmly. 
clement-ia,  se,/,  (clemens,  §44, 
1,  c,  2),  mercy ,  mildness,  kindness. 
Cleopatra,  se,/.,  Queen  of  Egypt, 
conquered  at  Actium  by  Au¬ 
gustus. 

cliens,  entis,  com.  gen.  (clueo),  a 

client,  follower,  retainer  (one 
attached  to  a  patron,  and  pro¬ 
tected  by  him). 

clipeum,  i,  n.,  a  shield  (of  circu¬ 
lar  form,  made  of  metal), 
clipeus,  i ,  m.,  a  shield  (of  circular 
form,  made  of  metal). 

Clodius,  ii,  m.,  the  enemy  of 
Cicero,  killed  by  Milo, 
ccelum  (caelum),  i,  n.,  pi.  cceli, 
drum,  m.  (§  14,  2,  b),  the  sky. 
co-enio,  emere,  emi,  emptum, 
a.  (con;  emo),  to  purchase 
together ,  to  buy  up.  . 
ccena,  see  cena. 
ccen-atus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ccena, 
§  44,  1,  c,  3),  (provided  with 
supper),  having  dined. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


13 


coen-ito,  are,  no  perf,  no  sup.,  n. 
frequentative  (cceno,  §36,  b, 
and  §  44,  2,  b ),  to  dine  often  or 
much,  to  dine. 

cceno,  see  cena. 

coepi,  coepisse,  a.  and  n.,  def 
(§38,  1  ,a),  to  begin,  undertake. 
co-erceo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.  (con; 
arceo),  to  enclose  wholly,  sur¬ 
round,  encompass  ;  restrain ,  con¬ 
fine,  repress. 

co-gito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (con; 
agito),  to  think,  reflect  upon, 
consider,  meditate ;  to  devise,  in¬ 
tend,  design. 

cognat-io,  onis,  f.  (cognatus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  blood-relation¬ 

ship,  kindred;  connection,  resem¬ 
blance. 

co-gnatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con; 
gnascor  =  nascor) ,  connected 
by  birth. 

co-gnomen,  inis,  n.  (§  15,  con; 

gnomon  —  nomen) ,  a  surname. 
cognomino,  are,  no  perf ,  atum, 
a.  (cognomen),  to  surname. 
co-gnosco,  gnoscere,  gnovi,  gni- 
tum,  a.  (con;  gnosco  =  nos¬ 
co),  to  examine,  find  out ,  know. 
co-go,  cogere,  coegi,  coactum, 
a.  (con  ;  ago),  to  drive  together, 
collect ,  force,  compel. 
cbhors,  ortis,/.,  a  cohort  (a  com¬ 
pany  of  600  soldiers). 
cQ-hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(con ;  hortor) ,  to  exhort ,  en¬ 
courage,  animate ,  admonish. 
coiens,  euntis, part,  (coeo),  meet¬ 
ing,  assembling. 
cblaphus,  i,  to.,  a  cuff,  blow. 
col-lega,  se,  m.  (con;  lego),  as¬ 
sociate,  colleague,  companion. 
col-ligo,  ligere,  legi,  lectum,  a. 
(con;  lego),  to  collect  together , 
assemble,  gather. 

col-ligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (con; 
l%o) ,  to  bind  together,  fasten, 
combine;  to  restrain,  stop. 
collis,  is,  m. ,  high  ground,  a  hill. 
col-lbco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(con  ;  16co),  to  place  together ; 


to  settle  in  a  place;  to  give  a 
woman  in  marriage. 
colloqu-ium,  ii,  n.  (colloquor, 
§  44,  1 ,  c,  2),  (a  talking  together) 
a  conference,  discourse . 
collum,  i,  n .,  the  neck. 
colo,  colere,  colui,  cultum,  a. 
and  n.,  to  till,  cultivate,  cherish, 
honor,  worship  ;  to  dwell. 
colon-ia,  se,  /. ,  (colonus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  colony,  a  settlement. 
col-onus,  i,  m.  (colo),  a  husband¬ 
man,  farmer. 

columba,  se,  f,  a  dove ,  pigeon. 
com-edo,  edere  or  esse,  edi, 
esum  orestum,  a.  (con;  edo), 
to  eat  up,  consume,  devour. 
comes,  itis,  com.  gen.  (con;  eo), 
a  companion ,  associate. 
com-itas,  atis,  f.  (comis,  kind , 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  courteousness , 
affability,  gentleness ,  mildness. 
comita-tus,  us,  m.  (comitor,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2)  ,  a  retinue ,  escort , 
company,  troop,  crowd. 
comitia,  orum,  n.  pi.  (con  ;  eo), 
the  Comitia  ;  assembly  of  the  Ro¬ 
mans  for  electing  magistrates, 
cdmitor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(comes),  to  accompany ,  follow, 
attend. 

commea-tus,  us,  m.  (commeo,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2)  ,  provisions,  supplies. 
com-memoro,  are,  avi,  atum, 
a.  (con  ;  membro),  to  call  to 
mind,  recount ,  relate ,  mention. 
com-mendo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(con;  mando),  to  intrust,  re¬ 
commend,  commit. 
com-meo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
(con;  meo),  to  go  to  and  fro, 
visit  often,  resort. 

com-milito,  onis,  m.  (con; 

miles),  a  fellow-soldier. 
com-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a.  (con;  mitto),  to  con¬ 
nect,  join,  set  together,  commit , 
perpetrate,  intrust ;  pugnam  or 
proelium  committere,  to  join , 
battle ;  committere  ut,  to  bring 
it  about,  cause  that. 


14 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


commode,  adv.  (commodus), 

duly ,  properly ,  fitly ,  well. 
corn-modus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con  ; 
modus),  Jit ,  advantageous ,  ser- 
viceable. 

commone-facio,  facere,  feci,  fac¬ 
tum,  a.  (§  37,  7),  to  put  in  mind , 
inform ,  remind. 

com-moneo,  monere,  monui, 
monitum,  a.  (con  ;  moneo), 

to  remind ,  warn. 

com-moveo,  movere,  movi,  mo¬ 
tum,  a.  (con;  moveo),  to  move 
violently,  shake ,  sfir,  disturb , 
agitate,  excite  ;  bellum  commo¬ 
vere,  to  sfi'r  up  war. 
com-munis,  e,  adj.  (con;  mu¬ 
nus),  common,  general. 
com-muto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(con;  muto),  to  exchange,  alter. 
co-mo,  comere,  compsi,  comp¬ 
tum,  a.  (con;  emo),  to  comb, 
arrange,  braid,  dress. 
com-paro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(con;  paro),  to  put  together , 
unite;  prepare ,  collect ,  com¬ 
pare. 

com-pello,  pellere,  puli,  pulsum, 

a.,  to  drive  together,  to  assemble , 
gather,  constrain,  force,  impel. 
com-plector,  cti,  xus  sum,  dep. 
(con;  plecto),  to  encompass, 
surround ,  embrace,  clasp ;  com¬ 
prehend. 

com-pleo,  plere,  plevi,  pletum, 
a.  (con;  pleo),  to  fill  full,  fill 
up,  satisfy,  complete,  finish. 
complora-tio,  onis,  f.  (com¬ 
ploro,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  loud 
weeping,  lamentation. 
com-pl5ro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(con;  ploro),  to  lament  loudly. 
com-plures,  a  or  ia,  adj. ,  several 
together,  very  many. 
com-pono,  ponere,  pbsui,  posi¬ 
tum,  a.  (con;  pono),  to  put 
together  or  in  order;  to  settle, 
componere  bellum,  to  finish  a 
war  by  treaty. 

com-porto,  are,  avi,  atum, a.  (con ; 
porto),  to  bring  together ,  collect. 


com-pos,  otis,  adj.  (con;  potis), 

vartaking  of,  possessing ;  com¬ 
pos  animi,  of  sane  mind. 
com-prehendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  a. 
(con;  prehendo),  to  catch  hold 
of,  seize,  arrest ;  to  perceive ,  ob¬ 
serve  ;  to  contain. 

com-primo,  primere,  pressi, 
pressum,  a.  (con;  premo),  to 

press  together,  compress ,  restrain, 
hinder. 

con-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 

n.  and  a.,  to  depart,  retire,  with¬ 
draw ;  allow,  grant;  submit. 

con-cldo,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum,  a. 
(con;  caedo),  to  cut  to  pieces , 

destroy,  kill. 

concilio,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (con¬ 
cilium),  to  call  together,  unite; 
gain  over,  make  friendly,  procure 
the  favor  of  win ,  gain,  procure , 
reconcile. 

con-cilium,  ii,  n.  (con;  calo,  to 

cedi,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  meeting, 
assembly,  council. 
concio  (contio),  onis,/.,  a  meet¬ 
ing  ;  a  speech  ;  a  place  for  speak¬ 
ing. 

con-clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

and  n.,  to  shout,  exclaim ,  cry 
out. 

concord-ia,  a e,/  (concors,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  harmony,  unanimity. 
con-cupi-sco,  cupiscere,  cupivi 
or  cupii,  cupitum,  a.  inch. 
(c©n;  cupio,  §  44,  2,  b),  to  be 
very  desirous  of,  strive  after , 
long  for. 

con-curro,  currere,  curri  or 
cucurri,  cursum,  n.,  to  run 

together,  assemble,  dash  together, 
fight. 

concur-sus,  us,  m.  (concurro,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  a  concourse,  assem¬ 
bly,  attack,  charge,  onset. 

con-demno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(con  ;  damno) ,  to  sentence,  con¬ 
demn,  blame ,  disapprove. 
con- discipulus,  i,  m.,  a  school¬ 
fellow. 

cond-itio,  5nis,/  (condo,  §  44, 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


15 


1,  c,  2),  a  state ,  condition ,  situa¬ 
tion ,  ran&,  agreement ,  compact; 
proposal,  terms. 

con-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a ., 

to  bring  together ;  to  found ,  es¬ 
tablish ,  store  up,  hide,  bury. 

oon-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  duc¬ 
tum,  a.  and  n.,  to  lead  together , 
hire ,  collect;  to  profit. 
confero,  conferre,  contuli,  col¬ 
latum,  a.,  to  bring  together , 
collect,  compare ,  contribute ;  se 
conferre,  to  go;  collatis  viri¬ 
bus,  with  united  forces. 
confertus,  a,  um,  part,  (confer¬ 
cio,  to  cram  together ),  close, 
crowded,  crammed. 
confestim,  adv.  (confero),  im¬ 
mediately,  speedily. 
con-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
(con;  facio),  to  prepare;  com¬ 
plete,  finish,  accomplish,  make 
out,  produce. 

oon-fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  n. 

and  a.  (§  35,  2),  to  trust  confi¬ 
dently,  confide;  to  believe  cer¬ 
tainly. 

con-figo,  figere,  fixi,  fixum,  a., 

to  join  ;  to  pierce  through. 

con-firmo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
make  firm,  establish,  strengthen. 
con-fiteor,  fiteri,  fessus  sum, 
dep.  (con;  fateor),  to  confess, 
own,  concede,  allow. 
con-fligo,  fligere,  flixi,  flictum, 
a.  and  n.,  to  strike;  to  contend, 
struggle,  fight. 

con-fbdio,  fodere,  fodi,  fossum, 

a.,  to  dig ;  to  pierce  through,  stab. 

con-fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  no  sup., 
n.,  to  flee  for  refuge. 
con-gredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
dep.  (con;  gradior),  to  meet, 
encounter,  contend ,  fight. 
con-gruo,  gruere,  grui,  no  sup., 
n.,  to  agree  with,  fit,  coincide, 
come  together,  meet. 
con-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum, 
a.  (con;  jacio),  to  throw  to¬ 
gether,  throw ,  hurl;  in  fugam 
conjicere,  to  put  to  flight. 


con-jungo,  gere,  xi,  ctum,  a., 

to  join  together,  connect,  unite. 
conjura-tio,  onis,  f.  (a  swearing 
together ),  conspiracy,  [conspirator. 
conjura-tus,  i,  m.  (conjuro),  a 
con-juro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
swear  together,  conspire  ;  in  ali¬ 
quem  conjurare,  to  conspire 
against  one. 

conjux  (conjunx),  ugis,  com. 
gen.  (conjungo),  a  wife,  hus¬ 
band,  a  betrothed. 
conor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
undertake,  attempt ,  endeavor,  try. 
con-quiro,  quirere,  quisivi,  qui- 
situm,  a.  (con;  quasro),  to 
search  out  carefully ,  inquire,  seek. 
con-sangum-eus,  a,  um,  adj. 
(con;  sanguis,  §  44,  1,  c,  3), 
related  by  blood ,  related,  kin¬ 
dred. 

con-scendo,  dere,  di,  sum,  a. 
and  n.  (con;  scando),  to  mount, 
ascend,  climb,  embark. 
con-scisco,  sciscere,  scivi,  sci¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  approve,  assert,  ac¬ 
cept;  mortem  sibi  conscis¬ 
cere,  to  commit  suicide. 
con-scius,  a,  um,  adj.  (con; 
scio),  knowing  or  conscious 
privy  to,  aware  of. 
conscius,  ii,  m.,  an  accomplice. 
con-scribo,  bere,  psi,  ptum,  to 
enlist,  register ,  enroll,  inscribe, 
compose,  write. 

consen-sio,  onis,/.  (consentio, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  an  agreement ;  a 
combination ,  plot. 

consen-sus,  us,  m.  (consentio, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  an  agreement, 
unanimity ,  concord. 
con-sentio,  tire,  si,  sum,  n.  and 
a.,  to  agree,  accord ,  harmonize , 
determine  in  common  ;  to  vote. 
con-sequor,  qui,  cutus  sum, 
dep.,  to  follow  after,  attend,  ac¬ 
company ;  to  reach,  overtake;  to 
attain. 

con-sero,  sgrgre,  sSrui,  sertum, 
a.,  to  join,  unite ,  bring  together ; 

pugnam  or  prcelium  conse- 


16 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


rere,  to  join  battle;  manum 
conserere,  to  engage  in  a  hand- 
to-liand  conflict. 

con-servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 

to  maintain ,  keep,  preserve. 
considero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 
to  examine ,  contemplate,  con¬ 
sider,  ponder ,  observe  carefully. 
Considius,  ii,  m. ,  one  of  Caesar’s 
officers. 

con-sldo,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 

n .,  to  sit  down  together ,  encamp , 
settle-. 

consilium,  ii,  n.,  deliberation ,  ad¬ 
vice,  counsel,  design ,  wisdom, 
talent;  consilio,  on  purpose, 
intentionally. 

con-sis  to,  sistere,  stiti,  stitum, 

n.,  to  stand  still,  halt ,  make  a 
stand,  stand  fast,  continue. 

con-sobrinus,  i,  m.  (soror),  a 

cousin,  relation. 

conspec-tus,  us,  m.  (conspicio, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  sight,  view , 
glance,  survey. 

con-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,  a.  (con;  specio),  to  look 
at,  behold,  spy  out,  observe,  view. 
conspicor,  ari,  atus,  dep.  a.,  to  see. 
conspicuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (conspi¬ 
cio),  easy  to  see,  visible,  striking , 
distinguished,  remarkable. 
conspira-tio,  onis,  f.  (conspiro, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  an  agreement ,  con¬ 
spiracy. 

con-spiro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to 

agree  together ,  plot  together,  con¬ 
spire. 

constans,  antis,  part,  (consto), 
firm, constant, steadfast, consistent. 
constan-tia,  ge,  f.  (constans,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  firmness,  constancy, 
perseverance,  harmony. 
constan-ter,  adv.  (constans), 
firmly ,  steadily,  constantly. 
con-stituo,  uere,  ui,  utum,  a. 
(con;  statuo),  to  place ,  erect , 
make,  build;  determine ,  resolve. 
consue-sco,  escere,  evi,  etum, 
7i.  inch,  (consueo,  §36,  a,  and 
44,2,  b)  ,  to  be  accustomed,  be  wont. 


consue-tudo,  inis,  f.  (consue¬ 
tus,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  custom , 
habit,  usage,  intercourse. 
consul,  ulis,  m. ,  a  consul;  one 
of  the  two  chief  magistrates  of 
Rome,  chosen  yearly, 
consul-aris,  e,  adj.  (consul),  of 
the  consul. 

consul-aris,  is,  m.  (consul),  one 
who  has  been  consul,  ex-consul. 
consul-atus,  us,  m.  (consul), 
the  ofiice  of  consul,  consulship . 
consuio,  ere,  ui,  turn,  n.  and  a., 
to  deliberate,  consider,  reflect, 
advise,  consult  for ;  alicui  con¬ 
sulere,  to  consult  for  one’s  in¬ 
terest ;  aliquem  consulere,  to 
consult,  take  advice  of  one. 
consul-turn,  i,  n.  (consulo),  a 
decree ,  decision,  resolve. 
con-temno,  nere,  psi,  ptum,  a., 
to  despise,  scorn,  disdain. 
con-tendo,  dere,  di,  turn,  a. 
and  n.,  to  strain,  strive,  strive 
for,  contend,  fight ;  attempt,  has¬ 
ten. 

conten-tio,  onis,  f  (contendo, 
§44,  1,  e,  2),  a  straining,  exer¬ 
tion,  effort;  dispute,  strife,  fight. 
conten-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (con¬ 
tineo),  contented,  satisfied. 
con-testor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep., 
to  call  to  witness,  invoke. 
continens,  entis,  part,  (conti¬ 
neo),  moderate,  temperate. 
continen-ter,  adv.  (continens), 
moderately ;  continuously,  with¬ 
out  interruption. 

con-tineo,  tinere,  tinui,  tentum, 
a.  (con;  teneo),  to  hold  in,  hold, 
contain,  comprise ,  keep  back,  re¬ 
strain  ;  confine,  bound. 
con-tingo,  tingere,  tigi,  tactum, 
a.  and  n.  (con;  tango),  to 
touch,  take  hold  of,  reach,  border 
upon;  impers .,  contingit  mihi, 
it  is  my  lot. 

contin-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (conti¬ 
neo),  unbroken,  coiistant,  con¬ 
tinuous. 

contio,  see  concio. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


17 


contra,  adv. ,  and  prep,  with  acc., 
over  against ,  opposite  to ,  ou 
other  hand. 

con-traho,  here,  xi,  ctum,  a.,  to 

draw  together ,  assemble ,  shorten , 
contract. 

contra-rius,  a,  um,  u<Z/.  (contra), 
opposite ,  contrary ,  opposed ,  hostile. 
controvers-ia,  se,  /.  (controver¬ 
sus,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  controversy , 
dispute ,  quarrel ,  debate. 
contro-versus,  a,  um,  ad/.  (con¬ 
tra;  versus),  quarrelsome ;  ques¬ 
tionable. 

contubern-alis,  is,  com.  gen. 
(con ;  taberna) ,  a  tent-com¬ 
panion. ,  comrade ,  companion. 
contume-lia,  ae,  /.  (contumeo), 

abuse,  insult ,  reproach ,  affront , 
taunt,  disgrace  ;  in  joZ. ,  abusive 
epithets,  insulting  language. 
con- venio,  venire,  veni,  ven¬ 
tum,  n.  and  a.,  to  come  together , 
assemble ,  agree,  meet,  visit ;  con- 
venire  aliquem,  to  accost  one  ; 
convenit,  impers.,  it  is  agreed 
upon. 

conven-tus,  us,  m.  (convenio, 
§44,  1,  c,  2),  a  coming  together  ; 
an  assembly ,  meeting ,  company  ; 
compact ,  agreement. 
con-verto,  tere,  ti,  sum,  a.,  to 
round,  change ,  overturn; 
translate,  turn;  convertere  in 
fugam,  to  put  to  flight. 
con- vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victum, 
a.,  to  convict;  convince,  demon¬ 
strate. 

con-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
call  together ,  assemble ,  summon. 
con-volo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to 

run  together. 

cbphinus,  i,  m. ,  a  basket. 
copia,  ae,  f.  (con ;  ops) ,  abun¬ 
dance  ;  pi. ,  supplies,  troops , 

wealth. 

copios-e,  adv.  (copiosus),  abun¬ 
dantly,  plentifully. 
copi-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (copia,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  well  supplied, 
abounding,  plentiful,  copious. 


cor,  cordis,  n. ,  the  heart,  soul,  feel¬ 
ing,  mind. 

coram,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  abl., 
openly;  in  the  presence  of,  before. 
Corinthus,  i ,f,  Corinth ,  a  city  of 
Greece. 

Cornelia,  ae,  f. ,  the  first  wife  of 

Csesar. 

cornu,  u  (us),  n.,  a  horn;  the 
wing  of  an  army. 
corpus,  oris,  n.,  a  body,  corpse. 
cor-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 
a.  (con;  rapio),  to  seize,  catch 
up,  carry  off ;  abridge,  reprove. 
cortex,  icis,  m.  and  /.,  bark  (of  a 
tree) . 

corvus,  i,  m.,  a  raven. 
eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 

Crassus,  m.,  Licinius  Crassus, 
the  triumvir,  who  perished  in 
the  Parthian  war,  b.c.  53. 
creber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  thick, 
close,  frequent. 

credo,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  n.  and 

a.,  to  trust,  believe,  think;  en¬ 
trust,  confide. 

cremo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  burn, 

consume. 

creo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  bring 
forth,  beget,  create,  elect. 

Cres,  etis,  m. ,  adj. ,  a  Cretan. 
Cressa,  se,  f,  a  Cretan  woman. 
cre-sco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretum, 
n.  inch,  (creo,  §  36,  a,  and 
§  44,  2,  i),  to  grow ,  grow  up, 
increase. 

crimen,  inis,  n.,  a  charge,  accu¬ 
sation,  reproach. 
crinis,  is,  m. ,  the  hair. 
crucia-mentum,  i,  n.  (crucio,  § 
44, 1,  c,  2)  ,  torture,  torment, pain. 
crucia-tus,  us,  m.  (crucio,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  torture,  torment,  an¬ 
guish. 

cruc-io,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(crux),  to  torture,  torment. 
crudelis,  e,  adj.,  hard-hearted, 
cruel,  severe,  fierce. 
crudel-itas ,  atis ,  f.  (crudelis ,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2)  ,  harshness,  severity , 
cruelty ,  fierceness. 


2 


18 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


cru-entus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cruor), 

bloody ,  blood-thirsty ,  cruel. 
crumena ,  ae ,  /. ,  a  small  money 
bag ,  purse. 

crus,  uris,  w. ,  the  leg  (below  the 
knee) ,  shank. 

crux ,  ucis ,  /. ,  a  cross  ;  torture , 
misery ,  trouble. 

crystallinus,  a,  um,  «e/ ,  made 
of  crystal ,  crystalline. 
crystallum,  i,  n. ,  «  crystal. 
crystallus,  i,  wi. ,  a  crystal. 
cub-iculum,  i,  n.  (cubo,  §  44,  1 , 
c ,  2) ,  a  bed-chamber. 
cubo,  are,  ui,  itum,  n. ,  to  lie 
down ,  recline. 

culcita,  ae,  /.  (calco),  a  bed , 

cushion ,  mattress. 

culpa,  ae,/. ,  crime ,  fault ,  failure , 
defect ,  mischief. 

culpo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (cul¬ 
pa),  censure ,  reprove ,  con¬ 

demn, /nc?  fault  with ,  blame. 
cultel-lus,  i,  ra.  (culter,  § 

44,1,0,3),  a  smaW  knife. 
culter,  tri,  m. ,  a  knife. 
cul-tus,  us,  m.  (colo,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  a  cultivation ,  culture;  dress , 
elegance ,  ornament. 
cum,  prep,  with  a6Z. ,  wnYA,  £o- 
gether  with ,  among. 
cum  (quum),  conj. ,  when,  since, 
although , though ;  cum  .  .  .turn, 

.  .  .  «ne?. 

cunctor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
linger ,  loiter,  hesitate ,  delay, 
doubt. 

cupi-de,  «c?y.  (cupidus) ,  eagerly, 
zealously ,  ardently. 
cupid-itas ,  atis ,  /.  (cupidus ,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  «  longing,  desire , 
passion ,  appetite ,  greediness ,  lust , 
avarice. 

cfip-ido,  inis,  /  (cupio) ,  desire, 
wish,  longing ,  ?oye,  passion. 
ciap-idus,  a,  um,  «6(/.  (cupio) , 
eager,  desirous,  covetous ,  fond. 
cilpio,  ere,  Ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
and  n. ,  to  long  for  a  thing,  de¬ 
sire,  wish ,  covet;  to  favor  (with 
dative). 


cur,  adv. ,  why  ?  for  what  reason  t 
curia,  a e,  f.  a  curia,  one  of  the 
thirty  parts  into  which  Romu¬ 
lus  divided  the  Roman  people ; 

the  senate-house. 

cura,  ae,  /  (quaero),  trouble, 
solicitude ,  care,  attention,  pains. 
Cures ,  ium ,  m.  and  /. ,  the  ancient 
chief  town  of  the  Sabines, 
curi-atim,  adv.  (curia) ,  by  curiae. 
Curiatius ,  ii,  m. ,  an  Alban  family 
name. 

euro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (cura),  to 
care  for;  manage ,  govern  ;  cure. 
curro,  currgre,  chcurri,  cursum, 

n.,  to  run,  hasten. 

cur-sus,  us,  7n.  (curro,  §  44,  1, 

e,  2),  a  running,  race,  course , 
inarch,  passage,  journey,  voyage. 

custodio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  a.,  to 
watch  over,  protect,  defend. 
Cyprus,  i,  m.,  an  island  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

D. 

damno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(damnum  =  damage) ,  to  con¬ 
demn,  pass  sentence  on;  dam¬ 
nare  capitis,  to  condemn  to  death. 
de,  prep,  with  abl.,  of  ,  from,  dur¬ 
ing,  at,  concerning,  about ,  down 
from ,  according  to. 
dea,  se,  /.  (dat.  and  abl.  pi., 
deabus,  §  9,  2,  e),  a  goddess. 
de-ambulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n., 
to  walk  much,  promenade,  stroll. 
de-beo,  bere,  bui,  bitum,  a. 
(de;  habeo),  to  owe,  be  bound, 
be  under  obligation,  be  due  ;  with 
an  infinitive  after  it,  translate  it 
by  ought,  must ,  fyc. ;  impers. , 
debet,  it  behooves ,  ought. 
de-bilis,  e,  adj.  (de;  habilis), 
weak,  disabled,  frail,  crippled. 
de-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
n.,  to  depart,  retire,  cease,  die , 
yield,  give  way. 

dgeem,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  ten. 

Decem-ber,  bris,  m.  (d§cem), 
the  tenth  month  of  the  Roman 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


19 


year,  reckoned  from  March; 

December. 

december,  bris,  adj. ,  of  December. 
de  cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cre¬ 
tum,  a.  and  n.,  to  decide ,  judge, 
determine,  decree;  to  fight,  con¬ 
tend. 

de-cerpo,  pere,  psi,  ptum,  a. 
(de  ;  carpo  =  to  pluck),  to  pluck 
away ,  pull  off,  gather,  take  away , 
destroy. 

de-certo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 

a.,  to  fight  earnestly,  strive,  vie  ; 
to  contend  for. 

dScet,  decere,  decuit,  no  sup. ,  n. 
impers.,  it  is  seemly ,  becoming, 
fitting,  suitable ,  proper. 
de-cldo,  cidere,  cidi,  no  sup.,n. 
(de;  cado),  to  fall  down,  sink, 
die. 

de§c-ies,  num.  adv.  (decern),  ten 
times ;  repeatedly. 
d€c-iens,  see  decies. 
d§c-Imus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the 
tenth. 

Decimus  Brutus,  see  Brutus. 
de-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (de ;  capio),  to  catch,  en¬ 
snare,  deceive ,  cheat. 
de-claro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
make  manifest,  to  declare,  an¬ 
nounce  ,  proclaim,  show,  explain. 
d8c-or,  oris,  m.  (decet,  §  44, 
1 ,  c ,  2) ,  that  which  is  seemly  ; 
propriety,  comeliness,  elegance, 
charms,  beauty. 

decre-tum,  i,  n.  (decerno),  a 

decree,  decision,  ordinance. 
dec-us,  oris,  n.  (decet,  §  44, 
1 ,  c,  2),  that  which  is  becom¬ 
ing,  ornament,  splendor ,  dignity, 
honor,  virtue. 

de-dignor,  ari,  atus  sum,  4ep., 
to  reject  as  unworthy  ;  to  disdain, 
scorn ,  refuse. 

ded-itio,  onis,/.  (dedo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2 ),  a  giving  one's  self  up  ;  a 
surrender. 

de-do,  dSre,  didi,  dltum,  a. ,  to 

give  one’s  self  up  :  to  surrender , 
yield,  devote,  dedicate. 


de-duco,  ducSre,  duxi,  due- 

turn,  a. ,  to  lead  away ,  withdraw, 
lead  forth,  conduct,  lead:  mis¬ 
lead,  seduce;  spin  out,  elabo¬ 
rate. 

defatiga-tio ,  onis ,  f.  (defatigo , 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  wearying ; 
weariness,  fatigue,  exhaustion. 

de-fatlgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

weary ,  fatigue. 

de-fendo,  dere,  di,  sum,  a.,  to 

wardoff,  avert;  to  defend ,  guard , 
support. 

defen-sor,  oris,  m.  (defendo,  § 
44,l,c,l),  one  who  ivards  off; 
a  protector,  guard,  defender. 
de-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum, 
a.  irr. ,  to  bear  or  bring  away , 
carry,  convey,  deliver;  report, 
announce;  impeach,  accuse. 
de-fetiscor,  fetisci,  fessus  sum, 
dep.  n.,  to  become  tired  out ; 
wearied  ;  to  grow  faint. 
de-ficio,  f iegre,  feci,  fectum,  a 
and  n.  (de ;  facio),  to  forsake, 
abandon ,  desert ,  revolt,  fail,  cease. 
de-flecto,  ctere,  xi,  xum,  a., 
to  turn  away,  divert,  bend. 
de-formis,  e,  adj.  (de ;  forma), 
without  form  or  beauty. 
deform-itas,  atis,/.  (deformis, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  lack  of  beauty , 
ugliness,  hideousness. 
de-fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum, 
dep.,  to  discharge,  perform,  ful¬ 
fil,  finish  ;  to  depart,  die. 
dein ,  see  deinde, 
dein-ceps,  adv.  (dein;  capio), 
one  after  the  other ,  successively  ; 
in  turn,  thereafter,  next. 
deinde,  adv. ,  then,  afterward , 
secondly. 

de-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(de;  jacio),  to  throw  down, 
cast  down,  drive  out,  dislodge , 
deprive. 

delec-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  in- 
tens.  (delicio,  §  36,  b,  and  44, 
2 ,  b) ,  to  delight ,  please ,  amuse. 
delectus,  a,  um, part,  (deligo), 
chosen,  select. 


20 


LATIN  LESSON8. 


delec-tus,  us,  m.  (deligo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  choosing ,  selection ;  levy. 
deleo,  Iere,  levi,  letum,  a.,  to 
abolish ,  destroy ,  blot  out ,  extin¬ 
guish. 

de-libero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(de  ;  libra ,  pair  of  scales) ,  to 
weigh  well  in  one's  mind ,  de¬ 
liberate,  consult ,  consider. 
deliciae ,  arum ,  f.  (delicio ,  to 
allure) ,  delight  pleasure ,  luxury  ; 
allurements ,  charms. 
de-ligo,  ligere,  legi,  lectum,  a. 

(de;  lego),  to  choose  out ,  select. 
de-ligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
bind  together ,  bind  up ,  bind  fast. 
de-litesco,  litescere,  litui,  no 
sup.,  n.  inch,  (de;  lateo,  §  36, 
a.  and  44,  2,  b),  to  hide  or 
conceal  one's  self,  lie  hid,  lurk. 
Delphi,  orum,  m. ,  a  town  in 
Phocis,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Parnassus,  noted  for  the  Oracle 
of  Apollo. 

delu-brum,  i,  n.  (deluo,  to 

cleanse),  a  temple,  shrine. 
de-minuo,  minuere,  minui,  mi¬ 
nutum,  a.,  to  lessen,  diminish. 
de-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  let  or  bring  down, 
send  down,  lower,  dismiss. 
demo,  mere,  mpsi,  mptum,  a. 

(de;  emo),fo  take  away. 
de-monstro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 
to  point  out,  represent,  describe, 
mention ,  designate. 
demum,  adv.,  at  length ,  at  last, 
only;  tum  demum,  then  at 
length. 

den-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (deni), 
consisting  of,  or  containing  ten. 
den-arius ,  ii ,  m. ,  a  Roman  silver 
coin,  equal  to  about  sixteen 
cents. 

de-nego,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

deny,  reject ,  refuse. 
deni,  se,  a,  num.  distributive  adj. 
(decern),  ten  each,  ten  at  a 
time,  by  tens,  ten. 
denique,  adv. ,  at  last,fnally. 
dens,  dentis,  m. ,  a  tooth. 


densus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  thick,  dense, 
close ,  frequent ,  numerous. 
de-pono,  ponere,  posui,  p6si- 
tum,  a.,  to  lay  aside,  pul  down , 
place ,  set,  deposit  ;  to  intrust  to, 
to  resign,  give  up. 

de-populo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 

to  lay  waste ,  plunder ,  ravage. 
de-populor,  axi,  atus  sum,  dep., 
to  lay  waste ,  plunder ,  ravage. 
de-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
carry  off ;  to  bring  home ;  to  ac¬ 
quire  ;  to  banish. 

de-posco,  poscere,  poposci,  no 

sup.,  a.,  to  demand ,  request,  re¬ 
quire,  claim. 

depreca-tor,  oris,  m.  (deprecor, 
§44,  1  ,c,  1),  an  inter ceder ,  in¬ 
tercessor  ,  mediator. 
de-precor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. , 
to  beseech,  pray  against,  depre¬ 
cate,  beg,  pray  for. 
de-prehendo,  dere,  di,  sum,  a., 
to  seize  upon,  catch,  discover , 
find. 

de-primo,  primere,  pressi,  pres¬ 
sum,  a.  (de;  premo),  to  press 
down,  depress,  sink. 
de-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 
a.  (de;  rapio),  to  snatch  away, 
tear  off. 

de-scendo,  dere,  di,  sum,  n.  (de; 
scando) ,  to  come  down,  descend, 
dismount,  march  down;  descen¬ 
dere  in  certamen  or  aciem,  to 

engage  in  battle. 

de-scisco,  sciscere,  scivi  or  scii, 
scitum,  n.,  to  withdraw ,  revolt 
from,  desert. 

de-scribo ,  scribere ,  scripsi, 
scriptum,  a.,  to  point  out ,  repre¬ 
sent,  describe,  allot. 
de-sero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  desert , 
forsake,  abandon. 
desider-ium,  ii,  n.  (desidero,  § 
44,  1 ,  c ,  2) ,  a  longing  desire  (for 
any  thing  not  possessed) ;  grief, 
regret. 

de-sidero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
long  for  (something  not  pos¬ 
sessed). 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


21 


de-signo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

mark  out ,  signify ,  appoint , 
assign ,  choose. 

de-silio,  silire,  silui,  sultum,  ?z. 

(de;  salio),  to  leap  down. 
de-sino,  sinere,  sivi  or  sii,  situm, 
a.  and  n . ,  to  lease  off ,  desist , 
stop. 

de-sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  stitum,  n., 

to  lease  off ,  ytoe  owe?’,  desist. 
despera-tio,  onis,  /.  (despero,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  hopelessness ,  de¬ 
spair. 

de-spero,  are,  avi,  atum,  rc.  and 

a. ,  to  he  hopeless ;  despair  of. 

de-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,  n.  and  a.  (de;  specio), 

to  look  down  upon ,  despise ,  dfs- 
dain. 

de-spondeo,  dere,  di,  sum,  a., 

to  promise,  to  betroth. 

de-stringo,  stringere,  strinxi, 
strictum,  a.,  to  unsheath,  draw 
(the  sword). 

de-sum,  esse,  fui,  n. ,  to  he  away  ; 

to  fail,  he  wanting. 
de-tego,  tegere,  texi,  tectum,  a. , 

to  uncoser ,  expose;  discover, 
disclose,  reveal. 

de-terreo,  terrere,  terrui,  terri¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  frighten  off ,  deter, 
hinder ;  avert. 

de-tineo,  tinere,  tinui ,  tentum , 
a.  (de;  teneo) ,  to  hold  off,  keep 
hack,  detain ,  hinder. 
de-traho,  trahere,  traxi,  trac¬ 
tum,  a. ,  to  draw  off,  draw  away , 
pull  down ,  take  from,  disparage. 
detri-mentum ,  i,  n.  (detero,  § 
44,l,c,2)  ,  loss ,  damage  ;  defeat. 
deus,  i,  m.  (§  10,  4 ,f),a  god, 
divinity,  deity. 

de-vasto ,  are ,  no  per f. ,  atum ,  a. , 
to  lay  waste,  devastate. 
de-vinco ,  vincere ,  vici ,  victum , 
a.,  to  conquer,  vanquish. 
de-v61o,  are,  avi,  no  sup.,  n.,  to 
fiy  down,  hasten  down. 
de-v8ro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
gulp  down ,  devour,  swallow ,  con¬ 
sume. 


dexter,  tra,  trum,  and  tera,  tg- 
rum,  adj. ,  to  the  right,- on  the 
right  side,  right. 
dextera,  se,f,  the  right  hand. 
diadema,  atis,  n.,a  royal  head¬ 
dress,  diadem.  [say. 

dic,  imperat,  of  dlco  (§30,  6,c), 
dic-ax,  acis,  adj.  (dico,  §  44,  1, 
c,  3)  ,  sarcastic,  witty ,  keen. 
dico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  dedi¬ 
cate,  consecrate. 

dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum,  a., 

to  speak,  say,  call,  name,  ap¬ 
point,  order,  mean;  dicitur,  it 
is  said. 

dicta-tor,  oris,  m.  (dicto,  §  44, 

1,  c,  1),  dictator;  a  supreme 
magistrate,  elected  by  the  Ro¬ 
mans  only  in  seasons  of  emer¬ 
gency,  when  his  power  was 
absolute,  and  lasted  for  six 
months. 

dicta-tura,  se ,  f.  (dicto,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  the  office  of  dictator,  dic¬ 
tatorship. 

dict-ito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(dicto,  §  3 6,b,  and  44,  2 ,  b) , 
to  say  or  plead  often,  declare , 
maintain. 

dic-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(dico,  §  36,  h,  and  44,  2,  Z>), 
to  say  often,  dictate ,  prescribe. 
dic-tum,  i,  n.  (dico)  ,  a  saying,  a 
word,  maxim ,  jest ,  command. 
dies,  ei,  m.  (§  13, 2) ,  a  day  of  24 
hours;  day-light',  in  dies,  daily, 
with  an  idea  of  constant  in¬ 
crease;  ad  diem,  at  the  appoint¬ 
ed  time. 

dif-fero,  differre,  distuli,  dila¬ 
tum,  a.  and  n. ,  to  delay,  put 
off;  to  differ ;  inter  se  differre, 
to  differ  from  each  other. 
difficil-e,  adv.  (difficilis),  with 
difficulty. 

dif-ficilis,  e,  adj.  (dis;  facilis), 

hard,  difficult,  troublesome ,  obsti¬ 
nate. 

difficul-tas ,  atis , (difficilis,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  difficulty,  trouble , 
distress ,  poverty. 


22 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


dif-fldo,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  n. 

semi-dep.  (dis;  fido,  §  35,  2), 
to  mistrust;  despair. 
digitus,  i,  m. ,  a  finger,  toe. 
dignus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  worthy  of, 
deserving ,  becoming ,  proper . 
diligens,  entis,  part,  (diligo), 
careful ,  attentive,  diligent. 
diligen-ter,  adv.  (diligens) ,  care¬ 
fully,  with  care. 

diligen-tia,  se,f  (diligens,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  diligence,  carefulness  ; 
economy,  thrift. 

di-ligo,  ligere,  lexi,  lectum,  a. 
(di;  lego),  to  value  highly , 
esteem ,  love. 

di-luo,  luere,  lui,  lutum,  a.,  to 

dissolve,  dilute,  weaken,  do  away 
with. 

di-mico,  are,  avi  or  ui,  atum, 

n.,  to  fight,  contend. 
di-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 
a.,  to  send  forth,  send  away,  dis¬ 
miss,  put  away ,  divorce. 
di-moveo,  movere,  m5vi,  mo¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  put  asunder,  separate, 
divide,  dismiss ,  remove. 
di-rig o ,  rigere ,  rexi,  rectum,  a. 
(dis;  rego),  to  direct ,  arrange, 
guide. 

di-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 
a.  (dis;  rapio) ,  to  tear  in  pieces, 
ravage,  plunder ,  destroy. 
di-ruo,  ruere,  rui,  rutum,  a.,  to 
demolish,  overthrow. 
dirus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ominous ,  por¬ 
tentous,  dreadful. 
dis,  ditis,  adj. ,  see  dives, 
dis-ce do, cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
n.,  to  go  away,  depart,  turn 
aside ,  decamp. 

•  dis-cerpo,  pere,  psi,  ptum,  a. 
(dis;  carpo),  to  tear  in  pieces, 
disperse. 

disc-ipulus,  i,  m.  (disco),  a 
learner,  scholar ,  pupil. 
disco,  discere,  didici,  no  sup. ,  a. , 

to  learn. 

discord-ia,  ae,  f.  (discors,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  disunion,  variance,  dis¬ 
cord,  strife. 


dis-cors,  cordis,  adj.  (dis;  cor), 

disagreeing ,  at  variance,  dis¬ 
cordant,  harsh,  unlike. 
dis-crlmen,  inis,  n.  (discerno,  to 
separate ),  a  distinction,  differ¬ 
ence  ;  risk,  danger. 
dis-ertus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dis;  ars), 
well-spoken,  fluent,  eloquent , 
accomplished ,  elegant. 
dis-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a.  * 
(dis;  jacio),  to  tear  asunder, 
scatter,  disperse;  shatter,  break 
down. 

di-spergo,  spergere,  spersi,  sper- 
sum,  a.  (di;  spargo),  to  scatter 

about,  disperse. 

dis-pliceo,  plicere,  plicui,  plici- 
tum,  n.  (dis;  placeo),  to  dis¬ 
please. 

dis-pono,  ponere,  posui,  posi¬ 
tum,  a. ,  to  set  in  order ,  arrange, 
dispose,  distribute,  station. 
dis-piito,  are,  avi,  Stum,  a.  and 
n. ,  to  examine ,  investigate;  dis¬ 
cuss  ;  argue,  dispute. 
dissen-sio,  onis,  f.  (dissentio,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  difference  of  opinion, 
disagreement,  variance ,  strife, 
quarrel. 

dis  sentio,  sentire,  sensi,  sen- 
sum,  n.,  to  differ,  disagree;  to 
be  unlike. 

dis-sero,  serere,  serui,  sertum, 

a.  and  n.,  to  set  asunder;  to 
argue  about,  discuss ;  to  argue. 
dis-similis,  e,  adj. ,  unlike,  dis¬ 
similar. 

dissimil-itudo,  inis,  /.  (dissimi¬ 
lis,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  unlikeness. 
dis-simulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(dissimilis) ,  (to  pretend  that  a 
thing  is  not  what  it  is),  to  dis¬ 
semble,  disguise ,  hide ,  conceal. 
dis-suadeo,  dere,  si,  sum,  a.,  to 
advise  against ,  dissuade,  oppose. 
di-sto,  stare,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  n., 
to  stand  apart;  to  be  separate;  to 
differ. 

dis-traho,  trahere,  traxi,  trac¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  pullor  tear  asunder , 
divide,  separate. 


VOCABULARY. 


1. 


23 


dis-tribuo,  tribubre,  tribui,  tri¬ 
butum,  a.,  to  divide ,  distribute. 
di-stringo,  ngere,  nxi,  ctum,  a., 

to  draw  asunder;  to  detain , 
hinder ;  to  occupy ,  engage. 
dis-turbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
drive  asunder ,  demolish ,  destroy ; 
thwart ,  ruin. 

ditio,  onis,y’. ,  dominion ,  authority , 
ru/e,  sway,  power. 
ditior,  ditissimus,  comp.  and 
superlative  of  dives, 
diu,  adtf.  (dies),  by  day ,  a  long 
time ,  long  ago;  comp.,  diutius; 
superlative,  diutissime, 
diu  turnus,' a,  um,  adj.  (diu),  q/* 
long  duration,  lasting ,  long. 
diuturn-itas,  atis,/.  (diuturnus, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  length  of  time ,  long 
duration. 

diver-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (diverto), 

different,  unlike,  contrary ;  in 
diversa,  in  different  directions , 
asunder. 

div-es,  itis,  adj. ,  nc7i  (the  nom. 
and  acc.  of  the  neut.  j)l.  do  not 
occur;  comp.,  divitior  or  ditior; 
superlative,  divitissimus  or  di¬ 
tissimus)  . 

di-vido,  videre,  visi,  visum,  to 

separate,  divide,  distribute ,  ap¬ 
portion,  distinguish. 

Divico,  onis,  m.,  a  Helvetian 
leader. 

div-inus,  a,  um,  adj.  (divus),  of 
or  belonging  to  a  deity;  divine, 
god-like.  [chief. 

Divitiacus,  i,  m.,  an  iEduan 
divit-iae,  arum,  f.  (dives,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  riches ,  wealth. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  a.  (§  30, 
1,  note,  and  2,  and  §  78,  3, 
c,  ex.),  to  give,  grant,  allow, 
permit ,  bestow,  present ;  finem 
dare,  to  put  an  end  to;  pcenas 
dare,  to  inflict  punishment;  ali¬ 
quem  in  fugam  dare,  to  put  one 
to  flight ;  in  fugam  se  dare,  to 
take  to  flight. 

dbceo,  ere,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  teach , 
instruct ,  inform,  show ,  tell. 


doc-tor,  oris,  m.  (dbceo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  1),  a  teacher,  instructor. 
doctr-ina,  se,  f  (doctor),  teach¬ 
ing,  instruction  ;  knowledge , 
learning. 

doc-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (dbceo V 

learned ,  skilled ,  versed,  experi¬ 
enced. 

dbleo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.  and  a.,  to 

feel  pain ,  grieve,  lament,  be 
sorry ;  to  grieve  over,  deplore,  be 
sorry  for. 

dol-or,  oris,  m.  (dbleo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  pain,  distress,  sorrow,  an¬ 
guish,  trouble,  vexation,  anger. 
dolus,  i,  m.,  guile ,  fraud,  deceit , 
deception. 

dbm-i-cil-ium,  ii,  n.  (dbmus),  a 

habitation,  dwelling,  abode. 

dbmina-tio,  onis,  f.  (dominor,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  rule,  dominion,  lord- 
ship,  tyranny,  despotism. 
dominor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(dominus),  to  be  lord  and  mas¬ 
ter,  have  dominion ,  bear  rule. 
dominus,  i,  m.  (dbmo) ,  a  master , 
lord,  ruler,  commander,  chief ; 
owner. 

dbmo,  are,  ui,  itum,  a.,  to  subdue, 

vanquish,  overcome,  conquer. 
dbmus,  i,  or  us,/.  (§  12,  3,  e),  a 
house,  dwelling,  abode ,  home, 
household,  family,  race;  domi, 
at  home. 

donee,  conj .,  as  long  as,  while; 
until. 

dono,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (donum), 

to  give ,  present,  bestow  (with 
acc.  of  thing  and  dat.  of  person, 
or  acc.  of  person  and  abl.  of 
thing,  §  51,  1,  c). 
do-num,  i,  n.  (do),  a  gift.,  present. 
dormio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n., 
to  sleep ,  rest ,  be  at  ease,  be  inac¬ 
tive,  be  careless. 

Drusus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  states¬ 
man. 

Dubis,  is,  m. ,  a  river  of  Gaul, 
dubita  tio,  onis,  f.  (diibito,  § 
44,  .1,  c,  2),  a  doubting ;  an  un¬ 
certainty,  doubt,  hesitation. 


24 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


dubito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n. 
intens.  (duo,  through  old  form, 
dubo),  to  doubt ,  hesitate. 
dubius,  a,  um,  adj.  (duo),  doubt¬ 
ful ,  irresolute.  As  noun,  n. , 
doubt;  procul  dubio,  without 
doubt. 

du-centi,  ae,  a,  nwm.  at//,  (duo; 

centum),  tivo  hundred. 
duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum,  a., 
to  lead ,  conduct ,  draw,  prolong , 
put  off,  consider ,  ;  murum 

ducere,  to  a  wa77  ;  uxorem 
in  matrimonium  ducere,  to 
marry  (a  woman) . 
dulcis,  e,  adj. ,  sweet,  agreeable , 
delightful ,  pleasant,  charming. 
dum,  conj.,  while,  until ,  so  long  as, 
provided  that. 

dum-modo,  con/.,  provided  that, 
if  only. 

Dumnorix,  Igis,  m.,  an  AEduan 
chief. 

dum-taxat,  adv.  (dum;  taxo,  to 

estimate'),  only,  simply,  merely, 
at  least,  so  far. 
duo,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.,  two. 
duo-decim,  num.  adj.  indecl., 

twelve. 

duo-de-viginti,  num.  adj.  indecl., 
two  from  twenty,  eighteen. 
du-plex,  icis,  adj.  (duo;  plico, 

to  fold),  twofold,  double;  false, 
deceitful,  crafty. 

durus,  a,  um,  adj.,  hard,  harsh, 
rough,  rude,  stern,  indifferent, 
severe,  painful. 

dux,  ducis,  com.  gen.  (duco),  a 
leader,  commander,  general-in¬ 
chief;  guide. 

Dyrrachium,  ii,  n .,  a  sea-coast 
town  of  Illyria,  formerly  called 
Epidamnus  (now  Durazzo). 

E. 

e,  ex,  prep,  with  abl.,  out  of,  from, 
of;  ex  itinere,  on  the  march; 
ex  equo,  on  horseback. 
ebur,  oris,  n.,  ivory. 


ebur-neus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ebur,  § 
44,  1 ,  c,  3) ,  of  ivory,  ivory. 
ec-ce,  interj.,  lo  !  behold! 
ec-qui,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  pro¬ 
nominal  interrogative  adj.,  whether 
any  ?  if  any  ? 

ec-quis,  quid,  pronominal  inter¬ 
rogative  substantive,  whether  any  ? 
any  one,  anybody,  any  thing  ?  ec¬ 
quid,  as  adverbial  acc.,  ivhy? 
ed-ax,  acis,  adj.  (edo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  8),  voracious,  gluttonous ;  de¬ 
vouring,  destroying . 
e-dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum,  a, 
to  declare,  publish,  ordain,  make 
known  ;  order,  appoint,  establish. 
edic-tum,  i,  n.  (edico),  a  procla¬ 
mation,  ordinance,  edict, 
edo,  edere  or  esse,  edi,  esum  or 
essum,  a.  (§  37,  5),  to  eat, 
squander,  dissipate,  devour,  de¬ 
stroy. 

e-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a.,  to  give 

forth,  publish,  declare,  exhibit , 
cause. 

e-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 

a.,  to  lead  or  draw  out,  lead  forth, 
march  out  troops. 

educo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  bring 

up,  rear,  educate. 

eflemlna-tus,  a,  um ,part.  (effem¬ 
ino),  womanish,  effeminate.' 
ef-femino,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(ex ;  femina),  to  make  icoman- 
ish;  to  effeminate,  enervate. 
ef-fero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatum, 
a.  irreg.  (ex ;  fero),  to  bring 
forth,  carry  forth,  to  bear  out, 
produce,  publish,  announce;  ex¬ 
alt,  elevate  ;  efferri,  to  be  haughty, 
proud. 

ef-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
(ex;  facio),  to  bring  to  pass ;  to 
effect,  execute,  complete,  make ; 
to  produce,  bear,  yield. 
ef-fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  no  sup.,  n. 
and  a.  (ex;  fugio),  toffee  out, 
get  away ;  to  escape,  avoid,  shun. 
ef-fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fusum, 
a.  (ex;  fundo),  to  pour  out  or 
forth ;  to  drive  out,  cast  out, 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


25 


empty ,  squander ;  effundere  se, 
to  spread  out. 

Sge-nus,  a,  um,  adj.  (egeo),  in 

want  of,  in  need  of,  destitute , 
needy. 

egeo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.,  to  be 
needy,  suffer  want ;  to  lack,  want, 
need. 

Sgo,  pron . ,  I. 

e-gredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
dep.  (ex;  gradior),  to  go  out , 
go  forth,  leave. 

e-greg-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (e  ;  grex), 

excellent,  eminent,  surpassing ,  ex- 
traordina ry ,  rema rkable. 

e-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(e ;  jacio),  to  cast,  thrust,  or 
drive  out,  expel,  reject,  banish ; 
ejicere  se,  to  burst  forth,  rush 
out. 

ejus-modi,  of  that  kind  (is;  m6- 
dus). 

e-labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  dep., 
n.  and  a.,  to  slip  away,  escape, 
disappear;  to  escape  from. 

e-latus,  a,  um,  part,  (effero), 
exalted,  lofty,  high. 

elec-tio,  onis,  f.  (eligo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  choice,  selection. 

elegan-ter,  adv.  (elegans),  with 
correct  choice,  tastefully,  neatly, 
fitly. 

elegant-ia,  ae,  fi  (elegans,  from 
eligo,  §  44,  1,  c,  2)  ,  taste, 
propriety ,  refinement,  grace,  ele¬ 
gance. 

Slephantus,  i,  m.,  an  elephant. 

e-ligo,  ligSre,  legi,  lectum,  a. 
(ex;  lego),  to  choose  or  pick  out , 
select. 

eloquens,  entis,  part,  (eloquor), 

eloquent. 

eloquent-ia,  se,  f.  (eloquens,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  a  being  eloquent, 
eloquence. 

e-15quor,  qui,  cutus  sum,  dep., 
to  speak  out ,  utter,  declare,  speak 
well  or  eloquently. 

^3-luceo,  lucere,  luxi,  no  sup.,n., 
to  shine  out,  show  itself,  be  appar¬ 
ent,  manifest. 


e-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 

a.,  to  send  out  or  forth,  publish ; 
emittere  vocem,  to  utter ;  emit¬ 
tere  animus,  to  give  up  the  ghost, 
die. 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptum,  a., 

to  buy,  purchase,  gain,  acquire, 
obtain. 

e-mollio,  ire,  ii,  itum,  a.,  to 

soften ;  to  make  gentle ,  mild;  to 
enervate. 

em-ptor,  oris,  m.  (emo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  1),  a  buyer. 

en,  interj.,  lol  behold!  see!  see 
there  ! 

e-narro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

explain  in  detail. 

e-nervo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (e; 
nervus),  to  enervate,  weaken, 
render  effeminate . 

enim,  conj.,for,  indeed ,  truly ,  cer¬ 
tainly. 

ensis,  is,  m.,  a  sword. 
e-nuntio  (cio),  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 
to  divulge,  disclose ;  to  report,  tell. 

eo,  ire,  ivi  o?'ii,  itum,  n.  irreg.,  to 
go  (§  37,  6). 

eo,  adv.  (is),  thither ;  to  that  place, 
so  far;  therefore.  With  com¬ 
paratives,  by  so  much,  so  much, 
the ;  quo  .  .  .  eo,  the  .  .  .  the. 
eodem,  adv.  (idem),  to  the  same 
place,  the  same  way. 
epigramma,  atis,  n.,  an  inscrip¬ 
tion,  epigram. 

Epirus,  i,  /.,  a  province  in  the 
north  of  Greece, 
epistola,  a e,f,  a  letter,  epistle. 
epulae,  arum,/*.,  a  feast,  banqueti 
epul-or,  ari,  atus,  dep.  (epulae), 
to  give  an  entertainment,  feast, 
eat. 

eques,  equitis,  m.  (equus),  a 

horseman,  rider;  equites,  caval¬ 
ry  ;  also  the  knights ,  the  equites, 
as  an  order  in  the  state, 
eque-ster,  tris,  tre,  adj.  (eques), 
belonging  to  horsemen,  equestrian. 
g-quidem,  adv.,  verily,  truly,  in¬ 
deed,  at  all  events,  certainly,  by 
all  means,  of  course,  undoubtedly. 


26 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


equita-tus,  us,  m.  (equito,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  riding  ;  cavalry. 

gquit-o,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
(eques),  to  be  a  horseman ,  to 

ride. 

equus,  i,  m.,  a  horse ,  steed. 
erga,  prep,  with  acc.,  over  against , 
opposite  to  ;  towards,  against. 
ergo,  adv.  (§  43,  3,  e),  therefore , 
accordingly . 

e-rigo,  rigere,  rexi,  rectum,  a. 
(e;  rego),  to  raise  or  set  up, 
erect,  construct;  to  encourage, 
rouse,  stimulate,  cheer  up. 
e-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum,  a. 
'(e;  rapio),  to  snatch  away,  res¬ 
cue;  eripere  se,  to  snatch  one's 
self  aivay,  to  flee. 

erro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. ,  to  wander , 
go  astray,  roam,  rove. 
err-or,  oris,  m.  (erro,  §44,  1,  c, 

2),  a  wandering  away,  an  error, 
mistake,  deception,  delusion,  false 
notion. 

e-rubesco,  rubescere,  rubui,  no 

sup.,  n.  and  a.,  to  grow  red;  to 
blush  ;  to  feel  ashamed ;  to  feel 
ashamed  about. 

e-rud-io,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(e;  rudis),  to  free  from  rude¬ 
ness,  cultivate ,  educate,  instruct , 
train,  polish. 

erudi- tus,  a,  um, part,  (erudio), 

learned,  accomplished,  experi¬ 
enced,  skilled. 

e-rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  rup¬ 
tum,  a.  and».,  to  burst  forth , 
sally  forth. 

e-ruo,  ruere,  rui,  rutum,  a. ,  to  cast 
forth ,  tear  out;  elicit ,  extract. 
erup-tio,  onis,  f  (erumpo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  bursting  forth;  a 
sally. 

es-ca,  se,/.  (edo ffood,  bait. 
et,  conj. ,  and ,  also ,  even ,  too ,  as  ; 
et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and ,  not 
only  .  .  .  but  also. 

Stiam,  conj.,  and  also ,  besides , 
i  likewise ,  even;  certainly ,  yes. 
With  comparatives,  still ;  ma- 
gis  etiam,  still  more. 


et-si,  conj.,  though,  although ,  even 
if;  yet,  but. 

Euboea,  se,  f,  an  island  in  the 
iEgean  sea,  separated  from 
Boeotia  by  the  Euripus. 
Euripides,  is,  m. ,  a  celebrated 
Athenian  tragic  poet. 

Europa ,  se ,  /. ,  the  continent  of 
Europe. 

e-vado,  dere,  si,  sum,  n.  and  a. 

to  go  forth,  depart,  escape ;  turn 
out,  end ;  to  escape  from,  climb, 
ascend. 

e-vello,  vellere,  velli  or  vulsi, 
vulsum,  a.,  to  tear  out,  pluck 
out,  eradicate,  erase,  remove. 
e-venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum, 

n. ,  to  come  out,  come  forth;  to 
come  to  pass,  happen;  to  result, 
turn  out. 

even- tum,  i,  n.  (evenio),  an 

occurrence,  event;  issue,  conse¬ 
quence,  result. 

even-tus,  us,  m.  (evenio,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  an  occurrence  or  event, 
fortune ,  fate ,  lot ;  the  issue ,  result. 
e-verto ,  tere ,  ti ,  sum ,a.,to  turn , 
drive  or  thrust  out ;  to  overthrow , 
ruin,  destroy. 

e-vito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

shun,  avoid. 

e-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

call  out,  summon. 

e-volo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to  fly 
forth,  fly  up,  spring  out. 
e-vomo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.,  to 
vomit  forth,  cast  out,  give  up. 
ex  or  e  (e  only  before  consonants), 
prep,  with  abl. ,  out  of,  from,  of. 
ex-animis ,  e ,  adj.  (ex ;  anima) , 
lifeless,  dead. 

ex-animo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (e£; 

anima),  to  deprive  of  life ,  kill. 
ex-ardesco ,  ardescere ,  arsi ,  ar- 
sum,  n.  inch,  (ardeo,  §  36,  a, 
and  44 ,  2 ,  b) ,  to  blaze  up  ;  to  be 
inflamed;  to  burn;  to  rage. 
ex-aro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
plough  up;  to  cultivate ;  to  write , 
note,  set  down  (something  on 
tablets). 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


27 


ex-aspgro,  are,  avi,  a  turn,  a. 
(asper),  to  make  rough, fierce  or 
savage,  to  exasperate. 
ex-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
n.  and  a.,  to  go  out,  depart,  ivith- 
draio ;  to  die  ;  to  exceed. 
excell-ens,  entis,  part,  (ex¬ 
cello),  high,  lofily,  distinguished. 
ex-cello,  lere,  lui,  sum,  n.,  to 
surpass,  excel. 

excel-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (excello), 
elevated,  lofty ,  high. 
excid-io,  onis,  f.  (exscindo,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  a  destroying,  de¬ 
struction. 

excid-ium,  ii,  n.  (exscindo,  § 

44,  l,c,2),  overthrow,  demoli¬ 
tion. 

ex-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  no  sup.,  n. 
(ex;  cado),  to  fall  down,  es¬ 
cape,  pass  away ,  perish. 
ex-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum,  a. 
(ex;  csedo),  to  cut  off,  demolish, 
destroy,  lay  ivaste,  banish. 
ex-cio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum  or 
itum,  a.,  to  rouse,  excite,  stir  up, 
call  forth,  send  for. 
ex-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (ex;  capio),  to  take  out;  to 
receive ,  take ;  to  catch ,  overtake  ; 
to  succeed. 

ex-cito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(excio,  §  44,  2,  b,  and  §  36,  b), 
to  rouse  up,  stimulate ,  stir  up, 
excite,  instigate. 

ex-clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 
a.,  to  call  or  cry  out;  shout 
aloud,  exclaim.  t 

ex-cludo,  eludere,  clusi,  clusum, 
a.  (ex;  claudo),  to  shut  out,  ex¬ 
clude;  to  cut  off,  remove,  sepa¬ 
rate  ;  to  hinder,  prevent ;  to  drive 
out. 

ex-cSlo,  cSlgre,  colui,  cultum, 

a.,  to  cultivate,  till,  work  with 
great  care ;  to  improve,  polish, 
adorn,  refine,  perfect ;  to  honor. 

excub-iae,  arum,  f.  (excubo),  a 
lying  out  on  watch ;  a  watch¬ 
ing,  keeping  watch;  a  watch, 
guard. 


ex-cutio,  efitere,  cussi,  cussum, 
a.  (ex;  quatio),  to  shake  off, 
throw  away ;  to  search,  examine ; 
to  throw  off,  reject,  discard. 

exemplum,  i,  n.  (eximo),  a  sam¬ 
ple,  pattern,  copy,  warning; 
case ;  precedent. 

ex-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n.  irreg., 
to  go  out  or  forth;  withdraw, 
pass,  ascend. 

ex-erceo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.  (ex; 
arceo),  to  exercise,  train  ;  prac¬ 
tise,  use ;  odium  exercere,  to 
feel  hatred ;  negotium  exer¬ 
cere,  to  follow  a  business. 

exercita-tio,  onis,  f.  (exercito, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  exercise,  prac¬ 
tice. 

exerc-ito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  in¬ 
tens.  (exerceo,  §  44,  2,  b,  and 
§  36,  b),  to  exercise  diligently  or 
frequently. 

exerc-itus,  us,  m.  (exerceo),  a 

trained  body  of  men ;  an  army ; 
a  multitude,  host. 

ex-haurio,  rire,  si,  stum,  a.,  to 

draw  out ,  exhaust. 

ex-hibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.  (ex; 
habeo),  to  hold  forth,  show,  ex¬ 
hibit,  display;  to  maintain,  sup¬ 
port,  sustain. 

ex-horreo,  horrere,  no  perf.,  no 
sup.,  n.,  to  shudder  at,  be  terri¬ 
fied  at. 

ex-horresco,  horrescere,  horrui, 

no  sup.,  inch.  (§  36,  a,  and  §  44, 
2,  b),  n.  and  a.,  to  tremble  or 
shudder  exceedingly ;  to  be  terri¬ 
fied;  to  dread. 

ex-igo,  igere,  egi,  actum,  a.  (ex; 
ago),  to  drive  forth,  expel;  en¬ 
force,  exact ,  demand ;  finish, 
complete;  lead,  pass;  aliquid 
ab  aliquo  exigere,  to  demand 
any  thing  from  any  one  ;  ultio¬ 
nem  exigere,  to  take  revenge. 

exig-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (exigo), 
scanty,  small,  little,  petty,  mean. 

exi-lis,  e,  adj.  (exigo),  small,  thin, 
slender,  meagre. 

exim-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (eximo), 


28 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


select ,  distinguished,  extraordi¬ 
nary,  uncommon,  excellent. 
ex-imo,  imere,  emi,  emptum,  a. 
(ex;  emo),  to  take  away  ;  free , 
release ,  deliver  ;  remove,  banish. 
existima-tio,  onis,  f.  (existimo, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  judging,  judg¬ 
ment,  opinion,  reputation,  good 
name ,  character. 

ex-istimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ex ; 
aestimo),  to  judge,  consider ,  sup¬ 
pose,  think,  esteem. 
ex-istiimo,  see  existimo, 
exi-tium,  ii,  n.  (exeo,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  destruction,  ruin,  hurt ,  mis¬ 
chief. 

exi-tus,  us,  m.  (exeo,  §  44, 1,  c,  2), 

a  going  forth;  departure,  end, 

.  death :  outlet,  passage ;  issue, 
result. 

ex-orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  dep., 
to  rise  up,  arise,  proceed,  begin, 
appear,  become. 

ex-oro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  per¬ 
suade  by  entreaty;  to  gain  by 
entreaty. 

ex-pedio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(ex ;  pes)  (to  free  the  feet  from), 
to  extricate,  disengage ;  let  loose, 
set  free,  release;  bring  out ;  ob¬ 
tain,  prepare,  arrange. 
expedit,  impers.,  it  is  profitable, 
useful. 

expedi- tio,  onis,  f.  (expedio,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  an  expedition,  ex¬ 
cursion. 

expedl-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (expe¬ 
dio),  unimpeded,  free,  easy ; 
light-armed,  without  baggage. 
ex-pello,  pellere,  puli,  pulsum, 
a.,  to  drive  out,  eject,  expel. 
experg-iscor,  pergisci ,  perrec¬ 
tus  sum,  dep.  (expergo),  to  be 
awakened;  to  awake. 
experi-mentum,  i,  n.  (experior, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  proof,  trial, 
experiment. 

ex-perior,  periri,  pertus  sum, 
dep.  (ex;  perior,  obsolete'),  to 
try,  prove,  put  to  the  test;  at¬ 
tempt  ;  experience. 


ex-pers,  ertis,  adj.  (ex;  pars), 

having  no  part  in,  destitute  of, 
devoid  of. 

ex-peto,  ere,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a., 

to  long  for,  desire,  seek  earnestly. 
ex-pio,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. ,  to  atone 

for,  expiate. 

explora-tor,  oris,  m.  (exploro, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  searcher  out, 
scoid,  spy. 

ex-ploro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

search  out,  examine,  explore ,  dis¬ 
cover,  spy  out,  reconnoitre. 
ex-pono,  ponere,  pQsui,  posi¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  lay  or  put  out,  set 
forth,  expose;  exhibit,  explain; 
to  set  on  shore,  disembark,  land. 
ex-posco,  poscere,  poposci,  no 
sup. ,  a.,  to  ask  earnestly,  reguest , 
entreat,  implore. 

expos-itio,  onis,  f.  (expono,  § 

44,  1 ,  c,  2),  a  selling  forth,  ex¬ 
position  ;  an  exhibiting,  show¬ 
ing  ;  a  narration. 
ex-primo,  primere,  pressi,  pres¬ 
sum,  a.  (ex;  premo),  to  press 
oid,  force  out;  imitate ,  copy, 
describe,  express,  utter. 
ex-probro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ex ; 
probrum),  to  reproach ,  upbraid, 
charge. 

ex- promo,  promere,  prompsi, 
promptum,  a.,  to  show  forth, 
discover,  exhibit,  display. 
ex-pugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
take  by  assault;  to  storm,  cap¬ 
ture,  reduce;  conquer,  subdue. 
expul-sus,  a,  um,  part,  of  ex- 
pello. 

ex-quiro,  rere,  sivi,  situm,  a.  (ex; 
quaero),  to  search  diligently ;  to 
investigate ;  to  inquire,  to  ask. 
ex-scindo,  scindere,  scidi,  scis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  cut  off;  to  tear  out, 
destroy. 

ex-secror,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(ex ;  sacro),  to  curse,  to  take  a 

solemn  oath. 

exsequ-iae,  arum,/,  (ex;  sSquor), 

a  funeral  procession ;  funeral 
rites,  obsequies. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


29 


®x-sSquor,  sSqui,  sgcutus  sum, 

dep .,  to  follow  out,  accomplish , 
execute ;  enforce. 

ex-sero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  thrust 

out ,  reveal ,  show. 

ex-silio,  silire,  silui,  sultum,  n. 
(ex;  salio),  to  spring  forth , 
leap  up,  start  up. 

exsll-ium,  ii,  n.  (exsul),  banish¬ 
ment,  exile. 

ex-sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  stitum,  n., 

to  step  forth,  come  forth,  emerge, 
appear;  to  proceed,  arise,  be¬ 
come;  to  exist,  be. 

ex-specto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
await,  expect;  to  look,  hope,  or 
long  for ;  to  desire  ;  to  antici¬ 
pate,  apprehend,  fear. 

ex-spiro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n ., 
to  breathe  out,  exhale;  to  breathe 
one's  last,  expire. 

ex-stinguo,  stinguere,  stinxi, 
stinctum,  a.,  to  put  out,  quench, 
extinguish ;  to  kill,  destroy ; 
aqua  exstinctus,  drowned. 

ex-sto,  are,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  n., 
to  stand  forth ;  to  be  visible,  ap¬ 
pear,  exist. 

ex-struo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  a.,  to 

heap  up;  to  build  up,  raise, 
erect,  construct. 

ex-sugo,  sugere,  suxi,  suctum, 

a.,  to  suck  out. 

ex-sul, ulis,  com.  gen.  (ex;  solum) 
(one  who  quits,  or  is  banished 
from  his  native  soil),  an  exile. 

exsulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  (ex- 
sul),  to  be  an  exile,  to  live  in 
exile. 

exsul- to,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  in- 
tens.  (exsilio,  §  36,  b,  and  §  44, 
2,  6),  to  spring,  leap,  or  jump 
up  ;  to  exult,  rejoice  exceedingly . 

extemplo,  adv.,  immediately, 
straightway. 

ex-ter  (terus),  Sra,  erum,  adj. 
(ex),  foreign,  strange;  comp., 
exterior,  outward,  outer,  exte¬ 
rior  ;  superlative,  extremus  or 
extimus,  outermost,  last,  ex¬ 
treme. 


ex-terreo,  terrere,  terrui,  terri¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  alarm,  terrify. 

ex-tollo,  tollere,  no  perf  .,  no  sup., 

to  lift  up,  raise  up,  exalt. 
extra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc. 
(exter),  on  the  outside,  without, 
except ;  outside  of,  beyond ,  ex¬ 
cept. 

ex-traho,  trahSre,  traxi,  tractum, 

a.,  to  draw  forth;  to  withdraw, 
release,  extract ,  protract,  pro¬ 
long,  put  off. 

extra-ordin-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ex¬ 
tra  ;  or  do),  out  of  the  common 
order,  extraordinary . 
exuo,  uSre,  ui,  utum,  a.  (§  51,  1, 

c),  to  draw  off;  pull  off,  cast  off, 
lay  aside;  to  strip ,  despoil,  de¬ 
prive. 

ex-uro,  urSre,  ussi,  ustum,  a.,  to 

burn  up,  consume,  destroy,  rav¬ 
age,  waste. 

F. 

faba,  ae,/.,  a  bean. 
fa-ber,  bri,  m.  (facio),  a  carpen¬ 
ter,  smith ,  artisan,  workman, 
maker. 

fa-ber,  bra,  brum,  adj.  (facio), 
jkilful ,  ingenious ,  workmanlike. 
Fabricius ,  ii,  m. ,  a  Roman  name, 
fabrico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (fa- 
ber),  to  frame ,  make ,  construct , 
build. 

vs 

fabricor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
frame,  construct ,  build ;  prepare, 
form ,  fashion. 

fa-bula,  ae,/.  (for),  a  story ,  tale , 
q)lay,  fable. 

facet-iae,  arum,  f.  (facetus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  wit,  witty  sayings , 
drollery ,  humor. 

facetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  courteous , 
polite  ;  elegant ,  fine ;  merry, 
witty ,  jocose ,  humorous. 
faci-es,  ei,  f.  (facio),  form, 
figure ,  face ,  countenance,  ap¬ 
pearance,  aspect. 
facll-e,  adv.  (facilis),  easily ;  cer¬ 
tainly  ;  readily. 


30 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


fac-ilis,  e,  adj.  (f&cio),  easy; 

courteous ,  affable. 
fac-inus,  6ris,  n.  (facio),  a  deed, 
act ,  action,  crime ,  misdeed,  bad 
deed. 

f  Scio,  facere,  feci,  factum  ;  pas¬ 
sive,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  a., 

to  make ,  do,  form ,  produce ; 
castra  facere,  to  pitch  camp; 
fit,  it  happens,  is  usual ;  fiat,  so 
be  it. . 

fac-tio,  onis,  f.  (facio,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  making ;  a  party ,  fac¬ 
tion. 

fac-tum,  i,  n.  (facio),  a  deed, 
act,  exploit. 

fac-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (facio), 

done ,  accomplished. 
facul-tas,  atis,  f.  (facilis,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  capability,  power,  op¬ 
portunity ;  abundance,  plenty, 
supply. 

fa-cundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (for), 

fluent,  eloquent. 

fallo,  fallere,  fefelli,  falsum,  a., 

to  deceive,  cheat,  escape  the 
notice  of 

fal-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (fallo),  de¬ 
ceptive,  feigned,  spurious,  false. 
fama,  se,  f,  the  common  talk ,  re¬ 
port,  tradition  ;  character ,  repu¬ 
tation.  [ poverty . 

fames,  is,  /.,  hunger,  famine, 
famil-ia,  se,  f  (famulus,  a  ser¬ 
vant),  family-servants,  domestics, 
family,  household. 
famili-aris,  e,  adj.  (familia),  of 
or  belonging  to  a  house ;  domes¬ 
tic,  private,  intimate. 
famili-aris,  is,  m.  (familia),  a 
familiar  friend. 

familiar-itas,  atis  (familiaris,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  intimacy,  familiar 
intercourse,  friendship. 
familiar-iter,  adv.  (familiaris), 
on  friendly  terms,  intimately. 

far,  farris,  n.  ( a  species  of  grain), 
spelt ,  meal. 

fas,  indecl.  n.  (for),  (that  which  is 
right  in  the  sight  of  heaven) , 
divine  law  ;  right,  justice,  equity. 


fascis,  is,  m.,  a  bundle,  parcel : 
fasces,  pi. ,  a  bundle  of  rods  and 
an  axe  carried  by  the  lictors 
before  a  chief  magistrate,  with 
which  criminals  were  scourged 
and  beheaded ;  the  fasces. 
fa-tum,  i,  n.  (for),  destiny,  fate, 
calamity. 

fauces,  ium,  f  (found  in  the  sing, 
only  in  the  abl. ;  fauce),  the 
throat,  gullet ;  a  defile,  pass. 
Faustulus,  i,  m. ,  the  shepherd 
who  brought  up  Romulus  and 
Remus. 

Faustus,  i,  m. ,  son  of  Sulla, 
faveo,  favere,  favi,  fautum,  n., 

to  favor,  promote,  befriend ,  pro¬ 
tect. 

fav-or,  oris,  m.  (faveo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  favor,  good-will ,  inclina¬ 
tion,  partiality. 

fax,  facis,  f,  a  torch,  fire-brand. 
febris,  is,/.,  a  fever. 

Februarius,  ii ,  m.,  February. 
feles  or  felis,  is,/.,  a  cat. 
f e'ic-itas,  atis,  /.  (felix,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  happiness,  felicity. 
fellc-iter,  adv.  (felix),  ausqncious- 
ly,  favorably. 

fe-lix,  icis,  adj.  (feo,  to  produce), 

fruitful  ;  auspicious,  happy,  for¬ 
tunate,  lucky. 

fe-mma,  se,  /.  (feo,  to  produce), 
a  female,  woman. 
femur,  oris  or  inis,  n .,  the  thigh. 
fera,  se,  /  (ferus),  a  wild  ani¬ 
mal,  wild  beast. 

fere,  adv.,  nearly ,  almost,  about, 
quite,  scarcely,  generally,  usually. 
ferme,  adv.,  nearly,  almost. 
fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  a.  irreg. 
(§  37,  4),  to  bear,  bring ,  endure  ; 
bring  forth  ;  tell ,  relate;  raise, 
exalt ;  ferunt,  they  say ;  fertur, 
it  is  said ;  auxilium  ferre,  to 
bring  aid;  injurias  ferre,  to  in¬ 
flict  injuries;  ferre  legem,  to 
propose  a  law. 

fSr-ox,  ocis,  adj.  (fero),  impetuous , 
courageous,  bold;  fierce,  savage , 
insolent. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


31 


fermm,  i,  n.,  iron;  sword,  arms. 
fSrus,  a,  um,  adj .,  wild,  unculti¬ 
vated,  rude ,  savage,  cruel. 
fessus,  a,  um,  adj.,  wearied,  tired, 
fatigued,  weak ,  feeble. 
festino,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a., 
to  hasten,  hurry,  accelerate. 
ficus,  i,  and  us,  f.  and  m .,  a  fig- 
tree  ;  a  fig. 

fld-elis,  e,  adj.  (fldes),  trusty, 
faithful,  sincere. 

fld-es,  ei,  f.  (fido),  trust,  faith, 
confidence ,  belief,  credit;  pro¬ 
mise,  engagement,  word. 
fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  n. ,  semi- 
dep.  (§  35,  2),  to  trust,  confide, 
put  confidence  in. 
fiduc-ia,  ae,  f.  (fidus),  confi¬ 
dence,  assurance,  boldness. 
fid-us,  a,  um,  adj.  (fido),  faith¬ 
ful,  trusty,  safe. 

figo,  ggre,  xi,  xum,  a.,  to  fix , 
fasten,  settle,  pierce. 
filia,  ae,  f.  {dat.  and  abl.  plur., 
sometimes  filiabus;  §  9,  2,  e), 
a  daughter. 

filius,  ii,  m.  (vocative  sing. ,  fili ;  § 
10,  4,  c),  a  son. 

fingo,  fingere,  finxi,  fictum,  a., 

to  form,  shape,  make  ;  contrive , 
devise,  invent ,  feign. 

fin-io,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(finis),  to  limit ,  bound,  finish, 
end. 

finis,  is,  m.  and  f,  a  boundary , 
limit,  end ;  fines,  pi.,  the  borders 
(of  a  territory),  territory. 
fin-itimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (finis), 
bordering  upon,  adjacent  to, 
neighboring. 

fin-itimi,  orum,  m.  (finis),  neigh¬ 
bors. 

fio,  see  facio. 

firm-itas,  atis,  f.  (firmus,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2) ,  firmness,  solidity,  dura¬ 
bility,  strength. 

firm-iter,  adv.  (firmus),  firmly , 
strongly. 

firm-itudo,  Inis,/,  (firmus,  §44, 

1,  c,  2),  firmness,  solidity,  dura¬ 
bility,  strength. 


firmo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (firmus), 

to  make  firm  ;  to  strengthen,  sup¬ 
port  ;  to  fortify  ;  to  encourage. 
fir-mus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fero) ,  firm, 
strong,  durable,  steadfast. 
fisus,  a,  um ,  part,  (fido),  having 
trusted. 

fixus,  a,  um ,  part,  (figo ),  fixed, 
fast,  immovable. 

flagit-ium,  ii,  n.  (flagito),  a 

shameful  or  disgraceful  act , 
shame,  disgrace ;  rascal,  scoun¬ 
drel. 

flagito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  de¬ 
mand  fiercely  ;  to  entreat,  impor¬ 
tune. 

flagro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. ,  to  flame, 
blaze,  burn;  to  be  inflamed,  ex¬ 
cited. 

flamen,  Inis,  m.,  a  priest  (devoted 
to  the  service  of  some  particular 
deity) . 

flamma,  a e,/. ,  a  flame. 
fla-tus,  us,  m.  (flo,  §  44,  1,  c,  2), 
a  blowing,  blast,  breeze. 
flecto,  flectere,  flexi,  flexum,  a. 

and  n.,  to  bend,  turn,  direct, 
persuade,  avoid. 

fleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  n.  and  a.,  to 
weep,  wail,  lament,  cry. 
fle-tus,  us,  m.  (fleo,  §  44, 1,  c,  2), 

a  weeping. 

fligo,  ere,  no  perfi,  no  sup.,  a.,  to 
strike,  strike  down. 
flo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a.,  to 
blow ;  to  blow  at,  blow  out,  blow 
away. 

flore-ns,  ntis,  part,  (floreo), 
flourishing,  blooming ,  prosper¬ 
ous,  fine,  excellent. 
flor-eo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.  (flos), 
to  bloom,  blossom,  flower ;  to  be 
prosperous,  to  be  in  good  repute  ; 
potentia  florere,  to  be  powerful ; 
opibus  florere,  to  be  rich ;'  bel¬ 
lica  laude  florere,  to  enjoy 
military  renown. 

flos,  floris,  m .,  a  blossom,  flower. 

fluotu-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fluctus, 
§  44,  1,  c ,  3),  full  of  waves , 
billowy. 


32 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


fluctus,  Gs,  to.  (fluo),  a  billow , 
surge ,  wave. 

flu-men,  inis,  n.  (fluo ;  that 
which  flows  along),  a  river, 
stream. 

fluo,  ere,  xi,  xum,  n. ,  to  flow,  over¬ 
flow ,  stream,  pour  ;  to  pass  away, 
disappear. 

fluv-ius,  ii,  m.  (fluo),  a  river, 
running  water ,  stream. 
fbcus,  i,  m.,  a  pre-place ,  hearth. 
fodio,  fbdere,  fodi,  fossum,  a. 
and  n. ,  to  dig,  dig  up ;  to  be  em¬ 
ployed  in  digging. 

foedus,  a,  um,  adj .,  foul ,  flltliy, 
ugly ,  horrible,  abominable,  de¬ 
testable. 

foed-us,  eris,  n.  (fidus),  a  league , 
treaty ,  compact,  agreement. 
foll-iculus,  i,  to.  dim.  (follis,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  a  ball  (filled  with 
air). 

fons,  fontis,  to.  (fundo) ,  a  spring, 
fountain ;  source,  origin,  cause. 
for,  fari,  fatus  sum,  dep.  (§38, 
2,  c) ,  to  speak,  say. 
foramen,  inis,  n. ,  an  opening, 
aperture,  hole. 
fore,  fut.  inf.  of  sum. 
foris,  is,/.,  a  door,  gate  (pen.  pi., 
forum). 

fbris,  adv.,  out  of  doors ,  abroad, 
without.  [ beauty . 

for-ma,  a e,f.  (fero),  shape ,  form, 
formica,  ae,/ ,  an  ant,  pismire. 
formido,  inis,  /.,  fear,  terror, 
dread. 

formidol-5sus,  a,  um,  adj.  (for¬ 
mido,  §  44,  1,  c ,  3),  dreadful, 
terrible,  terrific  ;  timid,  fearful. 
fors,  fortis,  f.  (fero),  chance, 
hap ,  hazard,  fortune. 
fors,  adv. ,  perchance,  perhaps. 
forte,  adv.  (fors),  by  chance,  per¬ 
haps. 

for-sit-an,  adv. ,  perhaps  (fors ;  sit ; 
an). 

fort-as-se,  adv.  (forte;  an;  sit), 
perhaps ,  by  chance. 
for-tis,  e,  adj.  (fSro),  strong, 
powerful,  courageous,  brave. 


fort-iter,  adv.  (fortis),  strongly , 

powerfully,  boldly ,  valiantly, 
manfully. 

fort-una,  ae,  /.  (fors),  chance, 
luck,  fortune;  good  luck,  pros¬ 
perity  ;  fate,  lot. 

forum,  i,  n.,  a  market  place,  pub¬ 
lic  square,  forum ;  a  long  open 
space  in  Rome,  between  the 
Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills, 
surrounded  by  porticoes  and 
the  shops  of  bankers, 
fos-sa,  ae,  /.  (fodio),  a  ditch, 
trench. 

foveo,  fovere,  fovi,  fotum,  a., 

to  warm,  keep  warm ;  cherish, 
caress,  love,  assist. 

frag-ilis,  e,  adj.  (frango),  easily 
broken,  brittle,  weak,  frail. 
frango,  frangere,  fregi,  fractum, 
a.,  to  break,  crush,  subdue, 
weaken,  wear  out. 
frater,  fratris,  to.,  a  brother. 
frater-nus,  a,  um,  adj.  (frater), 
brotherly,  fraternal,  of  a  brother. 
fraudo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(fraus/?  to  cheat,  beguile,  de¬ 
fraud. 

fraus,  fraudis,  /.,  deceit,  decep¬ 
tion,  guile,  crime. 

frendo,  frendere,  no  perf. ,  fre¬ 
sum  or  fressum,  n.  and  a.,  to 
gnash  (with  the  teeth) ,  to  crush. 
frenum,  i,  n.  (pi.  sometimes 
freni,  orum),  a  bit,  curb ,  re¬ 
straint. 

frequens,  entis,  adj.,  often,  fre¬ 
quent,  common,  usual;  full, 
crowded,  numerous. 
frequen-ter,  adv.  (frequens), 

often,  frequently. 

frequent-ia,  ae,  f.  (frequens,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  an  assemblage,  mul¬ 
titude,  crowd,  throng. 
frequento,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(frequens),  to  visit,  frequent, 
resort ;  to  crowd. 

fretus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  relying  or  de¬ 
pending  upon,  trusting  to. 

frig-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (frigus), 
cold,  cool. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


33 


frigus,  Sris,  n.,  cold ,  coldness. 
frons,  frondis,  /.,  a  leaf;  leaves , 
foliage.  [ brow ,  front. 

frons,  frontis,  f ,  the  forehead , 
fructu-osus,  a,  um,  «r//.  (fructus, 
§  44,  1,  c,  3),  fruitful,  produc¬ 
tive,  advantageous ,  prof  table. 
fruc-tus,  us,  to.,  fruit ,  profit ,  ad¬ 
vantage,  income. 

frugal-itas,  atis,  /.  (frugalis,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  economy ,  temper¬ 
ance,  thriftiness ,  frugality. 
fruges,  um,  /.  pi.  (frux) ,  fruits  of 
the  earth ,  crops. 

frument-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (fru¬ 
mentum),  of  corn;  res  fru¬ 
mentaria,  corn,  provisions. 
fru-mentum,  i,  n.  (fruor),  corn, 
grain. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus  and  fruitus 
sum,  dep.  a.,  to  enjoy,  delight  in. 
frustra,  adv.,  without  effect,  in  vain; 

without  cause.  [ banishment . 

ftig-a,  as,  f  (ftigio),  a  fight,  exile, 
fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  fugitum,  n. 
and  a.,  to  flee  or  fly ;  to  run 
away;  to  pass  away,  disappear, 
perish;  to  avoid,  shun,  escape. 
fulg-or,  oris,  m.  (fulgeo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  flash,  glitter,  gleam ,  bright¬ 
ness. 

fulgeo,  fulgere,  fulsi,  no  sup.,  n., 
to  flash,  lighten. 

fulg-ur,  uris,  n.  (fulgeo),  light¬ 
ning ;  brightness ,  splendor. 
Fulvia,  se,  f,  wife  of  Clodius 
and  of  Antony. 

fund-itor,  oris,  m.  (funda,  a 

sling),  one  who  slings,  a  slinger. 
fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fusum,  a., 
to  pour ,  shed  out ;  to  bring  forth, 
scatter,  rout ;  lacrimas  fundere, 
to  shed  tears;  hostes  fundere, 
to  rout  the  enemy;  fundi,  to  be 
poured  out,  to  flow. 
fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  dep. , 
to  perform,  execute,  administer , 
discharge ,  observe,  do,  fulfil. 
f  un-Iculus,  i,  m.  dim.  (funis,  §  44, 
1,  c,  3),  a  slender  rope,  a  cord. 
funis,  is,  m.,  a  rope,  line;  cable. 


funus,  Sris,  n.,  funeral  rites, 

burial. 

fur,  furis,  com.  gen.,  a  thief ,  ras¬ 
cal. 

fur-or,  oris,  m.  (furo,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  rage,  madness ,  fury . 


G. 

Gades,  ium ,f.,  a  colony  in  south¬ 
ern  Hispania  (Cadiz). 

Gaius  (Caius),  ii,  m.,  a  Roman 
name. 

Galba,  ae,  m.,  a  Roman  emperor; 

a  chief  of  the  Suessiones. 

Galli,  orum,  m.,  the  people  of 
Gaul. 

galea,  a e,f.,  a  helmet. 

Gallia,  se,f.,  Gaul. 

Gallic-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Galli¬ 
cus),  Gallic. 

Gall-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Gallia), 
Gallic.  [hen. 

gall-ina,  se,f.  (gallus,  a  cock),  a 
Gallus,  i,  m.,  a  Gaul. 

Gallus,  i,  to.,  a  Roman  name, 
garrul-itas,  atis,  f.  (garrulus,  § 
44,  1 ,  c,  2),  a  chattering,  prating, 
talkativeness,  garrulity. 
garr-ulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (garrio,  to 
chatter),  chattering,  prating, 
babbling,  talkative. 

Garumna,  ae,  to.  ,  a  river  of  Gaul 
(now  Garonne'). 

gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum, 

n.  semi-dep.  (§  35,  2),  to  rejoice, 
be  glad. 

gaud-ium,  ii,  n.  (gaudeo,  §  44,  1, 

c.  2) ,  joy,  gladness,  delight. 
gel-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gelo,  to 
freeze),  icy  cold,  very  cold. 
gelu,  us,  n.,  cold,  frost,  chill. 
gemina-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (gemino), 
doubled ,  double. 

gemino,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n. 
(geminus),  to  double,  to  join ; 
to  be  double. 

ge-minus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gSno,  to 
bring  forth),  twin,  double;  ge¬ 
mini  fratres,  twins. 


3 


34 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


gemma,  ee,f.,  precious  stone,  gem, 

jewel. 

gemo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.  and  a.,  to 

sigh,  groan,  moan,  lament. 
gener,  eri,  m.,  a  son-in-law. 
Geneva,  ae,/.,  a  city  of  the  Allo¬ 
broges. 

gen-itus,  a,  um,  part,  (gigno), 

begotten,  born. 

gens,  gentis,  /.,  a  clan ,  tribe,  race. 
genu,  us,  n.,  the  knee. 
genus,  eris,  n.,  birth,  descent, 
origin,  race,  posterity. 
Germanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  German. 
Germani,  5rum,  m.  pi.,  the  Ger¬ 
mans. 

gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestum,  a., 

to  wear ,  bear,  carry,  do,  transact, 
carry  on ;  se  gerere,  to  conduct 
one's  self;  bellum  gerere,  to 
carry  on  war ;  res  gestae,  deeds, 
exploits ;  morem  gerere,  to 
humor. 

gesta,  orum,  n.  pi.  (gero),  deeds, 
exploits. 

gest-Ito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(gesto,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2,  b), 
to  carry  often,  carry,  bear. 
ges-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(gero,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2,  b ),  to 
bear,  carry,  hare. 
ges-tus,  a,  um ,  part,  of  gero. 
gigno,  gignere,  genui,  genitum, 
a. ,  to  beget,  bear,  bring  forth, 
produce. 

glacies,  ei ,f.,  ice. 
gladi-ator,  oris,  m.  (gladius),  a 
swordsman,  gladiator. 
gladius,  ii,  m.,  a  sword. 
glans,  glandis,  f,  an  acorn,  nut ; 
an  acorn-shaped  ball  of  lead  or 
clay. 

glSria,  ae,/*.,  glory,  fame,  renown; 
ambition,  pride,  boasting,  brag¬ 
ging. 

glori-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(gloria),  to  glory,  boast,  vaunt, 
pride  one's  self  on  any  thing, 
glori-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gloria,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3) ,  full  of  glory,  glori¬ 
ous,  famous ,  renowned;  vain¬ 


glorious,  boasting ,  bragging , 

conceited. 

Gn.  (Cn.),  Gnseus,  a  Roman 
name. 

Gracchus,  i,  m.,  Tiberius  Grac¬ 
chus,  tribune,  b.c.  133;  and 
his  brother,  Caius  Gracchus, 
tribune,  b.c.  123;  both  authors 
of  popular  laws,  and  slain  by 
the  nobility. 

gradior,  gradi,  gressus  sum,  dep., 

to  step,  walk,  go. 

grad-us,  us,  m.  (gradior),  a  step, 
pace ;  station,  position ;  step  or 
round  of  a  ladder ;  degree. 

Graec-ulus,  i,  m.  dim.  (Graecus,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  a  Greekling  ',  a  poor 
Greek. 

Graecus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Greek. 

Graecus,  i,  m.,  a  Greek. 

gramen,  inis,  n  ,  grass ;  a  plant, 

herb. 

gramm-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gramen, 
§  44,  1  c,  3),  grassy. 

grammatica,  a e,f,  grammar,  phi¬ 
lology,  criticism. 

grandis,  e,  adj. ,  big,  large,  great, 
full,  abundant;  grown-up,  tall; 
aged,  old;  strong,  powerful. 

granum,  i,  n.,  a  grain,  seed,  kernel. 

graphium,  ii,  n.,  a  writing-style. 

grates,  pi.  (usually  only  in  the 
nom.  and  acc.'),  f,  thanks; 
grates  agere,  to  give  thanks. 

grat-ia,  ae,  f.  (gratus,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2) ,  favor,  esteem,  regard,  liking, 
love,  friendship  ;  charm,  beauty, 
grace;  kindness,  courtesy,  ser¬ 
vice,  obligation;  gratiae,  pi., 
thanks ;  agere  gratias,  to  give 
thanks  ;  facere  gratiam,  to  grant 
pardon,  forgive;  gratia,  with 
the  gen.  (§  54,  3,  c),  for  the 
sake  of,  on  account  of,  in  re¬ 
ference  to,  for  the  purpose  of; 
ea  gratia,  for  this  or  that  reason, 
on  this  or  that  account ;  gratiam 
debere,  to  owe  thanks,  be  under 
obligations  to ;  gratiam  red¬ 
dere,  to  requite,  recompense  ;  in 
gratiam  reducere,  to  reconcile. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


35 


gratiila-tio,  onis,  /.  (gratulor,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  a  congratulation ;  a 
rejoicing,  jog  ;  a  religious  festi¬ 
val  of  joy  and  thanksgiving . 
grat-ulor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(gratus),  to  wish  joy ,  congratu¬ 
late  ;  to  give  thanks ;  to  thank. 
gratus,  a,  urn,  adj. ,  beloved,  dear, 
pleasing,  agreeable ;  thankful, 
grateful. 

gravat-e,  adv.  (gravatus),  with 
difficulty,  unwillingly. 
grava-tim,  adv.  (gravo),  with 
difficulty,  unwillingly . 
gravis,  e,  aclj.,  heavy,  weighty , 
burdensome ;  important,  grave, 
severe,  violent. 

grav-iter,  adv.  (gravis),  heavily, 
severely,  weightily elaborately, 
painfully,  harshly,  seriously. 
gravo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (gravis), 
to  load,  burden,  weigh  down, 
oppress. 

gravor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (gra¬ 
vis),  to  take  amiss ,  bear  with 
reluctance. 

grSmium,  ii,  n .,  the  lap,  bosom. 
gres-sus,  us,  m.  (gradior,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  stepping,  going,  step, 
course,  way. 

grex,  gregis,  m.,  a  jlock,  herd, 
drove ;  troop,  band,  crowd,  com¬ 
pany. 

giiberna-tor,  oris,  m.  (gubemo, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  steersman,  pilot ; 
ruler,  governor. 

guberno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

steer  or  pilot  a  ship;  to  direct, 
manage,  govern. 

gusto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  taste, 
partake  of. 

gymnasium,  ii,  n.,  a  public  school 
for  gymnastic  exercises. 

H. 

habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitum, 

a.,  to  have,  hold,  keep,  possess ; 
to  think,  consider,  regard,  esteem ; 

bene  se  habere,  to  be  well ;  sic 


habere,  to  be  even  so;  haberi 
pro,  to  be  regarded  as. 
hab-ilis,  e,  adj.  (habeo),  suitable , 
fit,  proper ;  light,  nimble,  swift. 
hab-ito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n. 
intens.  (habeo,  §  36,  b,  and  44, 
2,  b),  to  have  possession  of,  to 
inhabit ;  to  dwell,  reside. 
hab-itus,  us,  m.  (habeo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  condition,  plight,  habit , 
state  ;  dress,  attire ;  nature,  char¬ 
acter.  [ this  time ,  hitherto. 

hac-tenus,  adv.,  thus  far,  up  to 
Hadria,  ae,  m.,  the  Adriatic  sea. 
hsedus,  i,  m.,  a  young  goat,  a  kid. 
haereo,  haerere,  haesi,  haesum, 
n.,  to  hold  fast ,  hang,  stick ,  ad¬ 
here,  be  fixed,  sit  firm. 
hamus,  i ,  m.,  a  hook. 

Hannibal,  alis,  m.,  the  son  of 
Hamilcar,  leader  of  the  Car¬ 
thaginians  in  the  second  Punic 
War. 

Hanno,  onis,  m.,  a  Carthaginian 
leader. 

Harudes,  um,  m.  pi.,  a  German 
tribe  in  Gaul. 

haruspex,  icis,  m.,  an  inspector 
of  entrails,  interpreter  of  sacri¬ 
fices,  a  soothsayer ,  diviner  (who 
foretold  future  events  from  the 
inspection  of  victims) . 
Hasdrubal,  alis,  m.,  a  Cartha¬ 
ginian  leader. 

hasta,  ae,  f,  a  spear ,  lance,  spike, 

javelin. 

haud,  adv.,  not  at  all,  by  no  means , 

not. 

haud-quaquam,  adv.,  not  at  all, 

by  no  means. 

haurio,  haurire,  hausi,  haustum, 

a.,  to  drain,  empty,  drink  up  ; 
devour,  destroy,  consume,  drink 
in,  exhaust. 

hebes,  Stis,  adj.,  blunt,  dull, 
stupid ,  obtuse. 

hSbeto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (hSbes), 

to  make  blunt ;  to  dull ,  impair , 
dim ;  to  weaken. 

Helvetia,  ae,/.,  modern  Switzer¬ 
land. 


36 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Helvetii,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  people 
of  Gallia. 

Helvetius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Helvetian , 
of  the  Helvetii ;  ager  Helvetius, 
the  territory  of  the  Helvetii. 
herba,  se,  f.,  grass,  green  blades , 
herbage. 

hered-itas,  atis,  f.  (heres,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  heirship ,  an  inheritance. 
heres,  edis,  m.  and  sometimes  f, 
an  heir,  heiress ;  owner ,  possessor . 
heri  or  here,  adv.,  yesterday; 
lately. 

heu,  interj.  (an  exclamation  of 
pain  or  grief)  oh  !  ah  !  alas  ! 
hiberna,  orum,  n.  pi.,  winter- 

quarters. 

hib-ernus,  a,  um,  adj.  (hiems), 
of  or  belonging  to  winter; 
wintry , 

hie,  hsec,  hoc,  pron.  demonstr.  (§ 
20,  2,  a),  this ,  this  of  mine ;  he, 
she,  it ;  the  latter  opposed  to 
ille ;  hoc,  on  this  account,  in 
this  way. 

hie,  adv.,  here,  hereupon. 
hiemo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a. 
(hiems) ,  to  pass  the  winter,  win¬ 
ter  ;  to  be  wintry ,  frozen ,  cold. 
hiems  (mps),  emis,^.,  the  winter ; 
a  storm ,  tempest. 

hilar-e,  adv.  (hilaris),  cheerfully, 
gayly ;  joyfully,  merrily. 
hilaris,  e;  -us,  a,  um,  adj.,  cheer¬ 
ful,  lively,  gay,  merry. 
hilar-itas,  atis,  f.  (hilaris,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  cheerfulness,  gayety, 
good-humor,  mirth, 
hinc,  adv.  (hie),  from  this  place, 
from  here ;  from  this  time,  here¬ 
after  ;  ago,  since;  hence;  hinc 
.  .  .  hinc,  on  the  one  hand  .  .  . 
on  the  other. 

hirundo,  inis,  f.,  a  swallow. 
Hispania,  se,  Spain.  [now. 
ho-die,  adv.  (hoc;  die),  to-day, 
Homerus,  i,  m.,  Homer;  the  great 
epic  poet  of  Greece. 
h6mo,  inis,  com.  gen.,  a  human 
being;  a  man  or  woman,  a 
mortal. 


hbnes-tas,  atis,  f.  (honestus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  honor,  reputation, 
character,  respectability ,  credit ; 
honesty,  probity,  integrity. 
hones- tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (honor), 
honored,  distinguished,  respect¬ 
able,  noble,  virtuous. 
honor  (os),  oris,  m. ,  honor,  repute, 
respect,  esteem ,  dignity,  integrity  ; 
honores,  pi.,  offices  of  honor, 
public  offices. 

honora- tus,  a,  um,  part .  (hbnoro), 

honored,  respected,  respectable, 
distinguished. 

honorific-e,  adv.  (honorificus), 
comp,  honorificentius,  sup. 
honorificentissime,  with  honor 
or  respect ;  in  an  honorable  man¬ 
ner,  honorably. 

honor-i-f  icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (hSnor ; 
facio),  bringing  honor,  honor¬ 
able;  comp,  honorificentior, 
sup.  honorificentissimus, 
honoro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(honor),  to  honor,  respect,  adorn. 
hora,  se,f.,  an  hour ;  time,  season. 
Horatius,  ii,  m.  (a),  the  name  of 
the  three  brothers,  in  the  time 
of  Tullus  Hostilius,  who  fought 
against  the  Alban  Curiatii;  (b) 
Horatius  Codes,  who,  in  the 
war  with  Porsenna,  defended  a 
bridge  single-handed, 
hordeum,  i,  n.,  barley. 
horre-ndus,  a,  um,  part,  (horreo), 
dreadful,  terrible,  fearful,  terrife, 
horrible. 

horreo,  horrere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
n.  and  a.,  to  bristle;  to  tremble, 
shudder ;  to  shudder  or  be  fright¬ 
ened  at,  to  dread ;  to  look  rough, 
dreadful,  horrid. 

horreum,  i,  n. ,  a  store-house,  bam, 

granary. 

horr-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (horreo), 
rough,  shaggy,  bristly;  savage , 
wild;  unpolished,  uncouth. 
horr-or,  oris,  m.  (horreo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  bristling  ;  a  shaking ; 
dread,  terror,  horror  ;  veneration, 
religious  awe. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


37 


horta-tio,  onis,  f.  (hortor,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  an  encouragement ,  ex¬ 
hortation. 

horta-tus,  us,  m.  (hortor,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  an  encouragement,  exhorta¬ 
tion. 

hortor,  ari,  a  tus  sum,  dep.,  to 
incite,  instigate,  encourage ,  cheer, 
exhort,  urge. 
hortus,  i,  m.,  a  garden. 
hospes,  itis,  m.,  a  sojourner , 
visitor,  guest,  friend ;  a  stranger, 
foreigner. 

hospit-ium,  ii,  n.  (hospes),  hos¬ 
pitality  ;  a  place  of  hospitality , 
lodging,  inn. 

host-ilis,  e,  adj.  (hostis,  §  44,  1, 

c,  3),  of  or  belonging  'o  an 
enemy ,  hostile. 

hostil-iter,  adv.  (hostilis),  like 
an  enemy,  hostilely. 
hostis,  is,  com.  gen.,  a  stranger , 
an  enemy. 

hue,  adv.  (hie),  to  this  place, 
hither  ;  hitherto,  thus  far ;  hue 

illuc  and  huc  et  illuc,  hither 
and  thither. 

hujus-mbdi,  of  this  kind. 
human-! tas,  atis,/1.  (humanus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  human  nature,  hu¬ 
manity,  philanthropy ,  gentle¬ 
ness,  kindness ;  liberal  culture, 
refinement. 

hum-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (homo), 
pertaining  to  man,  human,  gentle, 
kind,  courteous ,  civilized. 
humerus,  i,  m.,  the  shoulder. 
hum-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (humeo, 
to  be  moist),  moist,  humid,  damp, 
wet. 

hum-ilis,  e,  adj.  (humus),  low, 
lowly,  small,  slight ;  humble, 
poor,  insignificant ;  low,  mean  ; 
humili  loco  natum  esse,  to  be 
of  lowly  birth. 

humor,  oris,  m.,  a  liquid,  fluid, 
moisture. 

hhmus,  i,  f.  (§  55,  3,  d),  the 
earth,  ground,  soil,  land,  coun¬ 
try. 


I. 

vs 

Ibi,  adv.,  in  that  place,  there  ;  then, 
thereupon. 

ibidem,  adv.,  in  the  same  place, 
just  there ,  there  too. 

Iccius,  Remus,  i,  m. ,  a  chief  of 
the  Remi. 

ico,  icere,  ici,  ictum,  a. ,  to  strike, 
hit ,  smite,  stab ;  foedus  icere, 
to  make  or  conclude  a  treaty. 
ic-tus,  us,  m.  (ico,  §  44,  1,  c,  2), 
a  blow ,  stroke,  hit,  stab ,  thrust. 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  pron.,  the 
same,  very ;  idem  qui,  the  same  as. 
ideo,  adv. ,  for  that  reason,  on 
that  account,  therefore. 
idoneus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  meet, proper, 
suitable,  apt ,  able,  capable,  con¬ 
venient,  sufficient. 
idus,  imm,  f.  pi. ,  the  Ides ;  the 
fifteenth  day  of  the  months 
March,  May,  July,  and  Octo¬ 
ber,  the  thirteenth  day  of  the 
remaining  months, 
igitur,  conj.  (§  43,  2,  d),  then, 
thereupon ;  therefore ,  conse¬ 
quently. 

ignis,  is,  m.,  fire. 
i-gnosco,  gnoscere,  gnovi,  gno- 
tum,  a.  (in;  gnosco  =  nosco, 

with  dat. ),  to  pardon,  forgive , 
excuse ,  overlook. 

i-gnotus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  gno- 
tus  =  notus) ,  unknown. 
ille,  a,  ud,  pron.  demonstr.  (§  2Q> 
2,  b) ,  that,  that  yonder  ;  hie  .  .  . 
ille,  this  .  .  .  that,  the  one  .  .  . 
the  other.  [there. 

illic,  adv.  (ille;  ce),  in  that  place, 
il-lico,  adv.  (in;  16co),  on  the 
spot ,  instantly,  there.  [thither. 
illuc,  adv.  (ille),  to  that  place, 
il-ludo,  ludere,  lusi,  lusum,  n. 
(in;  ludo),  to  play  with,  jest, 
mock,  ridicule. 

il-lustris,  is,  adj.  (in;  lustro,  to 

purify),  clear,  bright,  light,  lus¬ 
trous ;  famous ,  honorable,  illus¬ 
trious. 


38 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


imago,  Inis,  f. ,  an  image  or  like¬ 
ness,  statue,  picture. 
imbecillus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  weak , 

feeble. 

im-bellis,  e,  adj.  (in;  bellum), 

unwarlike ,  peaceful,  fond  of 
peace. 

imber,  bris,  m. ,  a  shower,  rain¬ 
storm,  storm. 

imbuo,  buere,  bui,  butum,  a., 

to  wet,  moisten ,  soak,  steep, 
saturate ;  taint,  infect. 

Imita-tio,  onis,  f  (imitor,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  the  act  of  imitating, 
imitation. 

Imitor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
imitate ,  copy,  represent. 
immanis,  e,  adj.,  monstrous,  enor¬ 
mous,  huge;  fierce,  savage , 
wild. 

im-maturus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in ;  ma¬ 
turus)  ,  unripe,  immature ;  un¬ 
seasonable,  untimely,  premature. 
im-memor,  moris,  adj.  (in;  me¬ 
mor),  unmindful,  forgetful. 
im-mensus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in ; 
mensus,  measured),  immeasur¬ 
able,  boundless,  immense. 
imminens,  entis,  part,  (immi¬ 
neo),  imminent. 

im-mineo,  ere,  no  perf. ,  no  sup. , 
n.  (in;  mlneo,  to  project),  to 
hang  down  over,  overhang  ;  to  be 
near  to,  to  touch  on,  border  upon  ; 
to  threaten;  to  be  intent  upon, 
strive  for. 

im-minuo,  minuere,  minui,  mi¬ 
nutum,  a.  (in;  minuo),  to  lessen, 
diminish  ;  weaken ,  impair. 
im-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 
a.  (in;  mitto),  to  send  into,  to 
hurl  against,  discharge  at;  se 
immittere,  to  rush  in. 
immo  (imo) ,  adv.,  on  the  con¬ 
trary;  no  indeed,  by  no  means  ; 
yes  indeed,  certainly ,  by  all 
means. 

im-mobilis,  e,  adj.  (in ;  mobilis), 
immovable ,  unmoved. 
im-mdlo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in; 
mbla) ,  to  sacrifice. 


im-mortalis,  e,  adj.  (in;  mor¬ 
talis)  ,  undying,  immortal,  im¬ 
perishable,  eternal ,  endless . 
im-motus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  mo¬ 
tus),  unmoved,  immovable,  mo¬ 
tionless,  unshaken,  undisturbed. 
imo,  see  immo. 

im-muto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in; 

muto),  to  change,  alter. 
im-par ,  aris ,  adj.  (in ;  par) ,  un¬ 
even,  unequal ,  not  a  match  for. 
im-patiens ,  entis ,  adj.  (in  ;  pa¬ 
tiens),  not  able  to  bear,  not  en¬ 
during,  impatient. 
impedi-mentum,  i,  n.  (impgdio, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  hindrance,  im¬ 
pediment  ;  impedimenta,  orum, 
n.  pi.,  baggage. 

im-pedio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(in  ;  pes) ,  to  entangle ,  ensnare , 
shackle ,  hinder;  embarrass ,  im¬ 
pede. 

impedi-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (impg- 
dio),  hindered,  obstructed,  im¬ 
peded,  encumbered. 
im-pello,  pellere,  puli,  pulsum, 
a.  (in;  pello),  to  push  against; 
to  drive  forward,  urge  on,  impel , 
incite,  persuade. 

im-pendeo,  pendere,  no  perf,  no 
sup.,  n.  (in;  pendeo),  to  hang 
over,  overhang,  impend. 
im-pendo,  pendere,  pendi,  pen- 
sum,  a.  (in ;  pendo) ,  to  weigh 
out,  lay  out,  expend;  devote,  em¬ 
ploy. 

impen-sa,  se,  f.  (impendo) ,  out¬ 
lay,  cost,  charge ,  expense. 
impera-tor,  oris,  m.  (impero,  § 
44,  1,  c,  1),  general,  commander, 
leader ,  chief  ruler,  master. 
impera-tum,  i,  n.  (impero) ,  a 
command,  order. 

im-perfectus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in; 
perfectus),  unfinished ,  incom¬ 
plete,  imperfect. 

im-peritus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in ;  pSri- 
tus) ,  inexperienced ,  unskilled, 
ignorant. 

imper-ium,  ii,  n.  (impSro,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  command,  order ;  au- 


VOCABULARY. - 1. 


39 


thority ,  control;  dominion ,  em¬ 
pire ,  government. 

im-pSro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in; 
paro),  to  command ,  order ,  ew- 
join ;  govern ,  rule  over;  impe¬ 
rare  obsides  alicui,  £o  demand 
hostages  from  any  one. 
im-petro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in; 
patro) ,  io  accomplish ,  obtain, 
procure ,  to  make  a  request  and 
have  it  granted. 

impetus,  us,  m. ,  an  attack ,  assault, 
onset;  violent  impulse,  impetu¬ 
osity  ,  violence,  fury ,  force,  eager¬ 
ness,  excitement.  [ wickedly . 

impi-e,  adv.  (impius),  irreligiously , 
im-plger,  gra,  grum,  adj.  (in; 
piger) ,  diligent,  active ,  quick, 
energetic. 

im-pingo,  pingere,  pegi,  pactum, 
a.  (in;  pango),  to  drive  against, 
strike,  thrust,  or  dash  against. 
im-pius,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  pius) , 
irreverent,  ungodly,  undutiful, 
unpatriotic,  abandoned,  wicked. 
im-pleo,  plere,  plevi,  pletum, 
a.  (in;  pleo),  to  fill  up;  fill 
full;  satisfy. 

im-plico,  are,  avi  or  ui,  atum  or 
Itum,  a.  (in;  plico),  to  infold, 
involve,  envelope,  entwine,  en¬ 
tangle. 

im-ploro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in; 
ploro) ,  to  invoke  with  tears,  call 
to  one's  assistance,  call  upon  for 
aid ;  to  invoke,  beseech,  entreat, 
implore. 

im-pono,  ponere,  posui,  posi¬ 
tum,  a.  (in;  pono),  to  put 
upon,  lay  on,  impose  upon ;  fi¬ 
nem  imponere,  to  make  an  end,. 
im-potens,  entis,  adj.  (in;  p6- 
tens),  powerless,  weak,  feeble. 
im-primis,  adv.  (in;  primis),  in 
the  first  place,  chiefly ,  especially. 
im-primo,  primere,  pressi,  pres¬ 
sum,  a.  (in;  premo),  to  press 
upon,  impress,  imprint,  mark. 
im-pr5bo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(in;  prbbo),  to  disapprove, 
blame,  condemn,  reject. 


im-pr6bus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  prb- 

bus),  wicked,  bad. 
im-provisus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in ;  pro¬ 
visus)  ,  not  foreseen,  unexpected  ; 
ex  improviso ,  unexpectedly. 
im -prudens,  entis,  adj.  (in;  pru¬ 
dens),  not  foreseeing,  imprudent, 
inconsiderate. 

imprudent-ia,  ee,  f.  (impru¬ 
dens,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  want  of 
foresight,  imprudence,  indiscre¬ 
tion. 

im-pubes,  eris  and  is ,  adj.  (in; 
pubes),  under  the  age  of  puber¬ 
ty,  youthful,  beardless. 
im-pudens,  pudentis,  adj.  (in; 
pudens)  ,  without  shame,  shame¬ 
less,  impudent. 

im-pugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(in;  pugno),  to  fight  against, 
attack,  assail,  oppose. 
impun-e,  adv.  (impunis),  without 
punishment,  safely. 
im-punitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  puni¬ 
tus),  unpunished,  safe,  secure. 
imus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superlative  of 
inferus),  inmost,  deepest ,  lowest, 
bottom  of. 

in,  prep,  with  acc.  and  abl.  (§  56, 
1,  c),  1.  with  acc.,  in,  into, 
against,  after,  for;  in  dies, 
from  day  to  day  ;  2.  with  abl., 
in,  among,  upon,  before,  in  the 
presence  of. 

Inanis,  e,  adj.,  empty,  void ,  vain. 
in -calesco,  calescere,  calui,  no 
sup.,  n.  inch,  (in;  caleo,  §  36, 
a,  and  44,  2  ,b),  to  grow  warm 
or  hot,  to  glow  ;  to  become  heated. 
in-cautus,  a,  um,  adj.,  incautious, 
heedless,  inconsiderate. 
in-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
n.  and  a.,  to  go,  proceed ,  ad¬ 
vance,  march;  to  come  to,  befall, 
attack. 

incend-ium,  ii,  n.  (incendo,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  conflagration,  fire , 
burning  ;  ruin,  destruction. 
in-cendo,  dere,  di,  sum,  a.,  to 
set  on  fire,  kindle,  burn;  inflame, 
excite,  provoke ,  rouse,  irritate. 


40 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


incep-tum,  I,  n.  (incipio),  a  le¬ 
ginning ,  attempt ,  undertaking. 
in-certus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uncertain , 
unsettled ,  unreliable ,  doubtful , 
hesitating. 

in-cesso,  cessere,  cessivi,  or 
cessi,  no  snp.,  a.  intens.  (in; 
cedo,  §  36,  b ,  and  44,  2,  &),  fo 
fall  upon ,  assault ,  assail ,  attack ; 
upbraid ,  reproach. 
inces-sus,  us,  m.  (incedo,  §  44, 1, 
c,  2),  a  going ,  walking ,  pace, 
gait;  entrance ,  approach ;  inva¬ 
sion. 

in-cido,  cidere,  eidi,  casum,  n. 
(in;  cado),  to  fall  in  with,  fall 
upon ,  attack ,  assail ;  to  happen , 
occnr ;  in  mentionem  inci¬ 
dere,  tfo  mention  accidentally ; 
impers.  incidit,  ^  happens,  with 
dat. 

in-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum,  a. 
and  n.  (in;  capio),  begin, 
commence ,  set  about ,  undertake. 
in-cito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  set 
in  rapid  motion ;  to  incite,  en¬ 
courage,  stimulate,  rouse,  excite , 
spur  on  ;  stir  up,  increase. 
in-citus,  a,  um,  adj.,  rapid,  swift. 
in-clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n. ,  to  call  upon  for  assistance ;  to 
invoke ;  to  cry  out  against,  abuse, 
rebuke,  revile ,  chide;  to.  call  out 
aloud. 

in-clino,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n., 

to  bend  doivn,  incline ,  sink,  yield, 
give  way;  in  fugam  inclinare, 
to  be  on  the  point  of  feeing ;  in¬ 
clinari,  to  be  on  the  point  of  fall¬ 
ing. 

in-cludo,  dere,  si  sum,  a.  (in; 
claudo),  to  shut  up,  confine,  in¬ 
clude,  inclose. 

in-clytus  (clitus),  a,  um,  adj. 
(in;  clueo),  celebrated,  renown¬ 
ed,  famous,  illustrious ,  glorious. 
incola,  ae,  com.  gen.  (incolo),  an 
inhabitant ,  resident. 
in-colo,  cblere,  colui,  no  sup. ,  a. 
and  n. ,  to  dwell  or  abide  in  a 
place,  to  inhabit. 


in-c61umis,  e,  adj. ,  unimpaired , 

uninjured,  safe,  sound. 
in-commodum,  i,  n.,  trouble,  loss, 
misfortune ,  defeat. 
in-commodus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  incon¬ 
venient,  unsuitable,  unfit ,  trouble¬ 
some,  disagreeable. 
in-credibilis,  e,  adj.  (in;  credo), 
incredible,  extraordinary,  un¬ 
paralleled. 

incredibil-iter,  adv.  (incredibi¬ 
lis),  incredibly,  wonderfully ,  ex¬ 
traordinarily. 

in-crepo,  are,  avi  or  ui,  atum  or 
itum,  n.  and  a.,  to  make  a  noise, 
rustle,  rattle;  to  chide,  rebuke , 
reprove ;  to  clash. 
in-cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  no 
sup. ,  n.,  to  grow  in;  to  grow, 
increase,  be  augmented. 
in-cultus,  a,  um,  adj.  (colo) ,  un¬ 
cultivated,  untilled  ;  unpolished, 
neglected,  rude. 

in-cumbo,  cumbere,  cubui,  cubi¬ 
tum,  n.,  to  lean  upon,  recline; 
to  apply  or  devote  one’s  self  to, 
pay  attention  to. 

in-curia,  Ee,  f.  (in ;  euro),  want 
of  care ,  negligence,  neglect. 
incur-sio,  onis,  f.  (incurro,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  an  onset,  assault,  attack, 
incursion. 

in-cuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in; 
causa) ,  to  accuse,  blame ,  com¬ 
plain  of,  find  fault  with. 
in-cutio,  cutere,  cussi,  cussum, 
a.  (in;  quatio),  to  strike  or 
dash  against;  to  inspire  with,  in¬ 
flict,  excite,  produce;  to  throw, 
cast,  hurl. 

inde,  adv.,  from  that  place,  from 
there,  thence ;  thereafter,  there¬ 
upon,  then. 

in-decorus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  unbecom¬ 
ing,  unseemly ,  indecorous,  dis¬ 
graceful,  shameful. 
index,  icis,  com.  gen.  (indico), 
an  informer,  betrayer ,  spy ;  sign , 
mark,  index. 

in-dico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

make  known,  point  out,  declare, 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


41 


disclose,  reveal ,  indicate;  ac¬ 
cuse. 

in-dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum,  a., 

to  proclaim ,  publish ,  announce , 
appoint ;  order ,  enjoin. 

in-dictus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  not  said, 
unsaid ,  unsung. 

ind-igeo,  lgere,  igui,  no  sup. 
(&geo),  to  need,  want,  stand  in 
need  or  want  of;  to  long  for ,  de¬ 
sire. 

in  digna- tio,  onis,  f.  (indignor, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  displeasure ,  indig¬ 
nation. 

indign-e,  adv.  (indignus),  un¬ 
worthily,  shamefully,  disgrace¬ 
fully,  dishonorably. 

indign-itas,  atis,  f.  (indignus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  unworthiness ,  vile¬ 
ness,  enormity ,  meanness,  indig¬ 
nity. 

in-dignor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. ,  to 
deem  unworthy ,  to  be  displeased , 
be  indignant. 

in-dignus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  unworthy, 
undeserving,  unsuitable,  unbe¬ 
coming ,  intolerable. 

in-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a.,  to 
put  into,  impart,  inspire ,  infuse  ; 
set  over,  introduce ;  assign,  give 
to. 

in-d5cllis,  e,  adj.,  difficult  to  be 
taught,  unteachable,  not  docile ; 
unlearned,  ignorant,  rude. 

ind-oles,  is,/,  (olesco,  to  grow), 
inborn  or  native  quality ,  nature  ; 
natural  abilities,  talents ,  genius  ; 
disposition ,  character. 

in-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 
a. ,  to  lead  into,  conduct,  bring 
in  or  upon ,  introduce,  represent , 
exhibit ,  induce ;  inducere  ani¬ 
mum  or  in  animum,  to  deter¬ 
mine. 

in-dulgeo,  dulgere,  dulsi,  dul- 
tum,  n.  and  a.  (in;  dulcis),  to 

be  courteous ,  kind;  to  indulge, 
humor,  give  way  to;  concede, 
allow,  grant. 

in-duo,  duSre,  dui,  dutum,  a.,  to 

put  on,  dress  in,  assume ,  clothe; 


in  pass.,  indui  vestem,  to  put 

on  a  garment  (§  52,  3,  remark), 
industria,  se,  /  ,  diligence ,  activity , 
industry  ;  de  industria ,  pur¬ 
posely ,  on  purpose. 
in-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a.  and 
n. ,  irreg.,  to  go  into,  enter;  to 
enter  upon,  begin,  undertake, 
take  part  in;  inire  consilium, 
to  form  a  plan ;  inire  foedus,  to 
make  a  treaty;  inire  gratiam, 
to  get  into  the  good  graces  of. 
in-ermis,  e,  adj.  (in;  arma),  un¬ 
armed,  without  weapons,  defence¬ 
less. 

in-ermus,  a,  um,  adj.  ,see  inermis. 
In-ers,  ertis,  adj.  (in ;  ars),  un¬ 
skilled ;  inactive,  idle,  indolent, 
sluggish. 

infacet-e,  adv.  (infacetus),  coarse¬ 
ly,  rudely,  unwittily,  stupidly. 
in-facetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  coarse, 
blunt,  rude,  unmannerly ,  not 
witty,  stupid. 

in-famis,  e,  adj.  (in ;  fama),  of 

ill  report,  disreputable ,  notorious , 
infamous, 

in-fandus,  a,  um,  adj.  (not  to  be 
spoken  of) ,  unspeakable ,  un¬ 
utterable,  unheard  of,  unnatural, 
shocking,  abominable. 
in-fans,  antis,  adj.  (in;  for), 
speechless ,  mute ,  dumb;  very 
young,  little.  As  noun,  com. 
gen. ,  an  infant,  babe. 
in-fectus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  facio), 
not  done,  undone,  unperformed, 
unfinished ;  impossible ,  imprac¬ 
ticable. 

in-felix,  icis,  adj.,  unfortunate, 
unhappy,  miserable. 
in-fensus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in ;  fendo, 

obsolete),  hostile,  inimical,  en¬ 
raged. 

inferior,  ius,  adj.  {comp,  of  infe¬ 
rus),  lower,  later,  inferior. 
in-fero,  inferre,  intuli,  illatum, 

a. ,  irreg. ,  to  carry  in  or  into  ;  to 
bring,  put ,  or  throw  into  or  to  ;  to 
bring  forward,  introduce ;  pro¬ 
duce,  make ,  cause  ;  allege ;  con- 


42 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


elude ,  infer;  inferre  signa,  to 
advance  the  standards ,  attack; 
inferre  pedem  or  gradum,  to 

advance ,  attack;  se  inferre,  to 
betake  one’s  self ,  repair ,  go  ;  in¬ 
ferre  vulnera,  to  inflict  wounds 
upon;  vim  inferre,  to  offer 
violence  to ,  lay  violent  hands 
on. 

in-ferus,  a,  um,  adj.  (comp,  infe¬ 
rior,  sup.  infimus  or  imus), 

low,  nether.  As  noun,  inferi, 
orum,  m.  pi.  (the  inhabitants 
of  the  lower  regions) ,  the 
dead. 

infesto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (in¬ 
festus),  to  attack ,  trouble ,  mo¬ 
lest ,  disturb ,  infest ,  injure ,  im¬ 
pair. 

in-festus,  a,  um,  adj.  (old  part. 
of  infero),  unquiet ,  unsafe  ;  hos¬ 
tile,  inimical ,  troublesome ,  dan¬ 
gerous. 

in-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
(in;  facio),  to  dip  into ,  stain, 
dye,  color,  tinge;  to  infect,  cor¬ 
rupt  ,  poison ,  spoil. 

infimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superlative 
of  inferus) ,  the  lowest ,  last , 
lowest  part  of. 

in-f  initus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  boundless , 
unlimited,  infinite ,  endless. 

in- firmus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  weak,  in¬ 
firm  ,  feeble ,  fickle. 

in-flammo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 
to  set  on  fire,  kindle,  inflame, 
arouse ,  excite. 

infla-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (inflo) , 
swollen,  inflated,  haughty , proud. 

in-flecto,  flectere,  flexi,  flexum, 

a.,  to  bend,  bow;  to  change, 
alter;  warp,  prevent;  move, 
touch,  affect. 

in-fligo,  fligere,  flixi,  flictum, 

a.,  to  strike  against,  hurl  at, 
inflict. 

in-flo,  flare,  flavi,  flatum,  a.,  to 

blow  into  ;  inflate,  puff  up,  cause 
to  swell. 

in-fluo,  fluere,  fluxi,  fluxum,  n. , 

to  flow  into,  flow  upon,  flow. 


in-formo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

give  form  to;  to  shape,  mould, 
fashion  ;  conceive ,  imagine ;  de¬ 
scribe,  represent. 

infra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc. ,  be¬ 
low,  beneath,  under,  underneath. 
in-fringo,  fringere,  fregi,  frac¬ 
tum,  a.  (in;  frango),  to  break, 
check,  weaken,  lessen,  diminish , 
mitigate,  assuage. 

infula,  ae,/.,  a  band,  bandage  ;  a 
fillet  (used  by  priests), 
in-fundo,  fundere ,  fudi ,  fusum , 
a.,  to  pour  into,  discharge;  to 
spread  upon  or  over. 
in-gemisco ,  gemiscere ,  no  perf. , 
no  'sup. ,  a.  and  n. ,  to  groan 
over,  to  bemoan;  to  groan. 
in-gemo,  gemere,  gemui,  no  sup. , 
a.  and  n.,  to  groan  or  sigh  over ; 
to  mourn  over,  lament;  to  mourn, 
lament,  groan. 

in-gen-ium,  ii,  n.  (in;  geno  = 
gigno,  that  which  is  inborn), 
character ,  disposition ,  temper ; 
genius,  abilities,  talents. 
in-gens,  entis,  adj.  (in;  gens), 
vast,  huge,  prodigious;  great 
mighty ,  strong ;  remarkable ,  dis¬ 
tinguished. 

in-gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestum,  a. , 

to  carry  or  bring  into :  to  hurl , 
cast ,  throw  :  inflict  upon,  utter 
against. 

in-gratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unpleasant, 
disagreeable;  ungrateful ,  thank¬ 
less. 

in-gravesco,  ere,  no  perf,  no 
sup.,  n. ,  to  grow  heavy ;  increase, 
become  powerful;  become  trou¬ 
bled,  wearied.  '  ♦ 

in-gredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
dep.  (in;  gradior),  to  go  into, 
enter;  engage  in,  apply  one’s 
self  to ;  begin ,  commence  ;  walk, 
advance. 

in-hibeo,  hibere,  hibui,  hibltum, 
a.  (in  ;  habeo) ,  to  keep  back , 
restrain ,  curb,  check. 

Inhonest-e,  adv.  (inhbnestus) , 

dishonorably. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


43 


In-h6nestus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  dis¬ 
honorable ,  disgraceful ,  shameful. 

Inimic-itia ,  ae,  f  (inimicus,  § 
44,l,c,2),  enmity ,  hostility. 

In-imicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  ami¬ 
cus),  unfriendly ,  hostile.  As 
noun,  m. ,  a  private  enemy  or 
foe. 

Iniqu-e,  adv.  (iniquus),  unequally , 
dissimilarly ;  unfitly ,  unsuitably  ; 
unfairly ,  unjustly. 

In-iquus,  a,  um,  ad/.  (in;  aequus), 
unequal ,  unfair ,  unjust,  disad¬ 
vantageous;  unkind ,  unfriendly. 

initio,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ini¬ 
tium),  /o  make  a  beginning ;  to 
initiate ,  consecrate. 

Ini-tium,  ii,  ra.  (ineo,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  a  beginning ,  commencement; 
origin. 

in-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(in;  jacio),  to  throw  or 
info,  cas£  wpo/i  or  against ;  infuse 
into ,  inspire;  injicere  metum 
alicui,  fo  inspire  one  with  fear. 

injuri-a,  ae (injurius),  injury , 
wrong ,  violence;  damage ,  in¬ 
side ;  injustice. 

in-jur-ius,  a,  um,  ad/.  (in;  jus), 

injurious,  unjust. 

in-jus-su,  m.  (used  only  in  the 
aW.),  (in;  jhbeo),  without  com¬ 
mand. 

in-justus,  a,  um,  ad/.,  unjust; 
harsh ,  severe  ;  unlawful,  wrong. 

in-nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum, 
dep.,  to  be  born  in;  spring  up, 
arise,  have  its  origin  in. 

in-nitor,  niti,  nisus  or  nixus 
sum,  dep.,  to  lean  or  rest  upon, 
support  one's  self  by ;  to  crush, 
to  lean. 

in-nbcens,  entis,  adj.,  harmless, 
inoffensive;  blameless,  guiltless, 
innocent ;  disinterested,  upright. 

inn6cent-ia,  ae,  f.  (innocens, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  harmlessness ; 
blamelessness ,  innocence  ;  upright¬ 
ness,  integrity. 

ln-noxius ,  a ,  um ,  adj. ,  harmless  ; 
guiltless,  blameless. 


in-ntimSrabUis ,  e ,  adj. ,  countless , 
innumerable. 

in-nuo,  nuere,  nui,  nutum,  n. , 

to  nod  to ,  give  a  sign  or  intima¬ 
tion,  hint. 

inbp-ia,  ae,  f.  (inops,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 

2),  poverty,  need,  indigence; 
want,  scarcity,  destitution. 
in-opinatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unex¬ 
pected;  off  one's  guard. 
in-opinus,  a,  \xra.,adj.  (in;  Spi¬ 
nor)  ,  unexpected. 
in-ops,  opis,  adj.,  without  power , 
weak,  needy,  indigent;  devoid 
of  (with  gen.'). 

inquam ,  def.  (§  38,2,  b) ,  I  say. 
in-quietus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  not  quiet, 
unquiet,  restless. 

insan-ia,  ae,/.  (insanus,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  madness,  frenzy ,  folly. 
in-sanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  mad,  in¬ 
sane;  raging ,  raving ,  frantic , 
foolish,  silly. 

in-scendo,  scendere,  scendi, 
scensum,  a.  (in;  scando),  to 

mount  up  into,  to  mount ;  to  em¬ 
bark;  get  upon. 

in-sciens,  entis,  adj.,  without 
knowledge ,  unaware  ;  ignorant , 
stupid,  silly. 

in-scius,  a,  um,  adj.,  not  knowing, 
ignorant. 

in-scribo,  scribere,  scripsi, 
scriptum,  a.,  to  write  upon, 
inscribe  ;  exhibit ,  show  ;  assign , 
ascribe  ;  indicate. 
insec-tor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
frequentative  (insequor,  §  36, 
b,  note,  and  44,  2,  b) ,  to  pursue ; 
censure,  blame,  rail  at,  speak  ill  of. 
in-sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum, 
dep.,  to  follow  after,  pursue , 
press  upon ,  harass  ;  reproach , 
reprove,  censure. 

in-sero,  serere,  sSrui,  sertum, 

a.,  to  introduce  into,  to  insert. 

in-sero,  serere,  sevi,  situm,  a., 

to  sow  or  plant  in;  implant,  en¬ 
graft. 

in-sideo,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 
n.  and  a.  (in;  sSdeo),  to  sit  in; 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


'  44 

sit  upon ,  settle  upon  ;  to  get  pos¬ 
session  of ,  occupy. 
insid-iae ,  arum ,  f.  pi.  (insideo) , 
an  ambush ,  ambuscade ;  artifice , 
craft ,  device ,  pZoZ,  snare;  per 
insidias,  by  stratagem ,  craftily. 
insidi-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(insidiae) ,  to  lie  in  wait  for , 
watch  for ,  expect. 

in-sido,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum,  n. , 

to  seZZZe  on  ;  or  pierce  into  ; 
sZZ  down  upon. 

insign-e,  is,  n.  (insignis),  a  dZs- 
tinctive  mark;  a  mark,  token,  sign, 
proof;  badge  (of  office),  a  sZy- 
naZ;  ensign ,  standard ,  flag  ;  in 
j»Z. ,  insignia,  ium,  badges  of 
honor ,  decorations ,  ornaments. 
in-signis,  e,  adj.  (in;  signum), 
remarkable ,  eminent ,  distinguish¬ 
ed ',  prominent ,  extraordinary. 
in-silio,  silire,  silui,  no  sup.,n. 
(in ;  salio) ,  Zo  leap  or  spring 
into  ;  to  leap  or  spring  upon. 
in-sinuo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n.  (in ;  sinus) ,  Zo  penetrate  or 
enter  anywhere  winding  or 
bending ;  to  make  one's  way  into  ; 
to  recommend  one's  self  to;  to 
reach ,  arrive  at;  steal  into  fin- 
sinuate. 

in-sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  no  sup., 
n. ,  to  stand,  tread,  step  upon, 
press  on ,  pursue , persevere ;  halt, 
stop ,  stand. 

in-solens,  entis,  ad/,  (in  ;  soleo), 

unusual;  haughty,  proud,  arro¬ 
gant,  insolent. 

insolen-ter,  adv.  (insQlens),  un¬ 
usually ;  haughtily , proudly ,  arro¬ 
gantly,  insolently. 

insolent-ia,  ae,  f.  (insolens,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  unusualness ,  novel¬ 
ty  ;  pride,  arrogance ,  insolence. 
in-solitus,  a,  um,  ad/.,  unaccus¬ 
tomed  ;  unusual,  uncommon. 
in-sperans,  ntis,  adj.,  not  hoping , 
noZ  expecting. 

in-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,  a.  (in;  specio),  Zo  look 
into,  examine ,  search  ;  consider, 


contemplate ,  observe;  weigh, pon¬ 
der. 

instar,  n.  indecl.,  used  adverbially 
with  gen.,  like,  equal  to,  about, 
worth. 

in-stituo,  stituere,  stitui,  stitu- 
tum,  a.  (in;  statuo),  to  put, 
set ,  place;  arrange,  draw  up; 
appoint,  establish ,  undertake, 
train  up,  educate. 

institu-tum,  i,  n.  (instituo), 
custom ,  habit;  arrangement , plan, 
regulation,  purpose,  intention,  de¬ 
sign  ;  in  pi. ,  institutions,  customs, 
usages. 

in-sto,  stare,  stiti,  statum,  n., 

to  stand  upon;  assault ;  pursue, 
press  upon,  harass ;  urge,  re¬ 
quest,  solicit  earnestly,  importune, 
entreat;  to  persevere;  devote 
one's  self  to. 

in-struo,  struere,  struxi,  struc¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  erect,  construct , 
build  ;  train ,  teach,  instruct ;  set 
in  order,  arrange;  equip,  pro¬ 
vide  ;  clothe ,  dress,  array,  orna¬ 
ment. 

in-sue-fac-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in ; 
sueo ;  facio),  accustomed ,  habitu¬ 
ated. 

in-suesco,  suescere,  suevi,  sue¬ 
tum,  n.  and  a.,  to  become  ac¬ 
customed  ;  to  accustom  or  habitu¬ 
ate  one  Zo  a  thing. 

in-suetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unaccus¬ 
tomed,  unused  to,  inexperienced 
in,  unacquainted  with. 

in-sula,  ae,  f.  (in;  salum,  the 
sea),  an  island. 

in-sum,  esse,  fui,  irreg .,  to  be  in 
or  upon ,  Zo  belong  to. 

in-super,  adv.,  above,  overhead; 
moreover,  besides. 

in-susurro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
and  a.,  to  whisper ,  suggest  to 
one,  remind  one. 

in-tactus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  tan¬ 
go),  untouched ,  unharmed,  un¬ 
injured,  safe  ;  pure,  chaste. 

in-teger,  gra,  grum,  adj.  (in; 
tango),  untouched,  unchanged ; 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


45 


sound ,  whole ,  unhurt ,  safe  ;  new , 
fresh  (of  troops) ;  blameless , 
pure ,  virtuous ;  ex  integro, 
afresh. 

Intel-lego  (ligo),  legere,  lexi, 
lectum,  a.  (inter;  lego)  ,  to 

perceive ,  discern;  understand , 
comprehend ,  observe  ;  to  have  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  or  s&ZZZ  m 
a  thing. 

intempestiv-e,  adv.  (intempes¬ 
tivus),  out  of  season,  unseason¬ 
ably. 

in- tempestivus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un¬ 
timely,  unseasonable,  inoppor¬ 
tune,  inconvenient. 
in-tempes-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in; 
tempus),  unseasonable;  nox 
intempesta,  the  dead  of  night. 
in-tendo,  tendere,  tendi,  ten- 
turn  and  tensum,  a.,  to  stretch 
out,  extend ,  turn  toward;  aim 
at;  exert,  purpose;  intendere 
animum,  to  direct  the  thoughts ; 
intendere  iter  or  cursum,  to 
direct,  turn  one's  course ,  march. 
inten-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (intendo), 
bent,  stretched;  attentive  to,  in¬ 
tent  upon,  vigilant,  careful. 
inter,  prep,  with  acc.,  between, 
among,  during ,  in  the  midst  of, 
in  the  course  of;  inter  se  dif¬ 
ferre,  to  differ  from  each  other ; 
dare  inter  se,  to  interchange. 
inter-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  ces¬ 
sum,  n.,  to  go  between;  to  be, 
stand ,  or  lie  between,  intervene; 
hinder,  obstruct,  oppose,  protest 
(as  tribune). 

inter-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (inter;  capio),  to  intercept, 
catch,  take  from ,  steal,  carry  off. 
inter-cludo,  eludere,  clusi,  clu¬ 
sum,  a.  (inter ;  claudo)  ,  to 
shut  off,  cut  off ,  prevent,  hinder; 
surround. 

inter-dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum, 

a.  and  n. ,  to  forbid ,  interdict , 
prohibit ;  interfere  ;  aliquid  in¬ 
terdicere  alicui,  or  aliquem 
aliqua  re,  to  exclude  one  from, 


to  forbid  one  the  use  of  any  thing ; 
interdicere  alicui  aqua  et  igni, 

to  forbid  one  the  use  of  fre  and 
water,  i.  e.,  to  deprive  one  of 
civil  rights,  to  banish.  \day. 
inter-diu,  adv.,  during  the  day,  by 
inter-dum,  adv.,  sometimes ,  occa¬ 
sionally,  now  and  then. 
inter-ea,  adv.,  meanwhile;  not¬ 
withstanding,  however. 
inter-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n. 

irreg.,  to  perish,  die. 
inter-est,  impers.  (§  50,  4,  d),  it 
concerns,  is  of  interest,  is  impor¬ 
tant ;  interest  mea,  it  is  my 
concern;  interest  omnium,  it  is 
the  interest  of  all. 

interfec-tor,  oris,  m.  (interficio, 
§44,  1,  c,  1),  a  slayer,  murderer. 
inter-ficio,  f icere,  leci,  fectum, 
a.  (inter;  facio),  to  destroy, 
consume;  kill,  slay,  murder. 
inter-im,  adv.  (inter;  im  =  eum), 
in  the  mean  time,  meanwhile ; 
sometimes  ;  however. 
inter-imo,  imere,  emi,  emptum, 
a.  (inter ;  emo),  to  destroy, 
kill,  slay,  put  to  death. 
interior,  ius,  adj.  comp.  (§  17,  3) , 
inner,  interior,  more  hidden,  more 
intimate. 

interi-tus,  us,  m.  (intereo,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  destruction,  ruin. 

inter-jicio  (jacio),  jicere,  jeci, 
jectum,  a.  (inter;  jacio),  to 

place  between,  insert,  introduce , 
intermix ;  anno  interjecto,  at 
the  expiration  of  a  year. 
inter-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  discontinue,  break 
off,  intermit ,  interpose. 
internec-io,  onis,  f.  (interneco, 
to  kill ;  §  44,  1 ,  c ,  2) ,  a  massacre, 
carnage,  utter  destruction,  exter¬ 
mination. 

inter-nuntius  (nuncius),  ii,  m. , 

a  messenger. 

inter-pello,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

hinder,  obstruct,  interrupt,  dis¬ 
turb;  entreat,  urge,  importune, 
solicit. 


46 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


inter-pono,  pongre,  posui,  pgsi- 
tum,  a.,  to  put  or  place  between , 
interpose,  interfere. 
interpres,  etis,  com.  gen.,  an 
agent,  broker;  explainer ,  trans¬ 
lator,  interpreter. 

interpretor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(interpres),  to  explain ,  inter¬ 
pret. 

inter-regnum,  i,  n.,  an  interreign, 
interregnum  (the  time  that  a 
throne  is  vacant  between  the 
death  of  one  king  and  the  elec¬ 
tion  of  another). 

in-terrifcus,  a,  um,  adj.,  fearless, 
undismayed. 

inter-rogo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

question,  interrogate ,  ask. 

inter-rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  rup¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  break  asunder,  break  j 
down,  interrupt. 

inter-sero,  serere,  serui,  sertum, 

a.,  to  intermingle,  commingle ;  in¬ 
terpose,  insert,  assign. 
inter-sum,  esse,  fui,  n.  irreg.,  to 
be  between,  intervene,  be  present 
at,  take  part  in ;  interest,  im- 
pers. ,  see  interest, 
inter-vallum,  i,  n.,  space  between , 
interval ,  distance. 

inter-venio,  venire,  veni,  ven¬ 
tum,  n.,  to  come  between,  inter¬ 
vene,  occur,  happen  ;  to  come  in 
the  midst  of,  arrive. 
intes-tinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (intus), 
intestine,  civil,  domestic. 
intimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  superlative 
(§  17,  3)  ,  innermost,  inmost.  ! 

intra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc., 
within,  inside,  below,  under  (with 
numerals) . 

in-trepidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un¬ 
daunted,  bold,  fearless. 
intro,  adv.,  to  the  inside,  within. 
intro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  walk 
into,  enter ,  penetrate. 
intro-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  duc¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  lead  or  bring  into, 
introduce  ;  exhibit ,  represent. 
intro-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n. 
irreg. ,  to  go  in ,  enter. 


introi-tus,  us,  m.  (introeo,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  an  entering,  entrance. 
in-tueor,  tueri,  tuitus  sum,  dep., 
to  look  at,  behold,  see,  consider, 
contemplate. 

in- tumesco,  tumescere,  tumui, 

no  sup.,  n.,  to  begin  to  swell,  to 
swell  or  rise  up,  increase;  to  be 
elated,  puffed  up ;  be  angry, 
swell  with  rage.  [ inside . 

intus,  adv.,  within,  inside,  to  the 
in-ultus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unavenged , 
unpunished ;  unhurt. 
in-undo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
overflow,  flood,  deluge ,  over¬ 
spread,  cover. 

in-usitatus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  unusual, 
uncommon,  extraordinary. 
in-utilis,  e,  adj.,  useless,  of  no 
use,  unprofitable ;  powerless, 
weak. 

in-vado,  vadere,  vasi,  vasum,  n. 

and  a.,  to  come  upon,  to  make  an 
attack  upon,  assail,  invade,  seize, 
usurp. 

in-validus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  not  strong , 
weak,  feeble,  impotent ;  sickly,  sick. 
in- veho,  vehere,  vexi,  vectum, 
a.,  to  carry  into ,  bring  into , 
carry ;  in  pass.,  invehi  (equo, 
curra),  to  ride,  drive;  to  attack; 
assail  with  words. 

in- venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum, 

a.,  to  come  upon,  find;  invent, 
devise ,  discover ;  meet  with. 

inven-tor,  oris,  m.  (invenio,  §  44, 

1,  c,  1),  a  deviser,  inventor ,  dis¬ 
coverer. 

inven-trix,  icis,  f.  (invgnio,  §  44, 

1,  c,  1),  an  inventress. 
in- vicem,  adv.  (in;  vicis),  by 
turns,  alternately ,  one  another. 
in- victus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unconquer¬ 
ed,  unsubdued ;  invincible,  not  to 
be  overcome. 

in-vi  r’eo,  videre,  vidi,  visum, 

a.,  to  look  spitefully  at,  regard 
with  evil  eye  ;  envy,  grudge. 

invid-ia,  ae,  f  (invidus,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  envy,  jealousy,  malice , 
grudge;  odium,  hatred. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


47 


invldl-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (invidia, 
§  44,  1,  c,  3),  full  of  envy  ;  de¬ 
testable ,  hateful. 

invidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (invideo), 

envious. 

invidus,  i,  m.  (invideo),  an  envier , 
one  who  envies. 

invi-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (invideo), 

hated ,  hateful ,  detestable. 
in-vito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  in¬ 
vite ,  entertain ,  summon ,  allure. 
in-vitus,  a,  um,  at//,  (in;  volo), 
unwilling ,  reluctant. 
in-vius,  a,  um,  at//,  (in;  via), 
without  a  road ,  pathless ,  track¬ 
less ,  impassable. 

in-voco  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  call 
on  or  upon;  invoke ;  implore ,  en- 
treat. 

in-volvo,  volvere,  volvi,  volu¬ 
tum,  a.,  /o  surround ,  enwrap , 
envelope ,  enclose  ;  overwhelm ,  en- 
gulf. 

ipse,  a,  um,  pron.  (§  20,  2,  e), 
se//-,  very  ;  himself  herself  itself. 
ira,  se,f,  anger ,  wrath ,  rage ,  ire. 

iracund-ia,  ee,  /.  (iracundus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  anger,  wrath ,  rage, 
fury. 

ira-cundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ira,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3)  ,  prone  to  anger,  irri¬ 
table,  hasty ,  passionate. 

Ir-ascor,  irasci,  iratus  sum,  dep. 

(ira) ,  to  be  angry,  be  in  a  rage. 
ira-tus,  a,  um,  pa?'/,  (irascor), 
angry ,  enraged,  angered. 
ir-reparabllis,  e,  adj.  (in;  repa¬ 
rabilis),  irreparable,  irrecover¬ 
able,  irretrievable. 

ir-rev6cabllis,  e,  adj.  (in ;  revo¬ 
cabilis),  irrevocable ,  unalterable. 
ir-rideo,  ridere,  risi,  risum,  n. 
and  a.  (in;  rideo),  to  laugh  in 
ridicule;  to  joke,  deride ;  mock, 
jeer,  jest,  laugh  to  scorn ,  ridicule. 
irris-io,  onis,  f.  (irrideo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  a  deriding,  mocking,  mock¬ 
ery. 

irrito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  pro¬ 
voke,  exasperate ,  enrage,  irritate, 
incite. 


ir-rltus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in;  ratus), 

undetermined  ;  invalid ,  void ,  null ; 
harmless;  useless;  vain. 
ir-rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  ruptum, 
n.  and  a.  (in;  rumpo),  to  break 
in,  burst  in,  invade,  make  an  in¬ 
cursion  into;  interrupt;  destroy. 
ir-ruo,  ruere,  rui,  no  sup.,  n.  and 
a.  (in;  ruo),  to  rush  in  or  into; 
attack  furiously ,  assail,  assault. 
is,  ea,  id,  pron.  (§  20,  2,  d) ,  this, 
that ;  he,  she,  it;  is  qui,  the 
man  who,  such  a  one  that ;  in  eo 
esse,  to  be  on  the  point  of. 
iste,  ta,  tud,  pron.  (§  20,  2,  c), 
this  of  yours,  that  near  you ;  this, 
that ;  that  fellow  (in  contempt). 
Ita,  adv.,  thus,  so ;  to  such  an  ex¬ 
tent ;  ita  .  .  .  ut  (with  subj.f 
„  in  such  a  manner  .  .  .  that. 
Italia,  ae,/. ,  Italy.  ^ 
ftal  -Icus,  a,  um,  adj.  Italia,  of  or 
^  belonging  to  Italy  ;  ftalian. 
Ital-us,  a,  um,  adj.  (Italia),  of  or 
^  belonging  to  Italy  ;  Italian . 

Itali,  drum,  m.,  Italians. 

Ita-que,  conj.  (§  4,2,  c,  and  43, 
2  ,d),  and  thus ,  and  so  ;  there¬ 
fore,  accordingly . 

Item,  adv:,  so,  even  so,  just  so; 
also;  likewise. 

Iter,  Itineris,  n.  (eo),  journey, 
march,  way,  course,  route;  ex 
itinere,  on  the  march;  magnis 
itineribus,  by  forced  marches. 
Itero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (Iterum), 
to  do,  or  go  over  again,  repeat ; 
relate,  tell. 

Iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  time; 
next,  afterwards. 

it-I-dem,  adv.  (Ita),  in  like  manner , 
also,  moreover. 

Iturus,  a,  um,  part,  from  eo. 

J. 

jaceo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  n.,  to  lie ,  lie 

down,  lie  dead. 

jacio,  jacSre,  jeci,  jactum,  a.,  to 
throw,  cast,  hurl;  lay, place,  erect. 


48 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


jacta-tio,  onis,  f.  (j&cio,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  throwing ,  hurling ;  toss¬ 
ing;  boasting,  ostentation. 
jact-ito,  are,  no  per/.,  no  sup.,  a. 
frequentative  (jacto,  §  36,  6,  and 
note,  and  44,  2,  b ),  to  pour 
forth  frequently ;  to  make  a  great 
display. 

jac-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  frequen¬ 
tative  (jacio,  §  36,  b,  and  note, 
and  44,  2,  b),  to  throw,  fling, 
toss,  cast,  hurl;  boast,  consider, 
talk  about. 

jacul-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(jaculum),  to  hurl  a  javelin; 
cast,  throw,  hurl. 

jac-ulum,  i,  n.  (jacio,  §  44,  l,  c, 

2),  a  missile,  dart,  javelin. 
jam,  adv.,  now,  already,  presently, 
at  length;  with  a  negative,  as 
jam  non,  no  longer. 
jam-diu,  adv.,  long  ago,  already, 
for  a  long  time. 

jam-dudum,  adv.,  long  ago,  this 
Ion g  time ;  at  once,  forthwith,  di¬ 
rectly. 

jam-jam,  adv.,  at  this  very  mo¬ 
ment,  already. 

jam-pridem,  adv.,  a  long  time 
since,  long  since. 

janua,  ae,/.  (janus),  a  door,  gate. 
janu-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (janus), 
of  or  belonging  to  January. 
As  noun,  m.,  January. 

Janus,  i,  m.,  an  ancient  Latin  divi¬ 
nity,  represented  with  two  faces, 
one  in  front,  the  other  behind, 
jejunus,  a,  um,  adj.,  hungry, 
thirsty,  dry ;  barren,  sterile ; 
mean,  low,  trifling. 
jop-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (jb- 
cus),  to  jest,  joke. 
jocus,  i,  m.  (in  pi.,  also  joca, 
orum),  a  jest,  joke. 

Jovis,  gen.  of  Jupiter. 

Juba,  se,  m .,  a  king  of  Numidia, 
jubeo,  jubere,  jussi,  jussum,  a., 
to  order,  command,  bid ;  exhort, 
ju-cundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (juvo,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  pleasant,  agreeable, 
delightful,  pleasing. 


judex,  Icis,  com.  gen.  (judico),  a 

judge,  umpire. 

judic-ium,  ii,  n.  (judico,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  judgment,  opinion,  deci¬ 
sion,  trial,  court. 

ju-dico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (jus; 
dico),  to  judge,  decide,  deter¬ 
mine. 

jug-ulum,  i,  n.,  -us,  i,  m.  (jungo), 

the  throat. 

jug-um,  i,  n.  (jungo),  a  yoke; 
pair,  team ;  a  height,  or  summit 
(of  a  mountain) . 

Julia,  ae,  f. ,  sister  of  Caesar. 
Julius,  ii,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Ro¬ 
man  gens ;  especially  Cains 
Julius  Ccesar,  and  his  adopted 
son,  Caius  Julius  Ccesar  Octa¬ 
vianus  Augustus. 

Julius,  ii,  m.,  the  month  of  July  ; 

so  called  after  Julius  Caesar. 
Julius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  July. 
ju-mentum,  i,  n.  (jungo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  beast  of  burden ,  a 
draught-anim,al. 

jungo,  jungere,  junxi,  junctum, 

a.,  to  join,  unite,  yoke,  harness  ; 

societatem  jungere,  to  form  a 

partnership. 

junior,  us,  adj. ,  comparative  (ju¬ 
venis,  §  17,  3,  b ),  younger. 
Ju-piter  (Jupp),  Jbvis,  m.  (§  11, 
iii.,  4,  b),  son  of  Saturn,  brother 
and  husband  of  Juno,  king  of 
gods. 

Jura,  ae,  m.,  a  chain  of  mountains 
extending  from  the  Rhine  to 
the  Rhone. 

jura-mentum,  i,  n.  (juro,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  an  oath. 

jure,  abl.  of  jus,  used  adverbially, 
by  right,  justly. 

juro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a.,  to 

swear,  take  an  oath,  swear  by, 
swear  to. 

juror,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 

swear,  take  an  oath. 
jus,  juris,  n.,  law,  right,  justice, 
authority,  control. 

jusjurandum,  juris  jurandi,  n.  (§ 
14,2  ,d),  an  oath. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


49 


jus-sum,  i,  n.  (jtibeo),  an  order , 
command. 

jus-sus,  us,  m.  (jubeo),  an  order, 
command. 

jus-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (jubeo),  com¬ 
manded ,  ordered. 

just-e,  ado.  (justus),  rightly  Justly, 
properly,  correctly. 
just-Itia,  ae,  f.  (justus,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2) ,  just  ice ,  uprightness . 
jus-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (jus),  just, 
upright ;  equitable  ;fair,  proper, 
right. 

juven-ca,  se,f  (juvenis),  a  young 
coto,  heifer. 

juven-cus,  i,  m.  (juvenis),  a 
young  bullock,  steer. 
juvSnis,  is,  adj.,  com.  gen.  (§  17, 
3,  b ),  young,  youthful. 
jii  venis,  is,  com.  gen.  (gen.  pi., 
juvenum),  a  young  man  or  wo¬ 
man  (between  17  and  45  or  46). 
jSven-tus,  utis,/*.  (juvenis,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  youth;  the  season  of 
youth. 

jtivo,  jiivare,  juvi,  jutum,  a.  and 

n.,  to  help,  aid,  assist,  support. 
juxta,  prep,  with  acc.,  near  to,  near ; 
as  ado.,  near  by,  in  like  manner, 
alike. 

K. 

K&lendae  (Cal.),  arum,  f,  the 
first  day  of  the  month. 

Karthago  (Car.),  Inis,  f, '  Car¬ 
thage  ;  a  celebrated  city  of 
Africa. 

L. 

L,  an  abbreviation  of  the  prae¬ 
nomen  Lucius. 

lab-es,  is,  f.  (labor),  fall ,  down¬ 
fall,  ruin,  stain,  blemish. 
Labienus,  i,  m.,  an  officer  of 
Caesar  in  Gaul ,  who  afterwards 
went  over  to  Pompey. 
labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  dep.,  to 
glide  along,  slip,  fall  down, 
slip  away,  escape. 


l&bor,  oris,  m.,  labor,  toil,  exer¬ 
tion;  hardship,  distress. 
labor-iosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (labor,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  laborious,  toilsome, 
wearisome,  difficult,  industrious. 
labSro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  (labor), 
to  toil,  labor,  struggle,  suffer,  be 
hard  pressed;  be  anxious. 
lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk. 

Lacedaemon,  onis,  /.,  Sparta; 

the  capital  of  Laconia, 
lacer,  era,  erum,  adj.,  tom,  man¬ 
gled,  maimed. 

lacero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (lacer), 

to  tear,  mangle;  waste,  consume  ; 
destroy;  torture,  vex,  pain. 
lacesso ,  essere ,  essivi  or  essii  or 
essi,  essitum,  a.,  to  provoke,  ex¬ 
cite,  challenge,  harass,  assail, 
attack. 

lacio,  ere,  no  perfi,  no  sup.,  a., 
to  entice,  allure. 

lacrima  (cry),  se.fi,  a  tear ;  la- 
w  crimas  dare,  to  weep. 
lacrimo  (cry),^are,  avi,  atum, 
n.  and  a.  (lacrima),  to  shed 
^  tears,  weep,  cry  ;  weep  or  cry  for. 
lacrimor^  (cry),  ari,  atus  sum, 
dep.  (lacrima),  weep,  bewail, 
lament. 

lacus,  us,  to.  (§  12,  3,  d),  a  lake. 
laedo,  laedere,  laesi,  laesum,  a.,  to 
strike,  hurt,  injure,  damage ; 
annoy,  vex  ;  violate. 
laet-itia,  ae,  f.  (laetus,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  joy,  gladness. 

laetor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (laetus), 
to  feel  joy,  rejoice,  be  glad ;  re¬ 
joice  at. 

laetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  joyful,  rejoicing, 
joyous,  glad;  happy;  pleasant, 
agreeable  ;  fortunate,  lucky ;  rich, 
fertile ;  pabula  laeta,  rich  fodder. 
laeva,  a e,f.  (laevus),  the  left  hand. 
Laevinus,  i,  to.,  a  Roman  name, 
laevus,  a,  um,  adj.,  left,  on  the  left 
hand. 

lambo,  ere,  i,  Itum,  a.,  to  lick,  lap. 
lamentor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (la¬ 
mentum),  to  lament,  weep  over , 
bewail. 


4 


50 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


lamentum,  i,  n.,  a  bewailing ,  la¬ 
mentation. 

lamina,  se,  f.,  a  plate  (of  metal, 
wood,  &c.) ,  leaf,  layer,  blade. 
lana,  ae, /.,  wool,  down;  soft  hair. 
lancea,  ae,  f,  a  light  spear;  a 
lance. 

lan-i-ficium,  ii,  n.  (lana;  facio), 

wool-spinning ,  wool-weaving . 
lanista,  se,  m.,  a  trainer  of  gladia¬ 
tors;  an  instructor  in  evil;  a 
sword-master. 

lanius,  ii,  m.  (lanio,  to  tear),  a 

butcher. 

lapid-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lapis,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  consisting  of  stones, 
stony ;  murus  lapideus,  a  stone 
wall. 

lapis,  idis,  m.,  a  stone;  a  stone 
(placed  at  the  end  of  every 
1000  paces) ,  a  milestone. 
lap-sus,  us,  m.  (labor,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  a  gliding ;  slip,  fall. 
15queus,  ei,  m.,  a  noose,  halter , 
snare. 

Lar  entia  (Acca),  se,f,  the  wife 
of  Faustulus,  foster-mother  of 
Romulus  and  Remus. 

Lares,  um  and  ium,  m.  pi.,  the 
Lares;  household  gods,  whose 
images  were  placed  in  a  little 
shrine  by  the  hearth,  or  in  a 
small  chapel  in  the  interior  of 
the  house. 

larg-ior,  iri,  itus  sum,  dep.  (lar¬ 
gus),  to  give  bountifully,  bestow , 
distribute ;  bribe. 

largi- tio,  onis,  f.  (largior,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  giving  freely ;  liberal¬ 
ity  ;  bribery ,  corruption. 
largus,  a,  um,  adj.,  large,  long, 
great ;  abundant,  plentiful. 
lass-itudo,  inis , f.  (lassus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2) ,  faintness,  weariness. 
lassus,  a,  um,  adj.,  faint,  languid, 
weary,  tired. 

lat-e,  adv.  (latus),  widely;  far 
and  wide,  broadly  ;  late  patere , 
to^  be  of  wide  extent. 
l&t-ebra,  ae,  f.  (ISteo),  a  hiding- 
place,  lurking-place. 


lateo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.  (§  52, 

2,  d),  to  be  or  lie  hid  ;  to  be  con¬ 
cealed,  keep  concealed. 
later,  eris,  m  ,  a  brick  or  tile. 
later-itius  (-icius),  a,  um,  adj. 
(later,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  made  or 
consisting  of  bricks,  brick. 
lat-ibulum,  i,  n.  (lateo) ,  a  hiding- 
place,  covert,  den. 

Lat-inus,  i,  m.  (Latium),  Latinus ; 
a  king  of  the  Laurentians ,  who 
entertained  iEneas  and  gave 
him  his  daughter  Lavinia  in 
marriage. 

Lat-inus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Latium) , 
of  or  belonging  to  Latium ;  Latin. 
Lat-ini,  orum,  m.  pi.  (Latium), 

the  inhabitants  of  Latium; 
Latins. 

lat-itudo,  inis,  f.  (latus,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2) ,  breadth,  width ;  extent ; 
fullness,  richness. 

Latium,  ii,  n.,  a  country  of  Italy 
in  which  Rome  was  situated 
(now  Campagna  di  Roma), 
latro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a. ,  to 
bark,  bawl,  yelp ;  bark  at ;  de¬ 
mand.  ~  [man. 

latro,  onis,  m.,  a  robber,  highway- 
latrocin-ium,  ii,  n.  (latrocinor), 
w  robbery ;  artifice,  roguery. 
latro-cinor,  ari,  atus,  dep.  (latro), 
to  practise  highway  robbery ;  to 
commit  piracy. 

latus,  a,  um,  adj.,  broad,  wide. 
latus,  eris,  n.,  the  side,  flank, 
body,  lungs  ;  lateris  or  laterum 
dolor,  pain  in  the  side,  pleurisy. 
la-tus,  a,  um ,  part.  (f£ro) ,  borne, 
carried. 

lauda-bilis,  e,  adj.  (laudo), 
praiseworthy,  laudable. 
laudo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (laus), 
to  praise,  extol,  commend,  eulo¬ 
gize.  [crown. 

laurea,  se,f,  a  laurel-tree ;  laurel- 
Laurentia ,  see  Larentia. 
laurus,  i,  or  us,  f,  a  laurel-tree; 
a  laurel  (wreaths  of  which  were 
worn  by  victorious  generals) ; 
triumph,  victory,  success. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


51 


laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise ,  commenda¬ 
tion  ;  glory ;  laudes,  fame,  re¬ 
nown. 

laut-e,  adv.  (lautus),  elegantly, 
magnificently,  splendidly,  sump¬ 
tuously. 

lau-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (lavo), 
elegant,  splendid,  sumptuous, 
noble,  magnificent ;  distinguish¬ 
ed,  grand. 

Lavinia,  ae,  f.,  daughter  of  Lati¬ 
nus  and  wife  of  iLneas. 
Lavin-ium,  ii,  n.  (Lavinia),  a  city 
of  Latium,  founded  by  iEneas 
in  honor  of  his  wife  Lavinia, 
lavo,  lavare  and  lavere,  lavavi 
and  lavi,  lavatum,  lautum,  and 
lotum,  a.  and  n.,  to  wash, 
bathe  ;  wet,  moisten ;  wash  away, 
atone  for,  expiate. 
lax-e,  adv.  (laxus),  loosely,  freely, 
widely,  openly. 

lax-itas,  atis>4/‘.  (laxus,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  width,  roominess,  spacious¬ 
ness  ;  laxity,  looseness,  slackness. 
laxo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (laxus), 
to  unloose,  loosen,  relax,  lighten, 
set  free,  relieve,  open,  slacken. 
lect-ica,  ae,  f.  (lectus),  a  litter, 
sedan ;  bier. 

lect-ito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  fre¬ 
quentative  (from  lego,  through 
the  obsolete  verb  lecto),  (§  36, 
b,  and  note,  and  44,  2,  b),  to 
read  often ;  read  with  eagerness  ; 
to  read. 

lec-tor,  oris,  m.  (lSgo,  §  44,  1,  c, 

1) ,  one  who  reads;  a  reader. 
lec-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (lego),  pick¬ 
ed  out ,  choice,  excellent. 

lec-tus,  i,  m.  (lego),  a  couch,  bed. 
lega-tio,  onis,  f.  (lego,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2) ,  an  embassy,  legation. 
lega-tus,  i,  m.  (lego),  an  ambassa¬ 
dor,  lieutenant ,  messenger. 

lSg-io,  onis,  f.  (lego),  a  legion ; 
consisting  of  between  4200  and 
6000  men. 

lSgion-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (lSgio), 
of  or  belonging  to  a  legion ;  le¬ 
gionary. 


lego,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  send, 
appoint,  to  bequeath  as  a  legacy. 
lggo,  legere,  legi,  lectum,  a.,  to 

gather ,  collect,  choose,  select ;  read, 
recite. 

Lemannus,  i,  m.,  Lake  Geneva, 
len-io,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(lenis),  to  soften,  assuage,  render 
gentle,  soothe,  appease,  pacify . 
lenis,  e,  adj.,  soft,  smooth;  mode¬ 
rate,  gentle,  easy  ;  mild,  calm. 
len-itas,  atis,  f.  (lenis,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  softness,  gentleness,  mildness, 
smoothness. 

len-iter,  adv.  (lenis),  gently ,  soft¬ 
ly,  quietly. 

Lentulus,  i,  m.,  a  surname  of  a 
distinguished  Roman  family, 
lentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  tough,  slow, 
inactive,  tedious;  lasting. 
leo,  onis,  m.,  a  lion. 
lepus,  oris,  m.  (epicene,  §  6,  4), 
a  hare. 

let-alis,  e,  adj.  (letum),  deadly, 
fatal,  mortal.  [ tion . 

letum,  i,  n.,  death,  ruin,  destruc- 
levis,  e,  adj.,  light,  swift ,  quick , 
easy,  slight,  unimportant. 
levis,  e,  adj.,  smooth,  polished, 
bright,  shining  ;  fair,  beautiful. 
lev-itas,  atis,  f.  (levis,  §  44, 1 ,  c, 
2),  lightness,  fickleness,  levity. 
lev-iter,  adv.  (levis),  lightly;  a 
little,  not  much,  somewhat ;  mild¬ 
ly,  gently ,  patiently, 
levo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (levis), 
to  make  light,  lighten;  ease,  re¬ 
lieve;  lessen,  diminish,  abate; 
alleviate,  console,  comfort. 
lex,  legis,  /.  (lego),  a  law,  precept , 
regulation,  condition. 
libel-lus,  i,  m.  dim.  (liber,  §  44,  1, 
c,  3),  a  little  book,  pamphlet , 
journal,  diary ;  handbill. 
libens,  entis,  part,  (libeo),  willing, 
ready,  glad. 

libent-er,  adv.  (libens),  willingly, 
cheerfully,  gladly. 
libeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n .,  to  please; 
libet,  impers.,  it  pleases,  it  is 
agreeable. 


52 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


liber,  Sra,  gram,  adj.,  free ,  un¬ 
restricted  ;  in  pi .,  libSri,  5rum, 
m .,  children. 

liber,  bri,  m.,  the  inner  hark  of  a 
tree  ;  a  hook  (since  the  bark  of 
a  tree  was  used  as  material  for 
writing  upon). 

liber-alis,  e,  adj.  (liber),  befitting 
a  free  man ,  decorous ,  gentle¬ 
manly,  nohle,  generous. 
liberal-itas,  atis,  f.  (liberalis,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  generosity ,  liberality. 
liberal-! ter,  adv.  (liberalis),  nobly , 
generously  ;  courteously ,  bounti¬ 
fully ,  liberally. 

liber-e,  adv.  (liber), freely ,  frankly. 
liberi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  see  liber, 
libero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (liber), 
tfo  /ree,  liberate,  release ,  acquit, 
discharge,  extricate. 
liber-tas,  atis,  f.  (liber,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  freedom,  liberty ;  frank¬ 
ness,  candor. 

liber-tus,  i,  m.  (libero),  a  f reed- 

man. 

libet,  libere,  libuit  or  libitum 
est,  n.  impers. ,  it  pleases. 
lib-ido,  inis,  f.  (libeo),  desire, 
eagerness,  longing;  passion, 
caprice,  wilfulness. 
libra,  se,  fi,  a  pair  of  scales, 
balance ;  a  pound. 
libro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (libra), 
to  poise,  balance;  brandish;  hurl, 
dash  ;  speed,  hasten  ;  weigh,  pon¬ 
der,  consider 

licent-ia,  se,  f.  (licens,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  freedom,  liberty;  boldness, 
presumption ;  lawlessness,  licen¬ 
tiousness. 

liceor,  eri,  Itus  sum,  dep.,  to  bid 
(at  an  auction). 

licet,  licuit  or  licitum  est,  n.  im¬ 
pers.,  it  is  allowable,  allowed, 
permitted;  one  may,  can ;  licet 
venias,  you  may  come. 
licet,  conj.  (§  43,  2,  gfi  although, 
though,  even  if. 

Licinius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
lie-tor,  oris,  m.  (llgo,  §  44,  1,  c, 
1),  a  lictor ;  an  attendant 


granted  to  a  magistrate,  as  a 
sign  of  official  dignity, 
lign-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lignum,  § 
44,  1 ,  c,  3),  of  wood,  wooden. 
lignum,  i,  n.,  wood;  pi., fire-wood. 
ligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  bind, 
fasten,  tie. 
lliium,  ii,  n.,  a  lily. 
linea-mentum,  i,  n.  (linea,  a  line), 
aline;  pi.,  drawings,  designs; 
features,  lineaments . 

Lingbnes,  um,  m.  ( acc .  pi.,  Lin- 
gonas),  a  people  in  Celtic  Gaul, 
lingua,  se,  fi,  the  tongue;  lan¬ 
guage. 

linter,  tris ,fi,  a  boat,  skifi  wherry. 
lique-facio,  facere,  feci,  factum, 
a. ;  and  pass. ,  lique-fio,  fieri, 
factus  sum  (liqueo;  facio), 

to  make  liquid ;  to  melt,  dissolve ; 
weaken. 

liqu-Idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (liqueo), 

fiowing,  fluid,  liquid. 
lis,  litis,  fi,  a  strife,  dispute,  quar¬ 
rel  ;  law-suit. 

Liscus,  i,  m.,  an  iEduan  chief, 
litiga-tor,  oris,  m.  (litigo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  1),  a  party  to  a  law-suit ,  a 
litigant,  disputant. 
littera  (litera),  se,  fi,  a  letter  (of 
the  alphabet);  litterse,  pi.,  an 
epistle ,  literature. 

litter-arius  (lit),  a,  um,  adj. 
(littera),  of  or  belonging  to 
learning,  letters  ;  litterarius  lu¬ 
dus  ,  an  elementary  school. 
litus  (littus),  Qris,  n.,  the  sea¬ 
shore,  shore,  coast,  beach. 
15cu-ples,  etis,  adj.  (lbcus ; 

pleo),  rich,  wealthy,  opulent. 
locupleto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(IScuples),  to  enrich,  make  rich ; 
adorn,  beautify ,  decorate. 
lbcus,  i,  m.,  pi.,  16ci  or  16ca,  m. 
and  n.  (§  14,  2,  c),  a  place,  spot, 
region. 

lbc-utus,  a,  um ,  part.  (16quor). 
long-e,  adv.  (longus),  far  off; 
widely,  greatly,  much,  by  far 
{comp.,  longius ;  superlative , 
longissime) . 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


53 


long-inq-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (longus ; 
hinc),  far  off,  distant ,  remote; 
long;  e  or  ex  longinquo,  from 
a  distance,  from  afar. 
long-itudo,  inis,/,  (longus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  length. 

longus,  a,  um,  adj.,  long;  tall; 

remote,  distant,  tedious. 
loqu-ax,  acis,  adj.  (loquor,  §  44, 
1,  c,  3),  prone  to  talk,  talkative, 
loquacious,  wordy. 
lbquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum,  dep ., 
to  speak,  talk,  say,  tell ,  utter, 
mention ;  speak  of. 
lor-ica,  ae,  f.  (lorum) ,  a  cuirass 
or  corselet  (made  of  leathern 
thongs),  coat-of-mail. 
lorum,  i,  n .,  a  thong ,  bridle. 
iub,  see  lib. 

luceo,  lucere,  luxi,  no  sup.,  n., 
to  shine,  be  brilliant,  be  conspicu¬ 
ous,  evident. 

luc-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (luceo), 
shining,  bright,  clear. 

Lucius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
lu-crum,  i,  n .  (luo),  gain,  profit, 
advantage;  avarice;  wealth, 
riches. 

lucta,  ae,  f.  (luctor),  a  wrestling, 
wrestling-match. 

lucta-tio,  onis,  /.  (luctor,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  wrestling ;  struggle,  con¬ 
test,  fight. 

luctor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
seize,  grasp ;  strive,  contend, 
struggle ;  wrestle. 

luc-tus,  us,  m.  (lugeo,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  sorrow,  mourning ,  lamenta¬ 
tion,  grief. 

Lucullus,  i,  m.,  Lucius  Licinius 
Lucullus,  a  wealthy  Roman 
noble,  commander  against  Mi¬ 
thridates. 

lucus,  i,  m.,  grove,  sacred  grove; 
wood. 

lud-ibrium,  ii,  n.  (ludo)  ,  a  mock¬ 
ing,  mockery,  derision ;  jest , 
scoff  sport. 

lud-icer  (crus),  (nom.  sing.  masc. 
not  used),  era,  crum,  adj. 
(ludus),  sportive. 


lud-icrum,  i,  n.,  sport,  jest;  show, 
public  games. 

lud-i-fico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
and  n.  (ludus;  facio),  to  make 
sport  of,  make  a  fool  of;  delude, 
deceive ;  mock. 

lud-i-ficor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(ludus ;  facio) ,  to  make  sport 
of ;  to  mock,  delude,  deride. 

ludo,  dere,  si,  sum,  n.  and  a.  (lu¬ 
dus),  to  sport,  play,  delude, 
mock,  deceive: 

ludus,  i,  m.,  a  play,  game,  pastime; 
school;  in  pi.,  public  games, 
shows. 

lugeo,  lugere,  luxi,  luctum,  n. 

and  a.,  to  lament,  sorrow,  bewail; 
mourn  for. 

lu-men,  inis,  n.  (luceo) ,  light, 
daylight ,  day ;  the  eye. 

lu-na,  ae,/.  (luceo),  (the  shining 
one) ,  the  moon. 

luo,  luere,  lui,  luitum  or  lutum, 

a.,  to  wash;  wash  out,  atone  for, 
expiate. 

luo,  luere,  lui,  luitum  or  lutum, 

a.,  to  pay. 

lupa,  ae,/.,  a  she-wolf. 

lupus,  i,  m.,  a  wolf. 

lustro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (lus¬ 
trum),  to  purify,  illumine,  make 
clear  ;  review ;  traverse. 

lu-strum,  i,  n.  (luo),  an  expiatory 
offering,  % 

lu-sus,  us,  m.  (ludo,  §  44, 1,  c,  2), 

a  playing ;  sport,  amusement, 
game. 

lux,  lucis,  /.  (luceo),  light, 
splendor,  brightness ;  the  light 
of  day,  daylight ;  prima  lux, 
day-break. 

luxuria,  ae,  /.  luxury,  excess, 
extravagance. 

luxus,  us,  m.,  luxury ,  excess,  ex¬ 
travagance. 

M. 

M,  as  an  abbreviation,  denotes 
Marcus.  [ Marius . 

M’,  as  an  abbreviation,  denotes 


54 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


Macedonia,  as,  f ,  a  country 
between  Thessaly  and  Thrace, 
mac-er,  era,  cram,  adj.  (maceo, 
to  be  lean),  /can,  meagre, poor, 
thin. 

machina,  a e,  f. ,  a  military  engine  ; 
trick,  artifice. 

mac-ies,  ei,  f.  (maceo),  leanness, 
thinness ,  poverty. 

maci-lentus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (macies), 
lean,  thin. 

Maecenas,  atis,  m. ,  the  friend  of 
Augustus  and  patron  of  Horace 
and  Virgil. 

maereo  (mcer),  ere,  no  perf,  no 
sup.,  n.  and  a.,  to  grieve, mourn, 
lament ;  bemoan ,  mourn  over. 
maer-or  (mcer),  oris,  m.  (maereo, 
§44,  1,  c,  2),  a  mourning,  sad¬ 
ness,  grief,  lamentation. 
maes-tus  (mces),  a,  urn,  adj. 
(maereo),  sad,  sorrowful,  afflicted, 
dejected. 

magis,  comp,  adv.,  more,  rather. 
mag-ister,  tri,  m. ,  a  master ,  chief 
head,  director,  leader. 
magistr-atus,  us,  m.  (magister), 
a  magistracy ,  office,  magistrate. 
magnific-e,  adv.  (magnificus), 
nobly,  magnificently ,  splendidly, 
richly  {comp.,  magnificentius; 
superlative,  magnificentissime), 
magn-i-ficus,  a,  um,  adj.  {comp., 
magnificentior ;  superlat. ,  mag¬ 
nificentissimus),  (§  17,  1,  c), 
(magnus ;  facio),  noble,  distin¬ 
guished,  eminent,  grand. 
magn-itudo,  inis,  f.  (magnus,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2)  ,  greatness,  size,  bulk. 
magn-opere  (magno  opere),  adv. 
(magnus ;  opus),  very  much , 
greatly ,  exceedingly. 
magnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (comp., major; 
superlative,  maximus),  great, 
large ;  abundant,  numerous ; 
powerful,  loud ;  natu  major, 
greater  in  birth,  older. 

Maius,  ii,  m .,  the  month  of  May. 
maj-estas,  atis,  f.  (magnus), 
honor,  dignity ,  excellence,  splen¬ 
dor,  majesty. 


majSres,  rum,  m.  pi.  (major), 

ancestors. 

mal-e,  adv.  (comp.,  pejus;  superla¬ 
tive,  pessime),  (malus),  badly , 
incorrectly,  wickedly,  hurtfully, 
unfortunately. 

male-dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum, 

n. ,  to  speak  ill  of,  revile,  slander. 
male-dictum,  i,  n. ,  a  reviling, 
slander,  curse. 

ma-lo,  malle,  malui,  no  sup.,  a., 
irreg.  (§  37,  3),  (magis ;  volo), 

to  choose  rather,  prefer. 
malum,  i,  n.  (malus),  evil,  mis¬ 
fortune,  calamity ,  damage. 
malus,  a,  um,  adj.  {comp.,  pejor; 
superlative ,  pessimus),  evil,  bad, 
wicked,  low,  injurious. 
manda-tum,  i,  n.  (mando),  a 
charge ,  order,  commission. 
man-do,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ma¬ 
nus;  do),  to  commit  into  one’s 
hands ;  to  enjoin,  order,  com¬ 
mand. 

mane,  n.  indecl.,  the  morning.  As 
Adv.  ,  in  the  morning ,  early  in 
the  morning. 

maneo,  manere,  mansi,  mansum, 
n.  and  a.,  to  stay,  remain ,  stop, 
last,  endure  ;  wait  for ,  await. 
manifesto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(manifestus),  to  make  public, 
discover,  show,  manifest. 
manifestus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  clear, 
plain,  evident,  manifest. 
man-i-pulus,  i,  m.  (manus ;  pleo), 
a  handful;  a  company ,  maniple  ; 
troop. 

Manlius,  ii,  m. ,  a  Roman  name, 
mansue-tudo,  inis,  f.  (mansue¬ 
tus,  mild) ,  (§  44,  1,  c,  2),  mild¬ 
ness,  gentleness,  clemency. 
manu-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a.  (manus;  mitto),  to 
release  from  one’s  power ;  set  at 
liberty  ;  enfranchise ,  emancipate. 
manus,  us,  a  hand;  band  (of 
troops),  force. 

Marcus,  i,  m. ,  see  Brutus, 
mare,  is,  n. ,  the  sea ;  mare  inter¬ 
num,  the  Mediterranean. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


55 


margo,  Inis,  m.  and  /. ,  an  edge , 
brink ,  border ,  margin. 
mar-inus,  a,  um,  a<i/.  (mare) ,  0/ 
or  belonging  to  the  sea  ;  marine. 
mar-I timus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  of  or  5e- 
longing  to  the  sea ;  maritime ; 
bordering  on  the  sea ;  copiae 
maritimae,  naval  forces.  As 
Noun,  maritima,  orum,  n.  pi. , 
places  on  the  sea-coast,  \_ivoman. 
mar-Ita,  ae,  f.  (mas),  a  married 
marlt-us,  i,  m.  (marita),  a  married 
man ,  husband. 

Marius,  ii,  m.,  Caius  Marius 
(157-86  b.c.);  the  conqueror  of 
Jugurtha,  and  chief  of  the  pop¬ 
ular  party  at  Rome.  He  was 
consul  seven  times, 
mar-mor,  oris,  n.  (mare),  the  sea ; 
marble  (from  its  white  glisten¬ 
ing  appearance). 

marm5r-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mar- 
mor,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  made  of 
marble ,  consisting  of  marble. 
Mars,  tis,  m. ,  the  fabled  father  of 
Romulus;  the  god  of  war,  of 
husbandry,  of  shepherds  and 
seers. 

Martius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Mars),  of 
Mars;  of  or  belonging  to  March. 
Martius,  ii,  m.,  the  month  of 

March. 

mas,  maris,  m. ,  a  male.  As  Adj.  , 
male ,  manly. 

massa,  ae,  /.,  a  lump ,  mass. 
mater,  tris,  f. ,  a  mother. 
mater-ia,  ae,  f.  (mater),  matter , 
material;  timber. 

mater-ies,  iei,  /.  (mater),  matter , 
material ;  timber. 

matr-i-cida,  ae,  com.  gen.  (mater; 
caedo),  a  mother's  murderer ,  a 
matricide. 

matricid-ium,  ii,  n.  (matricida), 

the  murdering  of  one's  mother ; 
matricide. 

matr-imonium,  ii,  n.  (mater) , 

wedlock ,  marriage ;  in  matrimo¬ 
nium  ducere,  to  marry  (used 
only  of  a  man  marrying  a  wo¬ 
man). 


matr-ona,  ae,  f.  (mater),  a  mar¬ 
ried  woman ,  wife ,  matron. 
Matrona,  ae,  m.,  a  river  in  Gaul 
(now  the  Marne). 
matur-e,  adv.  (maturus),  early, 
speedily ,  quickly  {comp.,  matu¬ 
rius  ;  superlative,  maturrime 
and  maturissime), 
matur-itas,  atis,  f.  (maturus,  § 
44,  l,c,  2)  ,  perfection ,  ripeness , 
maturity ;  promptness ,  speedi¬ 
ness. 

matur-o,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n.  (maturus),  to  make  ripe, 
ripen;  make  haste,  hasten;  to 
become  ripe,  ripen. 
maturus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ripe,  ma¬ 
ture;  excellent;  early;  timely, 
seasonable. 

maxim-e  (maxum-),  adv.  (maxi¬ 
mus),  in  the  highest  degree ; 
very,  especially,  exceedingly; 
mostly,  chiefly. 

maximus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  superlative 
of  magnus,  greatest. 

Maximus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
me-cum,  with  me  (§  19,  3,  e). 
•medeor,  eri,  no  perf,  dep.,  lo  heal , 
cure;  remedy,  relieve,  correct. 
medica-men,  inis,  n.  (medico), 
a  drug,  remedy,  medicine. 
medica-mentum,  i,  n.  (medico) , 
a  drug,  remedy ,  medicine. 
medlc-lna,  ae,  f.  (medicus), 
medicine,  remedy. 
medico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(medicus),  to  heal ,  cure. 
medicor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 

(medicus),  to  heal ,  cure. 
med-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (medeor), 
healing,  curative.  As  Noun, 
medicus,  i,  m.,  a  physician,  sur¬ 
geon. 

meditor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
think  or  reflect  upon;  to  muse 
over ,  consider;  study;  design, 
purpose. 

medium,  ii,  n. ,  the  middle,  midst ; 
the  presence  or  sight ;  e  medio 
tollere,  to  put  out  of  the  way. 
mSdius,  a,  um,  adj. ,  middle,  mid; 


56 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


half-way;  intervening ,  interme¬ 
diate. 

mei,  mellis,  n. ,  honey  ;  sweetness , 
pleasantness. 

membrum,  i,  n.,  a  limb;  part , 
portion ,  division. 

memini,  isse,  n.  def.  (§  38,  1,  c), 
to  remember ,  recollect. 
memor,  6ris,  adj.,  mindful,  re¬ 
membering;  unforgetting ,  vindic¬ 
tive ,  unsleeping ,  watchful. 
membra-bilis,  e,  adj.  (membro) , 
memorable ,  remarkable ;  worthy 
of  mention. 

membr-ia,  ae,  /.  (mSmor),  mem¬ 
ory ,  recollection ,  remembrance; 
memoriee  tradere  or  prodere, 
te  7mnd  dovm  to  posterity. 
membro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(memor),  to  remind  of;  call  to 
mind:  mention ,  relate ,  tell ,  nar¬ 
rate. 

mens,  mentis,  /. ,  the  mind ,  under¬ 
standing,  intellect,  reason. 
mensa,  ae,/. ,  a  table ;  (that  which 
is  put  on  table),  /ood. 
mensis,  is,  m.,  a  month. 
mentio,  onis,  f,  a  mentioning , 
calling  to  mind ,  mention. 
mentior,  iri,  itus  sum,  dep.,  to  lie, 
cheat,  deceive  ;  pretend ,  imitate , 
counterfeit. 

meo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to  go,  to 
pass ;  to  be  on  the  march. 
merca-tor,  oris,  m.  (mercor,  § 
44,  a  trader,  merchant. 

merca-tura,  ae,  f.  (mercor,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  trade,  traffic,  commerce. 
mer-ces,  edis,  f.  (merx;  cedo), 
hire ,  pay,  wages ,  salary,  fee , 
reward ;  bribe ;  price  ;  punish¬ 
ment  ;  cost ,  injury. 
mercor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(merx),  to  trade ,  traffic  ;  buy, 
purchase. 

mereo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.  and  n., 
to  get ,  gain,  acquire ;  to  deserve , 
merit. 

mereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  dep.,  to 
get,  gain,  acquire ,  obtain;  de¬ 
serve,  merit. 


mergo,  mergbre,  mersi,  mer¬ 
sum,  a. ,  to  dip ,  plunge,  im¬ 
merse  ;  sink ,  overwhelm  ;  destroy. 
meri-dies,  ei,  m.  (medius;  dies), 

(§  13,  2),  midday,  noon;  the 
south. 

merit-o,  adv.  (meritus),  deserved¬ 
ly,  justly. 

mer-itum,  i,  n.  (mereo),  a  service , 
kindness,  benefit;  merit ,  reward. 
mer-itus,  a,  um,  part,  (mereor), 

deserving. 

mer-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (mergo), 

plunged. 

merus,  a,  um,  adj.,  pure,  un¬ 
mixed,  unadulterated. 
mer-x,  mercis,  f  (mereo),  goods, 
wares,  commodities. 
mes-sis,  is,/,  (meto),  a  harvest. 
mbtallum,  i,  n.,  a  mine ;  a  metal. 
Metellus,  i,  m. ,  a  Roman  general, 
metior,  metiri,  mensus  sum,  dep. , 
to  measure,  mete ,  distribute  by 
measure. 

meto,  metere,  messui,  messum, 

a.,  to  mow,  reap;  gather. 

metor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 

measure,  mark  off. 

Mettius,  ii,  m. ,  a  Roman  name, 
metuo,  metuere,  metui,  metu¬ 
tum,  a.  and  n.  (metus),  to  fear, 
dread,  be  afraid  of;  be  afraid. 
metus,  us,  m.,  fear,  dread,  appre¬ 
hension,  anxiety. 

me-us,  a,  um,  pron.  possessive 
(me),  (vocative  sing,  masc .,  mi, 
rarely  meus),  my,  mine ,  belong¬ 
ing  to  me. 

migro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. ,  to  de¬ 
part,  migrate,  go  away. 
miles,  itis,  com.  gen. ,  a  soldier,  a 

foot-soldier. 

Milesius,  a,  um,  adj. ,  of  or  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  city  of  Miletus ;  Mile¬ 
sian. 

Miletus,  i,  m.,  a  city  of  Caria  in 
Asia  Minor. 

milia,  ium,  n.  pi.,  see  mille. 

milies,  see  millies. 

milit-aris,  e,  adj.  (miles),  of  or 

belonging  to  a  soldier  or  the 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


57 


soldiers  ;  military ;  res  militaris, 

military  science. 

milit-ia,  ae,  f.  (milito),  military 
service;  warfare. 

milito,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  (miles), 

to  be  a  soldier ;  wage  war. 
mille  (mile),  numeral  adj.  ind eel. , 
a  thousand.  As  Noun,  .used 
only  in  the  nom.  and  acc.  sing. 
(mille) ,  and  in  pi.  n. ,  millia, 
ium,  a  thousand;  followed  by 
the  partitive  gen..,  as  millia  pas¬ 
suum,  a  thousand  paces ,  one 
mile. 

mill-ies  (iens),  adv.  (mille),  a 

thousand  times. 

mimus,  i,  m. ,  a  mimic  actor ,  mime ; 
a  farce,  play. 

minimus,  a,  um,  adj.  superlative 
(parvus),  least. 

minister,  tri,  m. ,  an  attendant, 
waiter,  servant ;  helper,  sup¬ 
porter,  abettor. 

minister-ium,  ii,  n.  (minister), 
attendance,  waiting,  service. 
min-itor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  fre¬ 
quentative  (minor,  §  36,  b,  and 
44,  2,  b),  to  threaten,  menace. 
minor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. ,  to  jut 
forth,  project;  threaten,  menace. 
minor,  us,  adj.  comparative  (par¬ 
vus),  less.  As  Noun,  minores, 
um,  com.  gen.  pi.,  descendants. 
minuo,  uere,  ui,  utum,  a.  and  n. , 
to  lessen ,  diminish ,  lower,  re¬ 
duce  ;  to  grow  less. 
minus,  adv. ,  less ;  si  minus,  if 
not  (parum,  minus,  minime) . 
minu-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (minuo), 
little ,  small,  minute. 
mira-bilis,  e,  adj.  (miror),  won¬ 
derful,  marvellous,  extraordinary . 
mirabil-iter,  adv.  (mirabilis), 
wonderfully ,  astonishingly . 
mir-i-ficus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mirus; 
facio),  causing  wonder,  wonder¬ 
ful,  extraordinary ,  strange  (mi¬ 
rificus,  mirificentior,  mirifi¬ 
centissimus),  (§  17,  1,  c). 
miror,  rari,  ratus  sum,  dep.,  to 
admire  ;  to  wonder  at. 


mir-us,  a ,  um ,  adj.  (miror) ,  won¬ 
derful,  marvellous,  strange,  ex¬ 
traordinary. 

misceo,  miscere,  miscui,  mistum 
or  mixtum,  a. ,  to  mix,  mingle, 
intermingle,  blend. 

miser,  era,  erum,  adj.,  wretched, 
unfortunate,  pitiable ;  sick,  ill. 

misera-bilis,  e,  adj.  (miser), 
worthy  of  pity,  pitiable,  lament¬ 
able. 

miser-eor,  eri,  itus  sum,  dep. 
(miser),  (§  50,  4,  c,  and  1),  to 
pity,  feel  pity  for,  commiserate. 

misere-sco,  scere,  no  perf ,  no 
sup.,  n.  inch,  (misereo,  §  36, 
a.,  and  44,  2,  h),  (§  50,  4,  c, 
and  1),  to  feel  pity,  have  com¬ 
passion  for. 

miseret,  miserere,  miseruit,  n. 

impers.  (§  50,  4,  c,  and  2),  it 
distresses,  stirs  pity;  miseret 
me,  1  pity. 

misericord-ia,  ae,  f.  (n  isericors, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  pity ,  compassion, 
mercy. 

miser-i  cors,  cordis,  adj.  (mis¬ 
ereo  ;  cor) ,  having  a  pitying 
heart ;  tender-hearted ,  compas¬ 
sionate,  merciful. 

miser-or,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(miser),  (§  50,  4,  c,  1) ,  to 
lament,  deplore,  bewail;  pity, 
compassionate. 

mis-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (mitto), 

sent. 

mit-esco,  escere,  no  perf,  no  sup., 
n.  inch,  (mitis) ,  to  become  mild, 
gentle. 

Mithridates,  is,  m. ,  Mithridates 
the  Great,  king  of  Pontus,  who 
waged  war  with  the  Romans, 
and,  being  at  last  conquered  by 
Pompeius,  stabbed  himself. 

Mithridat-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Mi¬ 
thridates)  ,  of  or  belonging  to 
Mithridates ;  Mithridatic. 

mitis,  e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle;  ripe , 
mellow. 

mitto,  mittSre,  misi,  missum,  a., 

to  send,  despatch ;  throw,  dis - 


58 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


charge;  dismiss ,  release;  vocem 
mittere,  to  speak. 
modera-tio,  onis,  f  (moderor, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  restricting; 
moderation ;  regularity  ;  control. 
modera-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (mo¬ 
dero),  limited ,  moderate. 
mod-eror,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(modus),  to  put  a  limit  to ,  set 
hounds;  restrict;  regulate ,  rule , 
govern. 

mod-estus,  a,  um ,adj.  (modus), 

modest ,  sober ,  discreet. 
mod-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (modus), 
of  a  moderate  size ,  moderate  ; 
modest;  temperate;  small. 
mo  do,  adv  ,  on/?/,  merely ;  at  all ; 
just  now ;  modo  .  .  .  modo, 
now  .  .  ••  now ,  at  one  moment 
...  at  another;  non  modo 
.  .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only  .  .  . 
hut  also;  modo,  with  the  sub¬ 
junctive  mood,  if  only ,  provided 
that. 

modus,  i,  m. ,  a  measure  or  stand¬ 
ard ;  hounds ,  limits ,  end;  way 
manner ,  method ,  mode;  ad  mo¬ 
dum,  in  modum,  with  the  gen., 
after  the  manner  of;  like  ;  modo 
fluminis ,  like  a  river  ;  hunc  in 
modum,  after  this  fashion ; 
nullo  modo,  by  no  means. 
moenia,  ium,  n.  pi. ,  defensive 
walls ,  ramparts ,  bulwarks ,  city 
walls ;  fortifications ,  defences. 
moereo  (maereo),  ere,  no  perf. , 
no  sup. ,  n.  and  a. ,  to  he  sad ;  to 
mourn ,  grieve ,  lament;  mourn 
over ,  bemoan ,  lament. 
moeror  (maeror), oris,  m.  (moereo, 
§44,l,c,2),  a  mourning ,  sad¬ 
ness,  grief ,  lamentation. 
mces-tus  (maes),  a,  um,  u<i/. 

(moereo),  sac/,  sorrowful. 
moles,  is,  /. ,  a  mass,  heap  ;  mole , 
</a?n,  pier;  difficulty ,  labor, 
trouble. 

molest-e,  ac/r.  (molestus),  nuVA 
trouble;  moleste  ferre,  io 
annoyed  at. 

m51est-ia,  ae,  /.  (mblestus,  § 


44,  1,  c,  2),  trouble,  annoyance , 
vexation,  disgust,  dislike. 
molesto,  are,  avi,  atum,,  a.  (mo¬ 
lestus),  io  trouble,  annoy,  mo¬ 
lest. 

molestus,  a,  um,  ac//. ,  troublesome , 
irksome ,  grievous ,  annoying. 
mol-ior,  iri,  itus  sum,  dep.  (mo¬ 
les),  io  endeavor ,  toil ,  struggle; 
to  undertake ,  attempt ;  to  throw, 
hurl;  force  open;  to  build,  erect ; 
to  fortify. 

moll-io,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(mollis),  to  soften ,  mitigate ; 
render  easy ,  gentle. 
mol-lis,  e,  adj.  (moveo),  soft, 
tender,  mild ,  agreeable,  easy, 
weak,  feeble ;  effeminate  ;  timid. 
Molo,  onis,  7n. ,  a  teacher  of  rhe¬ 
toric. 

molo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.,  to  grind, 

crush,  bruise. 

moneo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.,  to  re¬ 
mind,  admonish,  advise,  warn; 
punish  ;  teach,  tell,  inform. 
mon-itio,  onis,  f.  (moneo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  an  admonishing,  admo¬ 
nition,  adcice,  warning. 
mon-itus,  us,  m.  (moneo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  advice,  warning. 
mon-s,  montis,  m.  (mineo,  to 
project),  a  mountain. 
monstro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(monstrum) ,  to  show ,  point  out. 
mon-strum,  i,  n.  (mbneo),  a 
divine  omen  ,  an  omen ;  a  mon¬ 
ster  ;  a  terrible  wonder. 
mbn-umentum,  i,  n.  (moneo) ,  (a 
thing  serving  to  remind),  a 
memorial ,  monument. 
mora,  se,f,  a  delay ;  obstacle. 
morbus,  i,  m.,  a  sickness,  disease, 
disorder,  illness;  sorrow,  grief , 
affliction. 

mordeo,  mordere,  momordi  (me¬ 
mor  di),  morsum,  a.,  to  bite, 
eat,  devour ;  injure ,  hurt. 
mbrior,  mori  (mbriri) ,  mortuus 
sum,  dep.  ( fut .  part.,  moritu¬ 
rus),  to  die,  decay. 
mbror,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (mbra) 


VOCABULARY. - 1. 


59 


to  tarry ,  stay ,  delay ,  linger ,  /<u’- 
ier,  wait ;  hinder. 
mor-s,  mortis,/,  (morior),  death. 
mor-tuus,  a,  um,  part,  (morior) , 
dead. 

mos ,  moris ,  m. ,  usage ,  custom , 
practice;  in  _p£.,  character ,  con- 
duct ;  ex  more,  according  to 
custom;  morem  gerere  alicui, 
Zo  carry  out  one’s  will ;  to  obey 
one. 

mo-tus ,  us ,  m.  (moveo ,  §  44,  1 , 

c,  2),  a  moving;  movement; 
emotion ;  passion  :  commotion , 
tumult ,  revolt. 

moveo,  movere,  movi,  motum, 

a.,  to  move ,  seZ  m  motion;  stir 
up  ;  cause  ;  take  away ,  remove  ; 
influence  ;  arma  movere,  to  take 
arms;  bellum  movere,  to  under¬ 
take  war;  risum  movere,  to 
excite  laughter. 

mox,  adv.,  presently,  soon ,  direct¬ 
ly  :  afterwards ,  then. 
mucro,  onis,  m. ,  a  sharp  edge  ;  a 
sword;  edge ,  point ,  extremity , 
sharpness. 
taulcto,  see  multo, 
mulier,  ieris,  f. ,  a  woman,  female. 
mult-itudo,  inis,  f  (multus,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  a  great  number, 
multitude  ;  a  crowd. 

'  multo  (mulcto),  are,  avi,  atum, 
a.  (multa,  a  fine),  to  fine;  to 
punish. 

mult-o,  adv.  (multus),  much,  far, 
greatly;  by  far,  by  much;  long; 

multo  post  or  ante,  long  after 
or  before. 

mult-um,  adv.  (multus),  much, 
greatly,  very  much. 
multus,  a,  um,  adj.  {comp.,  plus; 
superlative,  plurimus),  much, 
many. 

mundus,  i,  m. ,  the  universe ;  the 
world,  the  earth. 

munia,  orum,  n.  pi. ,  duties ,  func¬ 
tions  (of  office). 

munificent-ia,  a e,/,  (munificus), 

bountifulness,  munificence,  bene¬ 
ficence. 


munl-mentum,  i,  n.  (munio), 

fortification ,  defence ,  covering. 

mun-io,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a. 
(moenia),  to  fortify,  build,  de¬ 
fend. 

muni-tio,  onis,  f  (munio,  §  44, 

1,  c,2),  a  fortification,  rampart. 
munus,  eris,  n. ,  an  office ;  gift , 
reward,  present;  employment , 
service ;  munera,  public  shows, 
entertainments. 

muragna,  se,  f. ,  the  murena  (a 
fish  of  which  the  ancients  were 
very  fond) . 
murus,  i,  rn. ,  a  wall. 
mus,  muris,  com.  gen.,  a  mouse. 
musca,  ae,/.,  a  fly. 
muta-tio,  onis,  f.  (muto,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2) ,  a  changing;  change; 
interchange ,  exchange. 

Mutina,  ae,  /. ,  a  city  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul  (now  Modena ) . 
Mutln-ensis,  e,  adj.  (Mutina),  of 
or  belonging  to  Mutina. 
mu-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(moveo),  to  change,  alter;  ex¬ 
change. 

mutus,  a,  um,  adj.,  speechless , 
dumb,  mute,  silent. 
mut-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (muto), 
mutual,  reciprocal. 
myrtus,  i  and  us,  f.  and  m. ,  a 
myrtle-tree ,  a  myrtle. 

N. 

Nac-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (nancis¬ 
cor)  ,  having  obtained. 
nam,  conj.  (§  43,  3,  d),for. 
nam-que,  conj.  (§  43,  3,  dj,  for, 
for  indeed,  for  truly. 
nanc-iscor,  nancisci,  nactus  or 
nanctus  sum,  dep.,  to  get,  ob¬ 
tain,  receive  ;  take  advantage  of; 
find. 

nans,  antis,  part,  of  no. 
narro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  tell , 
relate,  narrate,  recount. 
nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum,  dep., 
to  be  born  ;  to  be  descended  from ; 


60 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


be  produced ;  to  arise ,  grow, 
spring  forth. 

Nasica,  se,  m.  (nasus,  a  nose), 
(one  having  a  large  nose),  a 
cognomen  in  the  Scipio  family  ; 
Publius  Scipio  Nasica,  slayer  of 
Gracchus. 

nasus,  i,  m.,  or  nasum,  i,  n.,  a 

nose. 

nat-alis,  e,  adj.,  (natus),  of  or 
belonging  to  one's  birth ,  natal ; 
natalis  dies,  birth-day. 
na-tio,  onis,  f.  (nascor,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  a  being  bom;  a  race, 
nation,  people. 

na-to,  are,  avi,  a  turn,  n.  and  a. 
(no),  to  swim,  float;  swim  in, 
float  upon. 

na-tu,  m.  def.  (used  only  in  abl. 
sing.'),  (nascor),  by  birth,  in  age  ; 
maximus  natu,  eldest;  mini¬ 
mus  natu,  youngest. 
na-tura,  se,  f.  (nascor),  nature; 
creation ;  constitution,  disposi¬ 
tion,  character;  natura,  natu¬ 
rally. 

natur-alis,  e,  adj.  (natura),  natural. 
na-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (nascor), 
having  been  born,  born,  made ; 
designed,  formed,  intended. 
na-tus,  i,  m.  (nascor) ,  a  son. 
nau-frag-ium,  ii,  n.  (navis;  fran¬ 
go)  ,  a  shipwreck. 

nauta  (navita),  ge,  m.,  a  sailor, 
seaman. 

nav-alis,  e,  adj.  (navis),  naval ; 

pertaining  to  ships. 
nav-ale,  is,  n.  (navis),  a  dockyard, 
dock;  haven,  harbor. 
nav-icula,  ae,  f.  dim.  (navis,  § 
44,  l,c,  3),  a  small  vessel ;  boat, 
skiff, 

naviga-tio,  onis,  f.  (navigo,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  a  sailing ,  navigation. 
navig-ium,  ii,  n.  (navigo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  sailing  ;  vessel,  ship, 
boat. 

nav-igo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 
a.  (navis),  to  sail;  swim;  sail 
over,  navigate. 

navis,  is,  f.  ( acc navem  or  na¬ 


vim  ;  abl.,  nave  or  navi),  a 
ship;  navis  longa,  a  ship  of 
war. 

navita,  see  nauta. 

ne,  adv.  and  conj.,  1.  adv.,  not,  no; 
ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even  (the 
word  or  phrase  emphasized 
always  between  the  ne  and 
quidem);  2.  conj.,  that  not,  lest. 
ne,  interrog.  and  enclitic  particle 
(§  71,  1),  whether  (in  direct 
questions  ne  is  not  to  be  trans¬ 
lated  ,  except  by  laying  empha¬ 
sis  upon  the  word  to  which  it 
is  joined). 

nebula,  ae,  f,  mist,  vapor;  a 
cloud. 

nec,  see  neque. 

necessari-o,  adv.  (necessarius), 

necessarily,  unavoidably. 
necess-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ne- 
cesse),  unavoidable,  necessary. 
As  Noun,  m.,  a  relative ,  rela¬ 
tion,  kinsman. 

ne-ces-se,  neut.  adj.  (found  only 
in  nom.  and  acc.  sing.),  (ne; 
cedo),  unavoidable,  inevitable , 
necessary. 

necess-itas,  atis,^.  (necesse,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  necessity  ;  constraint, 
compulsion,  f  orce  ;  need. 
necess  itudo,  inis,  f.  (necesse, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  necessity;  connec¬ 
tion,  relationship;  intimacy , 

friendship. 

nec-ne,  conj.,  or  not. 
neco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  kill, 
slay,  put  to  death. 
necto,  nectere,  nexui  and  nexi, 
nexum,  a.,  to  bind,  fetter ;  im¬ 
prison. 

ne-dum,  conj.,  by  no  means,  much 
less ;  not  to  say,  much  more. 
ne-fas,  n.  indecl.,  that  which  is 
unlawful,  execrable,  abominable  ; 
wrong,  crime  ;  a  monster,  wretch. 
neg-ligo,  ligere,  lexi,  lectum,  a. 
(nec  ;  lego),  to  neglect ,  disre¬ 
gard,  despise,  disdain. 
nego,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a.,  to 
say  no ;  deny,  refuse. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


61 


ngg-otium,  ii,  n.  (nec;  5tium), 

a  business ,  occupation ,  employ¬ 
ment  ;  difficulty ,  trouble ;  matter, 
thing ;  nullo  negotio,  without 
trouble;  negotium  dare  alicui, 
to  give  the  management  of  an 
affair  to  any  one. 

ne-mo,  inis,  m.  and  f.  (ne ;  hbmo), 
no  one,  nobody ;  nemo  non, 
every  body,  all;  non  nemo, 
some. 

nempe,  conj.,for  indeed,  certainly, 
truly,  surely,  why ! 
nemus,  oris,  n. ,  a  woodland  (with 
meadows  in  it),  a  grove. 
neo,  nere,  nevi,  netum,  a.,  to 
spin,  weave. 

nepos,  otis,  m.  and  f.,  a  grandson, 
a  grand-daughter ,  a  nephew. 
neptis,  is,/.,  a  grand-daughter. 
nequam,  adj.  indecl.,  worthless, 
good  for  nothing,  wretched,  vile, 
bad. 

ne-que  or  nec,  conj.,  and  not; 

neque  (nec)  .  .  .  neque  (nec), 

neither  .  .  .  nor. 

ne-queo,  quire,  quivi  and  quii, 
quitum,  n.  (§  38,  2,  g),  to  be 
unable ;  nequeo,  I  cannot. 
ne-quis,  qua,  quod  or  quid,  pron., 
lest  any ,  that  no  one. 

Nervii,  orum,  m.,  a  people  of 
Belgic  Gaul. 

nervus,  i,  m.,  a  sinew;  string ; 
nerve,  courage. 

ne-scio,  scire,  scivi  or  scii,  sci¬ 
tum,  a.,  not  to  know,  to  be  igno¬ 
rant  of. 

nescius,  a,  um,  adj.  (nescio), 
unknowing,  ignorant,  unaware. 
ne-ve  (neu),  and  not ,  nor ;  neve 
.  .  .  neve,  neither  .  .  .  nor. 
nex,  necis,  f.  (neco),  death,  mur¬ 
der,  slaughter. 
ni,  conj.,  if  not,  unless. 
nidus,  i,  m.,  a  nest. 
niger,  gra,  grum,  adj.,  black ,  dark, 
dusky. 

nihil  (nil),  n.  indecl.,  nothing,  not 
at  all;  nihil  habeo  quod,  I 
have  no  reason  that ;  non  nihil, 


something ;  nihilominus,  never¬ 
theless. 

nihil-dum,  adv.,  nothing  as  yet. 
nihilo,  adv.  (with  comparatives ), 
by  nothing,  no;  nihilo  major, 
no  greater. 

nihilominus,  adv.,  see  nihil, 
nil,  see  nihil. 

Nilus,  i,  m.,  the  Nile;  a  river  in 
Egypt,  celebrated  for  its  annual 
overflow. 

nimbus,  i,  m.,  a  rain-storm,  rain- 
cloud,  thunder-cloud,  storm,  tem¬ 
pest. 

nimis,  adv.,  too  much,  over  much, 
excessively . 

nimium,  adv.,  too  much,  too ;  very* 
much,  greatly. 

nimius,  a,  um,  adj.,  beyond  meas¬ 
ure,  excessive,  too  much. 
ni-si,  conj. ,  if  not,  unless  ;  except, 
only. 

niteo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.,  to  shine, 
glitter ,  glisten. 

nitor,  niti,  nisus  or  nixus  sum, 
dep.,  to  rest  upon,  rely  upon  ;  to 
strive,  endeavor. 
nix,  nivis,/.,  snow. 
nix-us,  a,  um,  part,  (nitor) . 
no,  nare,  navi,  no  sup.,  n.,  to 
swim,  foot. 

no-bilis,  e,  adj.  (nosco),  that  can 
be  known;  famous,  celebrated; 
high  born. 

nobil-itas,  atis ,/.  (nobilis,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  celebrity ,  fame,  renown; 
the  nobility,  nobles. 

nocens,  entis,  part.  (nSceo) , 

hurtful,  injurious ;  guilty. 
noceo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.  (with 
dat.),  to  harm,  hurt,  injure. 
noctu,  abl.  (used  adverbially),  by 
night. 

*  noct-ua,  ae,/.  (nox),  a  night-owl, 
an  owl. 

noct-urnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nox), 
nightly,  nocturnal. 
noc-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nbceo), 
hurtful,  injurious. 
nodus,  i,  m. ,  a  knot. 

N51a,  ae,/.,  a  city  of  Campania. 


62 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  irreg.  (non; 
volo),  (§  37),  to  not  wish ,  be 
unwilling. 

no-men,  inis,  n.  (nosco),  (§  15) , 

a  name ;  renown ;  nomen  ha¬ 
bere,  to  be  famous. 

nomina- tim,  adv.  (nomino),  by 

name,  expressly. 

nomino,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (no¬ 
men),  to  name,  call  by  name; 
nominate. 

n5n,  adv.,  not,  no. 

Nonae,  arum,  f.  (nonus),  the 
Nones;  the  fifth  day  in  every 
month  of  the  year,  except 
March,  May,  July,  and  Octo¬ 
ber,  in  which  it  was  the  seventh. 
So  called  because  it  was  the 
ninth  day  before  the  Ides. 

non-dum,  adv. ,  not  yet. 

non-ne,  interrog.  particle  (§  71,  1), 
not  ? 

non-nullus,  a,  um,  adj.,  some , 
several.  As  Noun,  nonnulli, 
orum,  m.  pi. ,  persons ,  several. 

non-nunquam  (numquam),  adv. , 
sometimes,  occasionally . 

no-nus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nbvem),  the 
ninth.  As  Noun,  nona,  a e, /. , 
the  ninth  hour  of  the  day,  i.  e. , 
the  third  hour  before  sunset,  at 
which  hour  business  was  ended 
at  Rome. 

nos,  nostrum  or  nostri,  pi.  of 
ego,  iv e. 

nosco  (gnosco) ,  noscgre,  novi, 
notum,  a.,  to  become  acquainted 
with ;  learn  ;  no  vi ,  perf  with 
pres,  meaning,  I  know;  nove¬ 
ram,  1  knew. 

nos-ter,  tra,  trum,  possess,  pron. 
(nos),  our,  our  own ,  ours;  in 
pi.,  nostri,  orum,  m.,  our  men, 
our  troops. 

nota,  ae,  /. ,  a  mark,  note,  sign. 

noto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (nbta), 
to  mark,  indicate,  denote;  desig¬ 
nate. 

no-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (nosco) , 

known. 

n6vem,  num.  indecl.  adj.,  nine. 


NQvem-ber,  bris,  m.  (nbvem), 

November ;  the  ninth  month  of 
the  old  Roman  year  (which 
began  in  March) . 

Novembris,  e,  adj. ,  of  November. 
novi,  see  nosco. 

nov-itas,  atis ,/.  (novus,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2)  ,  newness,  novelty. 
novus,  a,  um,  adj.,  new;  recent, 
fresh,  young,  novel,  strange ; 
novae  res ,  revolution  ;  the  com¬ 
parative  of  this  adj.  is  wanting , 
superlative  novissimus,  latest, 
last;  novissimum  agmen,  the 
rear. 

nox,  noctis,  f. ,  night ;  darkness. 
nubes,  is,  f. ,  a  cloud. 
nubo,  nubere,  nupsi,  nuptum, 
n.  (nubes),  to  veil  one’s  self, 
marry  (used  only  of  a  woman 
marrying  a  man,  and  governs 
the  dative),  see  matrimonium, 
nudo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (nudus), 
to  make  bare,  strip,  uncover. 
nudus,  a,  um,  adj.,  naked,  bare, 
unclothed.' 

nullus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ne;  ullus), 

(§  16,  1,  b)  ,  not  any,  none,  no. 
num,  interrog.  particle  (§  71,  1), 
whether. 

Numa,  ae,  m.  Numa  Pompilius; 

second  king  of  Rome, 
nu-men,  inis,  n.  (nuo,  to  nod), 

a  nod ;  will ,  might;  deity,  divin¬ 
ity,  god. 

numero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (nii- 
merus),  to  count,  reckon ,  num¬ 
ber  ;  esteem,  consider. 
numerus,  i,  m.,  a  number;  a  mul¬ 
titude. 

Numida,  ae,  m.,  a  Numidian. 
Numidia,  ae,  a  country  of 
northern  Africa  (now  Algeria) . 
Numitor,  oris,  m.,  a  king  of  Alba, 
brother  of  Amulius  and  grand¬ 
father  of  Romulus  and  Re¬ 
mus. 

nummus  (numus),  i,  m.  (gen.  pi., 
nummfim),  coin,  money;  as  a 
Roman  silver  coin,  a  sesterce; 
in  pi.,  money,  ready  money. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


63 


numquam  (nunquam),  adv.  (ne; 
umquam),  at  no  time ,  never ; 
non  nunquam,  sometimes. 
num-quid,  interrog.  adv. ,  whether' 
(any).  [time. 

nunc,  adv. ,  now ,  at  present ,  at  this 
nunquam,  see  numquam. 
nuntio  (nuncio),  are,  avi,  atum, 
a.  (nuntius),  to  announce,  declare. 
nuntius  (cius),  ii,  m. ,  a  messenger; 
news,  tidings. 

nu-per,  adv.  (novus),  recently , 
not  long  ago ,  lately ;  just  now. 
nupt-iae,  arum,  f.  (nupta,  a  mar¬ 
ried  woman),  marriage ,  wedding , 
nuptials. 

nurus,  us,/.,  a  daughter-in-law;  a 
young  icoman. 

nusquam,  adv.  (ne ;  usquam), 

nowhere ,  in  no  place. 

nutrio,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum,  a. ,  to 

suckle ,  nourish,  feed,  foster,  bring 
up. 

nutrix,  icis,  /.  (nutrio,  §  44,  1, 
c ,  1),  a  nurse. 
nux,  nucis,  f. ,  a  nut. 
nympha,  se,f,  nymph,  spouse. 

O. 

O,  inter j. ,  0  !  oh  ! 
ob,  prep,  with  acc. ,  on  account  of, 
for;  quam  ob  rem,  wherefore, 
accordingly . 

6b-aer-atus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ob ;  aes), 

involved  in  debt.  As  Noun,  ob¬ 
aeratus,  i,  m.,  a  debtor. 
ob-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 

a.,  to  spread  over ,  cover ,  sur¬ 
round. 

bbediens,  entis,  part,  (bbedio), 
obedient,  compliant. 

6bedien-ter,  adv.  (bbediens), 
obediently ,  willingly,  readily. 
5b-edio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n. 
(ob ;  audio),  (with  dat.),  to 
give  ear  to  ;  obey,  be  subject  to. 
6b-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n.  and 
a.,  to  go  towards ,  meet,  oppose ; 
perish ,  die. 


ob-jicio,  jicSre,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(ob;  jacio),  to  cast  in  the  way, 
oppose,  expose,  give  over  to ; 
taunt,  reproach. 

ob-jurgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

elude,  scold,  blame,  rebuke,  re¬ 
prove. 

ob-lecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ob ; 
lacto,  to  entice),  to  delight , 
please,  divert,  entertain,  amuse. 
ob-ligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

bind,  tie ;  put  under  obligation , 
oblige. 

obliquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sidelong , 
slanting ,  oblique;  indirect;  en¬ 
vious. 

obli-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (obliviscor), 

having  forgotten  ;  forgetful. 

obliv-io,  onis,  f.  (obliviscor,  § 

44,  l ,  c,  2),  a  forgetting ;  forget¬ 
fulness  ;  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  oblivisci,  oblitus 
sum,  dep.  (§  50,  4,  a),  to  forget. 
ob-noxius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ob ;  noxa), 

frail ,  weak;  liable ,  subject  to; 
submissive ,  obedient. 
ob-ruo,  ruere,  rui,  rutum,  a.,  to 
overwhelm,  strike  down  ;  cover ; 
bury,  conceal ;  oppress ;  over¬ 
power. 

obscuro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ob¬ 
scurus),  to  cover ;  render  dark, 
obscure. 

obscurus,  a,  um ,adj.,  dark,  shady, 
obscure;  unseen;  ignoble ,  low , 
mean  ;  secret ,  reserved. 
ob-secro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ob; 
sacra),  to  beseech,  entreat,  im¬ 
plore,  conjure,  supplicate. 
ob-sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum, 
dep. ,  to  gratify,  humor;  submit , 
yield,  comply  with;  indulge  one's 
self  in. 

ob -servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
notice ,  observe ,  mark,  watch,  note; 
regard,  respect,  attend  to. 
obses,  idis,  m.  and /.  (obsideo), 
a  hostage;  security. 
ob-sideo,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 
a.  (ob;  sedeo),  to  besiege,  in¬ 
vest,  blockade. 


64 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


obsid-io,  onis,  /.  (obsideo,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  siege ,  blockade. 
ob-signo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
seal ,  seal  up  ;  attest. 
ob-sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  stitum,  n., 
to  oppose ,  hinder ,  obstruct. 
obstina-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (obsti¬ 
no,  to  be  resolved  upon),  firmly 
resolved ,  resolute ,  determined. 
ob-sto,  stare,  stiti,  statum,  n.,  to 
stand  against ,  oppose ,  hinder ,  06- 
struct,  delay. 

ob-strepo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.,  ta 

make  a  noise  against;  to  drown 
with  noise ;  to  oppose  with  great 
clamor. 

ob-stringo,  stringere,  strinxi, 
strictum,  a.,  ta  &md,  tie, fasten; 
pledge ,  oblige ,  pta  under  obliga¬ 
tion. 

ob-tempero,  are,  avi,  atum,  n., 

ta  comply  with,  attend  to,  conform 
to,  obey. 

ob-tineo,  tinere,  tinui,  tentum, 
a.  and  n.  (ob  ;  teneo),  to  hold, 
possess,  occupy,  maintain,  get ; 
last,  continue. 

ob-tingo,  tingere,  tigi,  no  sup. ,  a. 
and  n.  (ob ;  tango),  to  touch, 
strike ;  to  fall  to  one ,  happen , 
occur. 

ob-trecto,  are,  avi,  atum,n.  and 
a.  (ob  ;  tracto),  to  disparage , 
underrate,  decry ;  injure,  thwart. 
ob-trunco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

cut  off;  kill,  slay. 

ob-tundo,  tundere,  tudi,  tusum 
and  tunsum,  a. ,  to  strike  against, 
beat,  blunt. 

obtu-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (obtundo), 

blunt,  dull ;  weak,  powerless. 
ob- venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum, 
n.,  to  meet;  to  fall  to  one’s  lot ; 
befall,  happen,  occur. 
obviam,  adv.  (obvius),  (with 
dat.) ,  in  the  way,  against;  ob¬ 
viam  ire  alicui,  to  go  to  meet 
any  one. 

ob-vius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ob;  via), 
meeting,  in  the  way,  so  as  to  meet ; 
obvium  ire  alicui,  to  meet  one. 


ob-volvo,  volvere,  volvi,  v51u- 
tum,  a.,  to  wrap  around,  muffle 
up ;  cover,  disguise. 
occa-sio,  onis,  f.  (occido,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  an  occasion,  opportu¬ 
nity,  favorable  moment. 
occa-sus,  us,  m.  (occido,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  fall,  downfall ;  perish¬ 
ing,  end,  death;  overthrow,  ruin. 
oc-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum,  a. 
(ob  ;  caedo) ,  to  strike  down ,  cut 
down,  kill,  slay. 

oc-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  casum,  n. 
(ob;  cado),  to  fall  down;  to 
fall,  perish,  die;  to  go  down,  set. 
oc-culo,  culere,  cului,  cultum, 
a.  (ob ;  culo) ,  to  cover ,  hide, 
conceal. 

occul-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (occulo), 
hidden,  concealed,  secret. 
oc-cumbo,  cumbere,  cubui,  cu¬ 
bitum,  n.  (ob;  cumbo),  to 

fall  or  sink  into  or  down ;  to 
perish,  die;  to  submit,  yield, 
succumb  to. 

oc-cupo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ob, 
capio),  to  take,  seize,  lay  hold 
of;  occupy,  enter. 
oc-curro,  currere;  curri  (rarely 
cucurri),  cursum,  n.,  to  run 
towards ,  run  to  meet;  attack, 
oppose;  happen. 

Oceanus,  i,m.,  the  ocean. 
oc-ior,  ius,  comp.  adj.  ( superlative , 
ocissimus),  quicker,  sooner, 
earlier. 

Octavia,  ae,  /. ,  sister  of  Augus¬ 
tus. 

Octavianus,  i,  m.,  a  cognomen 
of  the  Emperor  Augustus. 
Octavius,  fi,  m. ,  name  of  Augus¬ 
tus.  [ eighth . 

oct-avus,  a,  um,  adj.  (octo),  the 
octin-genti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj. 

(octo;  centum),  eight  hundred. 
octo,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  eight. 
Octo-ber,  bris,  m.  (octo),  Octo¬ 
ber  (originally  the  eighth  month 
of  the  Roman  year,  reckoning 
from  March) .  As  Adj.  ,  Octo¬ 
bris,  e,  of  October. 


VOCABULARY.  —  T. 


65 


octo-dScim,  num.  adj.  indecl. 

(octo;  decem) ,  eighteen. 
octo-ginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. , 
eighty. 

bculus , i ,  m. ,  an  eye. 

odi,  odisse,  a.  defect .  (§  38,  1), 

to  hate ,  dislike. 

Sd-ium,  ii,  n.  (odi,  §  44, 1,  c,  2), 

hatred ,  grudge ,  ill-will. 

Sdor,  oris,  m. ,  a  smell ,  scen£, 
odor  ;  fragrance. 

of-fendo,  fendere,  fendi,  fensum, 

a.  and  n.  (ob;  fendo,  obsolete), 
to  strike ,  hit;  hurt ,  injure;  of¬ 
fend,  displease ,  vez ;  blunder, 
make  a  mistake. 

offen-sa,  eef/.  (offendo),  an  offence, 
affront ,  wrong ;  displeasure,  dis¬ 
favor. 

of-fero,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatum, 
a.  (ob;  fero),  to  present,  pro¬ 
duce,  exhibit ,  show ,  offer ,  bestow. 
of-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
and  n.  (ob;  facio),  to  impede, 
hinder,  obstruct;  injure,  hurt, 
oppose. 

offici-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (officium, 

§  44,  1,  c,  3),  full  of  complai¬ 
sance,  obliging ;  dutiful. 
of-fic-ium,  ii,  n.  (ops;  facio),  a 
kindness,  favor,  service;  duty ; 
employment ,  business. 

Slea ,  se,f,  an  olive ;  olive-tree. 
Sleum,  i,  n.,  oil,  olive-oil. 

Slim,  adv. ,  formerly,  once;  here¬ 
after;  long  ago ;  some  day,  ever; 
si  olim,  if  ever. 

Silva,  se,f,  an  olive  ;  olive-tree. 
omen,  inis,  n. ,  a  sign,  token, 
omen,  portent. 

o-mitto,  mittSre,  misi,  missum, 
a.  (ob;  mitto),  to  let  go,  let 
loose;  neglect,  disregard;  pass 
over,  omit ;  leave  off ,  cease. 
omn-ino,  adv.  (omnis),  alto¬ 
gether,  wholly,  entirely,  utterly  ; 
at  all ;  generally. 

omnis,  e,  adj.,  every,  all.  As 
Noun,  omnes,  ium,  com.  gen. , 
all  persons ;  omnes  ad  unum, 
all  to  a  man. 


Snero,  are,  5vi,  atum,  a.  (Snus) , 

to  load,  overload.  [weight. 

Snus,  eris,  n. ,  a  load,  burden, 

opera,  s e,f.  (Speror)  ,  pains ,  exer¬ 
tion  ,  work ,  labor  ;  opera,  by  all 
means ;  operam  dare  alicui,  to 
attend  to,  listen  to,  obey  one; 
operae  pretium  est,  it  is  worth 
while;  mea  opera,  by  my  aid, 
through  my  agency. 

Sperio,  Ire,  ui,  ertum,  a.,  to 
cover;  hide ,  conceal. 

Sper-tus,  a,  um,  part.  (Sperio), 
hidden,  concealed,  secret. 

opes,  see  ops. 

Spl-fex,  icis,  com.  gen.  (Spus ; 
facio) ,  a  worker ,  framer ,  maker  ; 
workman,  artisan,  mechanic. 

Sp-imus,  a,  um,  adj.  (opes),  rich, 
abundant ,  copious ,  noble,  splen¬ 
did;  spSlia  Splma,  spoils  of 
honor,  i.e.,  the  arms  taken  on 
the  field  of  battle  by  a  victo¬ 
rious  general  from  the  general 
whom  he  had  conquered. 

Spln-io,  onis,  f  (Spinor ,  §  44 ,  1 , 
c  ,  2) ,  opinion,  conjecture,  sup¬ 
position. 

Spinor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
think,  suppose. 

Sportet,  ere,  uit,  n.  impers .,  it  is 
necessary ,  needful,  proper ;  I 
(thou,  she,  &c.)  must  or  ought. 

op-peto,  petere,  petivi  and  petii, 
petitum,  a. ,  to  go  to  meet,  en¬ 
counter ;  mortem  oppetere,  to 
face  death,  die. 

oppid-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (oppi¬ 
dum),  of  or  belonging  to  a  town. 
As  Noun,  oppidani,  orum,  m. 
pi.,  the  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
townsmen,  townsfolk. 

oppidum,  i,  n.,  a  town  (other 
than  Rome,  which  was  called 
Urbs). 

op-pono,  ponere,  pSsui,  pSsI- 
tum,  a.  (ob;  pono),  to  place 
against,  set  opposite,  oppose, 
allege. 

opportun-itas,  atis ,/.  (opportu¬ 
nus,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  fitness;  a 


5 


66 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


favorable  time ,  opportunity ,  ad¬ 
vantage. 

op-portunus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ob ; 
portus),  fit ,  meet ,  convenient , 
suitable ,  seasonable. 
op-primo,  primere,  pressi,  pres¬ 
sum,  a.  (ob ;  premo),  to  crush, 
overwhelm ,  subdue,  overcome. 
oppugna -tio,  onis,  f.  (oppugno, 
§44,1,  c,  2),  an  attack,  assault , 
siege. 

op-pugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(ob;  pugno),  to  attack ,  assault, 
fight  against,  besiege,  invest. 
ops,  bpis,/  (nominative  and  dat. 
sing,  wanting),  power ,  might, 
strength;  in  pi.,  opes,  um,  wealth , 
resources ,  power. 

optimates,  um  or  ium,  m.  pi. ,  the 

principal  men ;  the  aristocracy, 
the  nobility. 

optim-e,  adv.  (superl.  of  bene), 
excellently . 

optimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
bonus),  best. 

opto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  choose  ; 
wish  for,  desire. 

opus,  eris,  n.,  work,  labor,  task. 
opus,  n.  indecl.  (§  54,  1,  d),  that 
which  is  necessary,  need.  As 
Adj.  ,  needful,  necessary. 
ora,  a e,  f,  a  border ,  coast ,  shore , 
region,  district. 

bra-tio,  onis,  /.  (oro,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  a  speaking,  speech;  oration, 
harangue ;  eloquence. 
ora-tor,  oris,  m.  (oro,  §  44,  1,  c, 
1),  a  speaker,  orator,  ambassador. 
orbis,  is,  m.,  a  circle,  ring,  orbit ; 
orbis  terrarum,  the  whole  world, 
the  globe. 

orbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (orbus), 

to  deprive,  bereave. 
orbus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  deprived,  bereft, 
destitute. 

ordior,  ordiri,  orsus  sum ,  dep. , 
to  begin,  commence,  undertake. 
or  do,  inis,  m.  (ordior),  an  arrang¬ 
ing,  row ,  rank,  order,  line  ;  or¬ 
dine,  ex  ordine ,  in  ordinem, 
in  order,  in  turn;  extra  ordi¬ 


nem,  out  of  order ,  irregularly; 
ordo  equester,  the  equestrian 
order ,  the  knights. 

Orgetbrix,  igis,  m.,  a  Helvetian 
noble. 

bri-ens,  entis,  part,  (brior),  ris¬ 
ing.  As  Noun,  m.,  the  east;  the 
rising  sun. 

or-igo,  inis,/,  (brior),  birth,  origin , 

lineage,  source. 

brior,  bri  (oriri),  ortus  sum,  dep . 

(§  35,  1,  h ),  to  arise,  originate 
f  from,  spring,  descend  from;  to 
begin,  commence. 

ori-undus,  a,  um,  adj.  (brior), 

descended ,  sprung  from. 

orna-mentum,  i,  n.  (orno,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  an  ornament,  decoration , 
equipment ;  in  pi. ,  jewels. 
orna-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (orno), 
adorned ,  ornamented. 
orno,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. ,  to  adorn , 
ornament ,  embellish  ;  praise,  com¬ 
mend  ;  honor;  fit  out,  furnish. 
oro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (os),  to 
pray,  beg,  beseech. 
or-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (ordior), 
having  begun. 

or-tus,  us,  m.  (brior),  a  rising, 
beginning,  origin,  birth. 
os,  oris,  n.,  the  mouth,  the  face, 
countenance ;  speech. 
bs,  ossis,  n .,  a  bone. 
os- c ulum,  i,  n.  dim.  (bs,  §  44,  1, 
c,  3),  a  little  mouth  ;  a  kiss. 
os-tendo,  tendere,  tendi,  ten- 
sum  or  tentum,  a.  (ob ;  ten- 
do),  to  show ,  exhibit,  display ; 
declare,  say,  make  known;  prae¬ 
mia  ostendere,  to  offer  rewards. 
osten-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
intens.  (ostendo,  §  36,  b,  and 
44,  2,  b),  to  display,  boast  of, 
show  off ;  reveal ,  point  out. 
osten-tus,  us,  m.  (ostendo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  showing,  display. 
osus,  a,  wan.,  part,  (odi),  hating, 
hatred. 

btibs-e,  adv.  (otiosus),  at  ease, 
calmly,  quietly ;  gently ,  gradually ; 
fearlessly. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


67 


oti-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (otium,  §  44,. 

1,  c,  3),  at  leisure ,  unoccupied ; 
;  indolent. 

5tium,  ii,  n.,  leisure ,  freedom  from 
business  ;  ease ,  inactivity ,  idle 
life  ;  rest ,  repose , 

5vis,  is,/.,  a  sheep. 

6vo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to 
rejoice ,  triumph  in  an  ovation. 
ovum,  i,  n.,  an 

P. 

F.,  an  abbreviation  of  Publius. 
pabulor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(pabulum),  to  seek  for  food ;  to 
forage. 

pa-bulum,  i,  n.  (pasco),  food , 
nourishment;  fodder. 
paca-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (paco) , 
pacified ,  ca/m,  quiet ,  tranquil. 
paciscor,  pacisci,  pactus  sum, 
dep.,  to  make  a  bargain ,  agree, 
stipulate. 

paco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (pax),  to 
make  peaceful ;  to  quiet ,  still. 
pac-tio,  onis,  f  (paciscor,  §  44, 

l,  c ,  2),  an  agreement,  covenant , 
contract ,  bargain. 

pac-tum,  i,  n.  (paciscor),  an 

agreement ,  covenant,  contract ; 
manner,  way ;  quo  pacto,  in 
what  manner  ? 

Padus,  i,  m.,  the  Po. 
paedagogus,  i,  m.,  boy’s  attendant 
(a  slave  who  took  children  to 
and  from  school  and  had  charge 
of  them  at  home),  a  preceptor, 
tutor. 

paene,  adv. ,  nearly,  almost. 
pag-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pagus), 
rustic.  As  Noun,  paganus,  i, 

m. ,  a  countryman,  peasant. 
pagus,  i,  m.,  a  canton,  village; 

country-district. 

palam,  adv. ,  openly,  publicly;  as 
prep,  wdth  abl.,  before ,  in  the 
presence  of. 

P&latium,  ii,  n. ,  one  of  the  seven 
hills  of  Rome.  The  emperor 


Angustus  had  his  residence  on 
the  Palatium;  hence  it  came  to 
mean  a  royal  abode ,  palace. 
palleo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup. ,  n.,  to  be 
pale;  be  sick  for  a  thing ;  eager¬ 
ly  desire. 

pall-or,  oris,  m.  (palleo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  paleness,  pallor;  alarm , 
terror. 

palma,  a e,/. ,  the  palm,  hand. 
paludamentum,  i,  n.,  a  military 
cloak,  soldier’s  cloak,  general’s 
cloak. 

pa-lus,  i,  m.,  a  stake,  prop ,  pale. 
palus,  udis,  f. ,  a  swamp ,  marsh , 
bog. 

pando,  pandere,  pandi,  pansum 
and  passum,  a.,  to  spread  out, 
extend,  throw  open;  passis  cri¬ 
nibus,  with  dishevelled  hair. 
pango,  pangere,  panxi  (pegi, 
pepigi),  panctum  (pactum), 
a.,  to  fasten,  fix;  determine, 
settle;  stipulate ,  contract. 
panis,  is,  m.,  bread,  loaf. 
par,  paris,  adj.  (gen.  pi. ,  parium), 
equal ,  equal  to,  a  match  for; 
suitable ,  fit. 
par,  paris,  n. ,  a  pair. 
para-bilis,  e,  adj.  (paro),  pro¬ 
curable,  easy  to  get. 
para-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (paro), 
prepared ,  ready,  equipped,  fur¬ 
nished. 

parco,  parcere,  peperci  or  parsi, 
parcitum  or  parsum,  n.  with 
dat.  (parcus),  to  spare ,  refrain 
from,  forbear ,  leave  off,  cease. 
parcus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sparing,  fru¬ 
gal,  thrifty. 

par-ens,  entis,  m.  and  f.  (gen.  pi. , 
parentum  and  parentium),  (pa¬ 
rio),  a  parent;  father,  mother. 
pareo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n. ,  to  appear, 
obey,  comply  with. 
pario,  parere,  peperi,  paritum 
and  partum,  a.,  to  bring  forth, 
bear,  lay,  produce,  beget,  accom¬ 
plish. 

par-iter,  adv.  (par),  equally,  in 
like  manner ,  as  well. 


68 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


paro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  get 

ready,  prepare,  furnish,  provide , 
get ,  obtain. 

pars,  partis,  f. ,  a  part,  piece,  por¬ 
tion,  share;  party,  quarter ;  ex 
omni  parte,  in  all  respects; 
nulla  ex  parte,  in  no  respect; 
a  partibus  alicujus  stare,  to 
stand  on  one’s  side,  belong  to  one’s 
party. 

Parthi,  orum,  m.pl. ,  the  Parthians ; 
a  Scythian  people,  famed  in 
ancient  times  as  roving  war¬ 
riors  and  skillful  archers, 
part-im,  adv.  (partior),  partly,  in 
part. 

part-ior,  iri,  itus  sum,  dep.  (pars), 
to  part,  share,  divide,  distribute. 
partus,  us,  m.  (pario,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  a  bearing,  bringing  forth, 
birth;  offspring. 

par-um,  adv.  (akin  to  parvus), 
too  little,  not  enough  (parum, 
minus,  minime), 
parvu-lus,  a,  um,  adj.  dim.  (par¬ 
vus,  §  44,  1,  c ,  3),  very  small, 
petty,  slight ;  young.  As  Noun, 
parvulus,  i,  m.,  a  little  boy; 
parvula,  a e,/.,  a  little  girl. 
parvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (comp. 
minor,  superl.  minimus) ,  small, 
little. 

pasco,  pascere,  pavi,  pastum, 

a.  and  n.,  to  nourish,  maintain, 
feed  ;  pasture,  graze. 
pascor,  pasci,  pastus  sum,  dep., 
to  feed  or  browse  upon. 
passer,  eris,  m.,  a  sparrow. 
pas-sim,  adv.  (pando),  here  and 
there,  hither  and  thither,  in  all 
directions ;  promiscuously . 
pas-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (patior) , 
having  suffered,  endured. 
pas-sus,  us,  m.  (pando) ,  a  step, 
pace;  foot-step,  track;  pace  (as 
measure  of  length,  consisting 
of  five  Roman  feet) ;  mille  pas¬ 
suum,  one  mile. 

pas-tor,  oris,  m.  (pasco,  §  44,  1, 

c,  1),  a  feeder,  keeper ,  herds¬ 
man,  shepherd . 


pateo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  to  be  open; 

to  stretch  out,  extend ;  be  mani¬ 
fest,  be  free. 

pater,  tris,  m.,  a  father. 
p  ater-f amilias ,  patris-familias , 

m.,  a  father  of  a, family,  master 
of  a  household. 

pater-nus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pater), 
of  or  belonging  to  a  father ,  pater¬ 
nal,  fatherly,  hereditary. 
pati-ens,  entis,  part,  (patior), 
suffering,  allowing,  bearing,  pa¬ 
tient  ;  firm ,  unyielding  ;  patiens 
oneris,  able  to  bear  a  burden. 
patien-ter,  adv.  (patiens),  patient¬ 
ly- 

patient-ia,  se,  f  (patiens ,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  patience,  forbearance , 
indulgence,  lenity. 

patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  dep. , 
to  bear ,  support,  endure,  suffer, 
jallow. 

patr-ia,  se,  f.  (pater),  fatherland , 
jnative  country ,  native  place. 
patr-icius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (pater), 

patrician,  noble. 

pStr-imonium,  ii,  n.  (pater),  an 

estate  inherited  from  a  father; 
patrimony ,  inheritance  ;  fortune, 
property. 

pUtr-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (pater),  of 

or  belonging  to  one’s  father, 
paternal. 

patrocin-ium,  ii,  n.  (patrocinor, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  protection,  de¬ 
fence,  patronage. 

pltro-cinor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(patronus),  to  protect,  defend, 
jupport,  patronize. 
patr-onus,  i,  m.  (pater),  a  pro¬ 
tector,  patron;  defender,  advo¬ 
cate  ;  pleader. 

patr-uus,  i,  m.  (pater),  a  father’s 
brother,  un  uncle  on  the  father’s 
side. 

pauca,  orum,  n.  pi.,  a  few  words. 
pauci,  se,  a,  adj.  pi.,  few,  little. 
paulo,  adv.  (paulus),  by  a  little,  a 
little,  somewhat. 

paulus  (paulius),  a,  um,  adj., 
little,  small. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


69 


pauilatim  (paulatim),  adv.  (pau¬ 
lus),  by  degrees,  gradually . 
pauper,  eris,  adj .,  poor,  needy f 
scanty,  slender  {comp,  pauperior, 
superi,  pauperrimus), 
pauper-tas,  atis,  f.  (pauper,  § 
44,  1,  c,2)  ,  poverty,  need,  want. 
paveo,  pavere,  pavi,  no  sup.,  n. 
and  a.,  to  tremble  with  fear  ;  be 
terrified;  to  fear,  dread. 
pav-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (paveo), 
trembling ,  quaking,  fearful ,  tim¬ 
id  ;  anxious,  disturbed. 
pavo,  onis,  (pavus,  i),  m .,  a  pea¬ 
cock. 

pav-or,  oris,  m.  (paveo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  trembling  ;  anxiety ,  fear , 
dread. 

pax,  pacis,  f. ,  peace  ;  grace,  fa¬ 
vor  ;  pace  tua,  with  your  per¬ 
mission. 

pecca-tum,  i,  n.  (pecco),  a  fault , 

error ,  sin. 

pecco,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. ,  to 
transgress,  sin ,  offend. 
pecto,  pectere,  pexi,  pexum  and 
pectitum,  a.,  to  comb,  card. 
pectus,  oris,  n.,  the  breast;  heart, 
feelings;  courage. 
pecu-nia,  ae,  f.  (pecus,  udis), 
property ,  riches,  wealth. 
pgcus,  oris,  n.,  a  herd,  flock ; 
cattle. 

pecus,  iidis,  f,  a  beast,  a  sheep ; 

an  animal;  m  pi. ,  cattle. 
ped-es,  Itis,  m.  (pes ;  eo) ,  (one 
that  goes  on  foot),  a  foot-sol¬ 
dier;  infantry. 

ped-ester,  tris,  tre,  adj.  (pes), 

on  foot ,  pedestrian;  by  land, 
land.  [worse. 

pejor,  us,  adj.  {comp,  of  malus), 
pellis,  is,  f,  a  skin,  hide  ;  a  gar¬ 
ment  (made  of  skin), 
pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  a., 
to  drive  or  thrust  out ;  expel,  set 
aside;  rout,  put  to  flight;  hurl, 
impel;  move,  affect. 
pendeo,  pendere,  pependi,  no 
sup.,  n.,  to  hang,  be  suspended; 
overhang ;  float,  rest  upon. 


pendo,  pendgre,  pgpendi,  pen- 
sum,  a.,  to  weigh,  weigh  out ; 
pay,  pay  out ;  consider ,  estimate; 
value,  esteem. 

penes,  prep,  with  acc .,  with,  in  the 
power  of. 

penitus,  adv. ,  deeply,  inwardly ; 

thoroughly,  utterly ,  wholly. 
penna,  ae,  f. ,  a  feather,  wing  ;  an 
arrow. 

penuria,  ae,  f ,  leant,  need. 

■per,  prep,  with  acc.,  through,  dur¬ 
ing,  by,  by  means  of,  on  account 
of,  over,  across. 

per-ago,  agere,  egi,  actum,  a.,  to 

finish,  accomplish ,  carry  through, 
complete. 

per-agro,  are,  avi,  atum  (per ; 

ager),  to  wander  about ;  traverse ; 
travel  through. 

per-cello,  cellere,  culi,  culsum, 

a.,  to  strike ,  beat  down,  over¬ 
throw;  discourage  ;  ruin,  destroy. 
per-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (per ;  capio) ,  to  seize,  oc¬ 
cupy ;  obtain,  receive  ;  perceive, 
observe,  learn. 

percuncta-tio  (contatio),  onis, 
/.  (percunctor,  §  44,  1,  c ,  2), 

an  inquiring  of;  an  inquiry. 
per-cunctor  (contor),  ari,  atus 
sum,  dep.,  to  ask  particularly 
of;  to  inquire,  ask,  interrogate ; 
investigate. 

per-curro,  currere,  cucurri  or 
curri,  cursum,  a.,  to  run 

through,  pass  through,  traverse; 
scan  briefly. 

percus-sio,  onis,  f.  (percutio,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  a  beating,  striking. 

percus-sor,  oris,  m.  (percutio,  § 

44,  1,  c,  1),  a  striker  ;  murderer, 
slayer. 

per-cutio,  cutere,  cussi,  cussum, 
a.  (per;  quatio),  to  strike, 
pierce  through ;  slay,  kill;  beat; 
foedus  percutere,  to  conclude  a 
treaty. 

perd-itus,  a,  um ,  part,  (perdo), 
destroyed ,  ruined,  desperate,  cor¬ 
rupt ,  abandoned. 


70 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


perdo,  perdere,  perdidi,  perdi¬ 
tum,  a .,  to  destroy ,  lose,  ruin; 
squander,  waste. 

per-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 

a.,  to  lead  through,  bring,  con¬ 
duct;  prolong,  lengthen  out,  in¬ 
duce  ;  draw  out,  extend. 
per-eo,  ire,  ii  (ivi),  itum,  n.  irr., 
to  perish,  be  ruined,  be  lost,  die ; 
be  wasted,  spent. 

per-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  a.  irr., 
to  carry  through,  convey ;  accom¬ 
plish;  suffer ,  endure. 
per-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 
a.  (per;  facio),  to  make,  make 
up,  form  ;  finish,  complete  ;  ac¬ 
complish,  carry  out ;  effect,  cause. 
perfid-ia,  se,f.  (perfidus,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  faithlessness ,  dishonesty, 
treachery,  falsehood. 
per-fidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (per;  fides), 
faithless,  false,  dishonest,  treach¬ 
erous. 

per-fodio,  fodere,  fodi,  fossum, 

a.,  to  dig  through;  pierce,  stab, 
transfix. 

per-foro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

bore  through,  pierce,  perforate. 

per-fringo,  fringere,  fregi,  frac¬ 
tum,  a.  (per;  frango),  to  break 
or  dash  in  pieces;  to  shatter; 
violate ,  infringe. 

per-fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  dep., 
to  enjoy  fully  ;  fulfil,  perform. 
per-fiigio,  fugere,  fugi ,  fugitum , 
n.,  to  flee ;  desert ;  fly  (for  refuge), 
per-go,  pergere,  perrexi,  perrec¬ 
tum,  a.  and  n.  (per;  rego),  to 
commence,  undertake ;  go  on, 
proceed. 

per-hibeo,  hibere,  hibui,  hibi- 
tum,  a.  (per ;  habeo),  to  hold 
out,  present,  afford ;  ascribe, 
attribute ;  consider,  regard. 
pericl-itor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(periclum),  to  try,  prove ,  test ; 
risk,  venture  ;  to  be  in  danger. 
periciil-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pericu¬ 
lum,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  full  of  dan¬ 
ger  ;  dangerous ,  hazardous,  peril¬ 
ous. 


peri-culum  (-clum),  i,  n.  (pSrior, 

obsolete) ,  a  trial,  attempt ;  risk, 
hazard,  danger. 

per-imo,  imere,  emi,  emptum,  a. 
(per;  emo),  to  take  away; 
annihilate,  destroy :  kill,  slay. 
per-inde,  adv.,  quite,  as  ;  just  as  ; 

in  like  manner,  equally. 
peri-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (perior,  obso¬ 
lete),  experienced ,  practised,  skill¬ 
ful,  expert. 

per-magnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very 

great,  very  large. 

per-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 

a.,  to  let  through;  let  go;  let 
loose ;  permit ;  cast,  hurl ;  in¬ 
trust. 

per-moveo,  movere,  movi,  mo¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  move  deeply,  stir 
greatly  ;  rouse  up,  excite ;  per¬ 
suade.  [ very  many. 

per-multus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  very  much , 
pernic-ies,  iei,  f.  (perneco),  de¬ 
struction,  ruin ,  overthrow. 
pernici-osus ,  a,  um,  adj.  (per¬ 
nicies,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  very  de¬ 
structive,  ruinous,  pernicious. 
per-paucus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very 
little,  very  few. 

perpetu-o,  adv.  (perpetuus),  con¬ 
stantly,  perpetually. 
perpetu-um,  adv.  (perpetuus), 
forever,  perpetually . 
perpetuus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  continu¬ 
ing,  continuous,  unbroken;  con¬ 
stant,  lasting. 

per-rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  rup¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  break  through,  force 
one's  way  through ;  overcome ; 
break  up. 

per-ssepe,  adv.,  very  often,  very 
frequently. 

per-sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum, 

dep.,  to  follow  after,  chase,  pur¬ 
sue,  proceed  against,  attack,  hunt 
after,  obtain. 

persevero,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  . 
a.  (perseverus),  to  persist,  per¬ 
severe  (in  any  thing), 
per-se verus,  a,  'um,  adj.,  very 

strict. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


71 


Persia,  ae,/,  Persia. 

Persis,  idis,/.,  Persia. 
per-sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  stitum, 

n.,  to  continue  steadfastly ;  to 
persist. 

per-solvo,  solvere,  solvi,  solu¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  pay ,  give ,  render; 
solve ,  explain. 

per-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,  a.  (per;  specio),  to  see 

through  ;  view ,  examine,  inspect. 

per-sto,  stare,  stiti,  statum, n.,  io 

stand  firmly,  hold  out,  persevere, 
persist. 

per-stringo,  stringere,  strinxi, 
strictum,  a.,  to  hind ,  tie,  fasten ; 
seize;  wound  slightly;  censure, 
reprove. 

per-suadeo,  suadere,  suasi,  sua¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  convince,  persuade, 
induce,  prevail  upon. 
per-terreo,  terrere,  terrui,  terri¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  frighten  or  terrify 
thoroughly. 

pertinac-ia,  ae,/.  (pertinax,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  perseverance,  constancy, 
obstinacy. 

pertinac-iter,  adv.  (pertinax) , 
firmly,  stubbornly . 
per-tinax,  acis,  adj.  (per ;  tenax), 
firm,  constant,  steadfast,  per¬ 
severing;  stubborn ,  obstinate. 
per-tineo,  tinere,  tinui,  tentum, 
n.  (per;  teneo),  to  strdch,  reach, 
extend ;  belong  to,  relate,  have 
reference  to. 

per-traho,  trahere,  traxi,  trac¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  drag,  entice,  allure. 
per-turbo.  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
confuse  utterly ;  to  disturb,  dis¬ 
compose,  embarrass,  confound. 
per-utilis,  e,  adj.,  very  useful. 
per-venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum, 
n.,  to  arrive  at,  reach ,  attain  to. 
per-v61o,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to  fly 
through.  [on  foot. 

pes,  pSdis,  m.,  afoot;  pedibus, 
pessimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
malus) ,  worst. 

pestis,  is,/.,  a  plague,  pest,  pesti¬ 
lence;  destruction ,  ruin . 


pet-itio,  onis ,/.  (pSto,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2) ,  a  request,  petition,  candidate- 
ship. 

peto,  petere,  petivi  and  petii, 
petitum,  a.,  to  attack,  assail; 
seek ;  beg,  ask,  entreat  (§  52,  2, 
c,  remark). 

phalanx,  angis,/.,  a  band  of  sol¬ 
diers,  phalanx. 

phalerae,  arum,  /.  pi.,  trappings 
for  horses,  military  ornaments , 
decorations. 

Pharnaces,  is,  m.,  king  of  Pon¬ 
tus. 

Pharsal-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Phar¬ 
salus),  of  Pharsalus,  Pharsa- 
lian. 

Pharsalus,  i,/.,  a  city  of  Thessaly, 
where  Csesar  defeated  Pompey, 
b.  c.  48. 

Philippi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a,  city  of 
Macedonia,  on  the  borders  of 
Thrace,  celebrated  for  the  battle 
in  which  Octavianus  and  An¬ 
tony  defeated  Brutus  and  Cas¬ 
sius,  b.  c.  42. 

philosophia,  ae, /,  philosophy. 
philosophor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 

(philosophus),  to  philosophize. 
philosophus,  i,  m.,  a  philosopher. 
pi-etas,  atis,  /.  (pius,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 
2),  piety;  duty,  affection,  love, 
gratitude. 

piger,  gra,  grum ,  adj. ,  slow,  lazy , 
dull,  sluggish,  indolent. 
piget,  pigere,  piguit  and  pigitum 
est,  impers.  (§  50,  4,  c,  2),  it 
vexes,  annoys,  troubles;  piget 
me  alicujus  rei,  I  dislike,  loathe 
a  thing. 

pignus,  oris  and  eris,  n.,  a  pledge, 
security,  token ,  proof. 
pila,  ae,/.,  a  ball,  playing-ball. 
pilum,  i,  n.,  a  javelin  (a  heavy 
javelin  of  the  Roman  infantry, 
which  they  hurled  at  the  enemy 
at  the  beginning  of  an  action, 
and  then  used  their  swords) . 
pingo,  pingere,  pinxi,  pictum, 
a.,  to  paint,  embroider;  stain ; 
adorn,  decorate. 


72 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


pinguis,  e,  adj. ,  fat,  rich ,  fertile  ; 
dull,  stupid. 

pinus,  us  and  i,  f. ,  a  pine ,  pine- 
tree ;  a  fir,  fir-tree. 
pirata,  a e,  m.,  a  sea-robber,  pirate. 
piraticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  pirates, 
piratical. 

pisc-ina,  se,  f.  (piscis),  a  fish¬ 
pond  ;  a  pond. 
piscis,  is,  m.,  a  fish. 
piscor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  n.  (pis¬ 
cis),  to  fish. 

pius,  a,  um,  adj.  (comp,  magis 
pius,  superi,  piissimus),  pious, 
devout;  tender,  kind;  patriotic. 
pix,  picis,  f. ,  pitch. 
placa-bilis,  e,  adj.  (placo),  easily 
pacified;  mild,  gentle. 
placeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.,  to 
please,  satisfy  ;  placet,  impers., 
it  seems  good,  it  is  thought  best, 
resolved  on. 

plac-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (placeo), 

gentle,  quiet,  calm,  mild, peaceful. 

placo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  quiet, 
soothe,  calm,  appease ;  reconcile ; 
pacify, 

plaga,  se,  f,  a  blow,  stroke ; 

thrust,  wound ;  injury. 
plaga,  se ,fi,  a  hunting  net,  snare ; 
trap. 

plan-e,  adv.  (planus) ,  simply, 
clearly,  distinctly ;  wholly,  entire¬ 
ly,  completely,  quite. 
plan-ities,  iei,  f.  (planus),  level 
ground,  plain.  \_flat,  plain. 

planus,  a,  um,  adj.,  even,  level, 
Plato,  onis,  m.,  Plato  ;  a  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher, 
plebs,  plebis,  f,  the  common  people. 
plecto,  plectere,  plexi  and 
plexui,  plexum,  a.,  to  plait, 
braid,  interweave ;  twist. 
plecto,  plectere,  no  perf,  no  sup., 
a.,  to  strike,  punish  (with  blows), 
ple-nus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pleo,  to  fill) , 
full,  filled;  complete. 
plerus-que,  pleraque,  plerum¬ 
que,  adj.,  the  larger  or  greater 
part  of;  generally  found  in  pi., 
very  many,  the  most;  plerum¬ 


que,  as  adv.,  for  the  most  part, 
very  often,  frequently . 
plico,  are,  avi  (ui),  atum  and 
itum,  a.,  to  fold,  fold  up;  to 
coil. 

plumb-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (plum¬ 
bum,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  of  lead, 
made  of  lead,  leaden. 
plumbum,  i,  n.,  lead. 
pluo,  pluere,  plui  or  pluvi,  no 
sup.,  n.,  to  rain;  pluit,  it  rains 
(§  39,  a). 

plu-rimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
multus),  very  much;  most;  as 
adv.,  plurimum,  mostly,  chiefly, 
exceedingly ,  very  much. 
plus,  pluris,  adj.  (comp,  of  mul¬ 
tus),  (§  16,  8,  6),  more.  As 
Noun  in  pi.,  plures,  ium,  m., 
several. 

plus,  adv.,  more;  too  much. 
plu-via,  se,f.  (pluo),  rain. 
poculum,  i,  n.,  a  cup,  goblet,  bowl.  ' 
podagra,  se,  f,  the  gout  (in  the 
feet) . 

poema,  atis,  n.  (dat.  and  abl. 
pi.,  poematibus  or  poematis), 

a  poem. 

poena,  se,f.,  punishment,  penalty ; 
poenas  dare ,  to  pay  the  penalty, 
be  punished;  poenas  sumere, 
to  inflict  punishment. 
pcen-itet,  poenitere,  poenituit, 
no  sup.,  impers.  (§  50,  4,  c,  2), 
it  repents;  with  acc.  of  person 
and  gen.  of  the  thing,  or  infin¬ 
itive  in  place  of  the  thing ; 
pcenitet  me  facti,  1  repent  of 
the  action;  pcenitet  me  fecisse, 
I  repent  having  done  it. 
poeta,  ee,  m.,  a  poet. 
pollens,  entis,  part,  (polleo), 
strong,  mighty,  able,  powerful. 
pol-leo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.  (pbtis  ; 
valeo),  to  be  strong;  to  be  able; 
to  prevail. 

poll-ex,  icis,  m.  (polleo),  the 
thumb  ;  the  great  toe. 
pol-liceor,  liceri,  licitus  sum, 
dep.  (pbtis;  liceor),  to  promise. 
Pollio,  onis,  m.,  a  Roman  name. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


73 


pol-luo,  uSre,  ui,  utum,  a.  (pbtis ; 
luo)  ,  to  soil,  defile ,  pollute;  dis¬ 
honor,  violate. 

pompa,  se,f .,  a  procession;  suite , 
retinue ;  display,  parade,  pomp. 
Pompei-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Pom¬ 
peius),  of  Pompey,  Pompeian. 
Pompeius,  ii,  m  ’  Cneius  Pom¬ 
peius  Magnus;  a  Roman  gen¬ 
eral  and  rival  of  Caesar;  de¬ 
feated  at  Pharsalus,  b.  c.  48. 
pomum,  i,  n.,  fruit. 
pond-us,  eris,  n.  (pendo),  a 
weight,  mass,  load,  burden;  in¬ 
fluence,  authority. 
pone,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc. , 
after,  behind,  back. 
pono,  pondre,  posui,  pSsitum, 
a.,  to  put,  place,  set,  lay;  cas¬ 
tra  ponere,  to  pitch  camp. 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  a  bridge. 
pontifex,  ficis,  m.,  a  high-priest, 
pontiff. 

Pontus,  i,  m.,  the  Black  Sea  (Pon¬ 
tus  Euxinus),  also  a  region 
about  the  Black  Sea. 
Popedius,  ii,  m.,  a  Latin  chief, 
popul-aris,  e,  adj.  (populus),  of 
or  belonging  to  the  people ;  pop¬ 
ular  ;  native. 

pdpulor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(p6pulus),  to  lay  waste,  ravage, 
devastate ,  plunder,  pillage. 
populus,  i,  m.,  a  people ;  a  multi¬ 
tude ,  host,  crowd. 

Porcia,  ae,  f,  wife  of  Brutus, 
por-rigo,  rigere,  rexi,  rectum, 
a.  (por  =  pro;  rego),  to  put 
forth,  reach  out,  extend;  offer, 
present. 

porro,  adv.,  onward,  henceforth, 
again,  moreover. 
porta,  3e,f,  a  gate,  door. 
por-tendo,  dere,  di,  turn,  a. 
(por  =  pro  ;  tendo) ,  to  foretell, 
predict,  portend. 

porten-tum,  i,  n.  (portendo),  a 

sign,  token,  omen,  portent ;  mon¬ 
ster. 

port-icus,  us  ,f.  (porta),  a  piazza, 
colonnade,  portico. 


porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  cart'y, 

convey,  bring.  [port. 

portus,  us,  m.,  a  harbor,  haven, 
posco,  poscere,  poposci,  no  sup., 
a.,  to  beg,  demand,  request,  de¬ 
sire,  ask,  require. 

Posidonius,  ii,  m.,  a  celebrated 
philosopher  of  Rhodes. 
pos-Itus,  a,  um,  part,  (pono), 
situated,  placed,  lying,  standing. 
posses-sio,  onis,  f.  (possideo,  § 
44,  1 ,  c,  2),  a  possessing,  pos¬ 
session  ;  property. 
pos-sideo,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 
a.  (potis;  sedeo),  to  possess , 
have ,  hold. 

pos-sido,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 
(potis  ;  sido),  to  take  possession 
of,  occupy. 

pos-sum,  posse,  potui,  n.  irr. 
(potis ;  sum),  to  have  the  power, 
can,  be  able;  plurimum  posse, 

to  have  very  great  influence. 
post,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc.,  be¬ 
hind,  back,  after,  beneath. 
post-ea,  adv.,  afterwards,  here¬ 
after. 

postea-quam,  conj. ,  after  that, 
when. 

posterior,  ius,  adj.  {comp,  of  pos¬ 
terus),  after,  later;  inferior; 
latter. 

post-erus,  a,  um,  adj.  (post) , 

coming  after,  following,  next,  en¬ 
suing,  future.  As  Noun,  pos¬ 
teri,  drum,  m.  pi.,  descendants, 
posterity. 

post-habeo,  habere,  habui,  habi¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  place  after;  esteem 
less ,  postpone,  neglect. 
post-hac,  adv.,  after  this,  hereafter, 
henceforth. 

post-p5no,  ponere,  posui,  p5si- 
tum,  a.,  to  put  after,  postpone , 
to  esteem  less  ;  neglect. 
post-quam,  conj.,  after  that,  after, 
as  soon  as,  when. 
postrem-o,  adv.  (postremus) , 
last,  lastly ,  finally . 
postr-i-die,  adv.  (posterus,  dies), 
on  the  day  after ,  on  the  next  day. 


74 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


posttila-tum,  i,  n.  (postulo),  a 

demand ,  request. 

postulo,  are,  avi,  a  turn,  a.  (§  52, 

2,  c,  remark),  to  ask ,  demand , 
require,  request ,  desire. 
potens,  entis,  part,  (possum), 
able,  mighty ,  powerful ,  strong. 
pbtent-atus,  us,  w.  (potens), 
ruZe,  dominion,  command. 
po ten- ter,  adv.  (pbtens),  strongly, 
mightily,  powerfully ,  effectually. 
potent-ia,  ae,  f.  (pbtens,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  might,  force,  power ;  effi¬ 
cacy  ;  authority. 

potes -tas,  atis,  f.  (potens,  §  44, 

1 ,  c,  2),  ability,  power ;  dominion , 
rule,  empire ;  opportunity  ;  po¬ 
testatem  facere  pugnandi,  to 
give  (one)  the  opportunity  of 
fighting. 

pot-io,  onis,  f.  (poto,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  a  drinking ;  a  drink,  draught. 
pbt-ior,  iri,  itus  sum,  dep.  (pbtis), 
to  take  possession  .of,  get,  obtain ; 
be  master  of,  hold,  possess  (§  54, 
6,  d).  [possible. 

potis,  e,  adj.,  powerful;  able; 
poti-us,  adv.  (pbtis),  rather,  pref¬ 
erably,  more. 

poto,  potare,  potavi,  potatum  or 
potum,  a.  and  n.,  to  drink, 
tipple. 

prae,  adv.  and  prep,  with  abl., 
before  ;  in  comparison  with  ;  be¬ 
cause  of;  in  front  of;  in  com¬ 
position,  very,  very  much ,  too 
much. 

prse-beo,  bere,  bui,  bitum,  a. 
(contracted  from  praehibeo ; 
prae ;  habeo),  to  reach  out,  prof¬ 
fer  ;  give,  furnish,  afford ;  exhibit. 
prae-caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cau¬ 
tum,  a.  and  n. ,  to  guard  against 
beforehand ,  to  seek  to  prevent ; 
to  take  care  beforehand ;  be  on 
one's  guard,  beware. 
prae-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
a.  and  n.,  to  go  before,  precede  ; 
suipass,  outstrip,  outdo,  excel. 
prae-ceps,  cipitis,  adj.  (prae ;  ca¬ 
put)  ,  headforemost,  headlong. 


praecep-tum,  i,  n.  (praecipio),  a 

maxim,  rule ,  precept ;  order , 
command. 

prae-cido,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum, 
a.  (prae;  caedo),  to  cut  off,  take 
away  ;  break  off;  refuse ,  deny. 
prae-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (prae ;  capio) ,  to  take  in  ad¬ 
vance,  anticipate ;  direct,  order, 
enjoin. 

praecipito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n.  (praeceps),  to  throw  headlong  ; 
precipitate ;  to  rush  down,  fall  to 
ruin. 

praecipu-e,  adv.  (praecipuus), 

especially,  chiefly  ;  particularly , 
principally . 

praecip-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (praeci¬ 
pio),  particular,  peculiar,  espe¬ 
cial;  principal,  chief,  foremost ; 
distinguished. 

praeclar-e,  adv.  (praeclarus),  very 
clearly,  excellently,  admirably , 
very  well. 

prae-clarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very 
clear ;  glorious,  excellent ,  noble, 
renowned,  distinguished,  famous, 
celebrated. 

praeco,  onis,  m.,  a  crier,  herald. 
praeda,  a e,f,  booty ,  spoil,  plunder ; 
prey,  game. 

prae-dico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

publish,  proclaim,  state,  declare  ; 
praise,  commend ,  laud. 

prae-dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum, 

a.,  to  foretell,  predict;  admonish , 
warn,  command. 

prae-ditus,  a,  um,  adj.  (prae ;  do), 

gifted,  endowed,  provided  with, 
possessed  of. 

praedo , .  onis ,  m.  (praedor) ,  one 

that  plunders ,  a  plunderer,  rob¬ 
ber. 

praedor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 

(praeda),  to  plunder,  rob,  pillage, 

despoil. 

prae-eo,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum,  n.,  to 
go  before,  precede. 
praefec-tus,  i,  m.  (praeficio),  a 
governor,  chief,  commander ,  pre¬ 
fect. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


75 


prae-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  a. 

irr. ,  to  carry  before ;  to  prefer , 
choose  rather  ;  display,  exhibit. 
prae-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
(prae  ;  facio),  to  place  over,  set 
over ;  put  in  command  of;  ap¬ 
point. 

prae-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  send  before,  despatch 
in  advance. 

prae-mium,  ii,  n.  (prae  ;  emo), 

proft,  advantage ;  reward,  rec¬ 
ompense. 

praepara-tio,  onis,  f.  (praeparo, 
§44,  1,  c,  2),  a  preparing,  prep¬ 
aration. 

prae-paro,  are,  avi,atum,  a.,  to 
get  ready  beforehand  ;  prepare. 
prae-pono,  ponere,  posui,  posi¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  set  over,  place  in 
charge  of,  appoint. 
prae-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 
a.  (prae ;  rapio),  to  snatch  away, 
forestall,  anticipate. 
prae-scribo,  scribere,  scripsi, 
scriptum,  a.,  to  appoint,  direct, 
command,  prescribe. 
praescrip-tio,  onis,/1.  (praescribo, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  an  inscription, 
title  ;  precept ,  rule,  law. 
praescrip-tum,  i,  n.  (praescribo) , 
a  precept,  order,  rule.  [ present . 

prae-sens,  entis,  adj.  (prae;  sum), 
praesent-ia,  ae,  f.  (praesens,  § 
44,  1 ,  c,  2),  presence  ;  readiness  ; 
in  praesentia,  at  present,  now. 
prae-sertim,  adv.  (prae  ;  sero),  es¬ 
pecially. 

prae-sideo,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 
n.  and  a.  (prae ;  sedeo),  to  sit 
before ;  guard ,  protect ;  direct, 
command. 

praesid-ium,  ii,  n.  (praesideo,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  defence,  aid,  protec¬ 
tion,  help  ;  a  garrison,  guard. 
praestans,  antis,  part,  (praesto), 
pre-eminent ,  excellent,  distin¬ 

guished,  extraordinary. 
praestant-ia,  ae ,  f.  (praestans,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  pre-eminence,  supe¬ 
riority,  excellence. 


praesto,  adv.,  at  hand,  ready,  pres¬ 
ent,  here. 

prae-sto,  stare,  stiti,  stitum,  n. 

and  a.,  to  be  superior ;  surpass, 
exceed;  show,  exhibit ,  manifest; 
fulfill,  pay ;  praestat,  it  is 
better. 

prae-sum,  esse,  fui,  n.  irr.,  to  be 
over,  be  in  command  of,  have 
charge  of,  govern,  superintend; 
summae  rerum  praeesse,  to 
have  the  supreme  command. 
prae-sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi  and 
sumsi,  sumptum  and  sumtum, 
a.,  to  take  before,  take  in  ad¬ 
vance  ;  conceive  beforehand,  sup¬ 
pose,  presume. 

praeter,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc., 
except,  over ,  beyond,  past,  against, 
besides. 

praeter-ea,  adv.,  besides,  moreover, 
beyond;  henceforth,  hereafter. 
praeter-eo,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  Itum, 
n.  and  a.,  to  go  past;  pass  by, 
pass  over,  neglect,  forget. 
praeteri-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (prae¬ 
tereo),  past,  gone  by,  departed. 
As  Noun,  praeterita,  orum,  n. 
pi.,  the  past. 

prae-texo,  texere,  texui,  textum, 

a.,  to  weave  before;  to  fringe; 
to  furnish,  provide  ;  conceal,  dis¬ 
guise. 

praetex-ta,  ae,  f.  (praetexo),  the 
“toga  praetexta,”  a  mantle 
(with  purple  border,  worn  by- 
magistrates  and  children) . 
praetext-atus,  a,  um,  adj.  (praetex- 
ta),  wearing  the  mantle  ;  (hence), 
as  Noun,  m. ,  a  boy. 
prae-tor,  oris,  m.  (prae ;  eo), 
praetor  (officer  of  justice),  chief 
commander. 

prae  tor-*  um,  ii,  n.  (praetor),  a 

general’s  tent. 

praetor-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (praetor) , 

of  the  praetor. 

prae-tura,  ae,  f,  the  office  of  a 
praetor,  the  praetor  ship 
prae-validus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very 
strong. 


76 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


prae- venio,  venire,  veni,  ven¬ 
tum,  n.  and  a .,  to  go  before , 
precede;  anticipate ,  prevent; 
surpass,  excel. 

prae-video,  videre,  vIQi,  visum, 

a.,  to  see  beforehand ,  foresee. 

prandeo,  prandere,  prandi,  pran¬ 
sum,  n.  and  a.,  to  breakfast ;  to 
take  as  breakfast. 

prand-ium,  ii,  n.  (prandeo,  §  44, 

1 ,  c ,  2) ,  breakfast. 
pratum,  i,  n. ,  a  meadow. 
pravus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  crooked ;  per¬ 
verse,  wrong,  vicious,  bad. 
preci,  precem,  prece,  in  pi., 
preces,  um ,f,  prayer,  entreaty, 
request. 

precor,  ari,  a  tus  sum,  dep.,  to 
pray,  beg,  entreat. 
prehendo,  dere,  di  sum,  a.,  to 
seize ,  catch,  grasp,  snatch. 
premo,  premere,  pressi,  pres¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  press, press  hard  on, 
oppress  ;  pursue ,  annoy. 
prendo,  see  prehendo, 
preti-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pretium, 
§  44,  1,  c,  3.),  valuable ,  precious  ; 
costly,  expensive. 

pretium,  ii,  n.,  money,  wealth; 
worth,  value,  price. 

prex,  see  preci. 

pridem,  adv.,a  long  time  ago,  long 
since ,  formerly . 

pri-die,  adv.  (prae;  dies),  on  the 
day  before  (§  50,  4,  e,  remark), 
prim-o,  adv.  (primus),  at  first,  in 
the  beginning ,  first ,  firstly. 
prim-um,  adv.,  first,  in  the  first 
place,  for  the  first  time  ;  quam 
primum,  as  soon  as  possible. 
pri-mus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  superlative 
(prae,  prior,  primus,  §  17,  3), 
first,  foremost. 

prin-ceps,  cipis,  adj.  (primus ; 
capio),  first.  As  Noun,  com. 
gen.,  chief  ruler ,  emperor;  prin¬ 
cipes,  m.  pi.,  chiefs ,  princes. 
princip-atus,  tu,  m.  (princeps), 
the  chief  place,  supremacy ,  do¬ 
minion  ;  principatum  tenere, 
to  be  at  the  head  of. 


prior,  prius,  adj.  comp,  (prae, 
prior,  primus) ,  former ,  pre¬ 
vious,  prior,  first  (of  two), 
pristinus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  former , 
early ,  primitive,  pristine. 
prius  .  .  .  quam,  conj .,  before 
that,  before ,  sooner ;  priusquam 
non,  not  until. 

prius,  comp,  adv.,  before ,  sooner. 
priv-atim,  adv.  (privus),  in  pri¬ 
vate,  privately;  apart ,  separ¬ 
ately. 

priva-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (privo), 

private. 

privo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (privus), 

to  deprive  of,  bereave. 

privus,  a,  um,  adj.,  single;  each , 
every. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in 
front  of,  instead  of,  for,  in  con¬ 
sideration  of,  for  the  good  of,  in 
behalf  of;  according  to,  as. 
prob-e,  adv.  (probus),  rightly , 
well,  properly ,  fitly. 
prob-itas,  atis,  f.  (probus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  goodness,  worth,  up¬ 
rightness,  honesty ,  probity . 
probrum,  i,  n. ,  disgrace,  shame, 
reproach;  a  shameful  act. 
pro-bus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pro),  good, 
excellent ,  superior ,  upright. 

Prbca  or  Procas,  ae,  m.,  a  king  of 
Alba. 

proc-ax,  acis,  adj.  (proco,  to 

demand),  bold,  shameless,  for¬ 
ward,  pert. 

pro-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 

n.,  to  go  forward,  advance,  pro¬ 
ceed,  turn  out,  succeed. 
procella,  a e,  /. ,  a  hurricane,  tem¬ 
pest,  storm. 

procerus,  a,  um,  adj.,  high,  tall. 
Procillus,  i,  m. ,  a  Roman  name, 
procinctus,  a,  um,  part,  (pro¬ 
cingo),  prepared  for  battle,  ready 
for  action,  in  fighting  order. 
pr5-cingo,  cingere,  no  perf. ,  no 
sup.,  a.,  to  gird  up,  prepare , 
equip. 

pro-clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 

and  a.,  to  call  or  cry  out. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


77 


pro-consul,  filis,  m. ,  a  pro-consul ; 
one  who  at  the  close  of  his  con¬ 
sulship  in  Rome  was  governor 
of  a  province,  or  military  com¬ 
mander  under  a  governor, 
procul,  ado.,  afar ,  remote ,  at  a 
distance ,  from  afar ;  far ,  distant , 
remote. 

pro-cumbo,  cumbere,  cfibui,  cfi- 
bitum,  n.,  to  lean  or  bend  for¬ 
wards  ;  fall  forward;  sink ;  fall 
down. 

pro-curro,  currere,  cficurri  and 
curri,  cursum,  n.,  to  run  forth , 
rush  forward  :  go  on ,  advance. 
pro-d-eo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  n.  irr. 
(pro;  eo),  to  go  forth;  advance , 
proceed;  appear  ;  project. 
prodigus,  a,  um,  adj.  (prodigo, 
to  waste),  wasteful ,  lavish, prodi¬ 
gal. 

pro-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a.,  to 

put  forth ,  make  known ,  disclose , 
announce;  give  over,  betray, 
abandon ;  memoria  proditur, 
it  is  handed  down  by  memory. 
pro-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 
a.,  to  lead  forth;  bring  forth, 
produce;  prolong ,  protract. 
proelium,  ii,  n.,a  battle,  combat, 
strife ,  contest. 

prfifec-tio,  onis,  f.  (proficiscor,  § 

44,  1 ,  c ,  2) ,  a  going  away ,  setting 
out ,  departure. 

prfi-fect-o,  adv.  (pro ;  factum), 

actually,  indeed,  really,  truly, 
certainly. 

prbfec-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (profi¬ 
ciscor),  having  set  out,  gone. 
pro-fero,  lerre,  tfili,  latum,  a. 

irr. ,  to  carry  or  bring  forward  ; 
to  thrust  out ;  bring  forth  ;  bring 
to  light,  discover;  reveal;  pro¬ 
nounce,  utter. 

pro-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  n. 
and  a. ,  to  advance ;  be  useful, 
help;  effect,  accomplish. 
pro-fic-iscor,  ficisci,  fectus  sum, 
dep.  inch,  (pro;  facio,  §  36,  a, 
and  44,  2,  b),  to  set  out,  go, 
march ,  travel,  depart. 


pr5-fiteor,  fiteri,  fessus  sum,  dep. 
(pro ;  fateor) ,  to  declare  pub¬ 
licly,  confess,  acknowledge,  pro¬ 
fess,  promise. 

pro-fligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

strike  to  the  ground ;  cast  down, 
overcome ,  conquer. 

pro-ffigio,  ffigere,  fugi,  ffigitum, 

a.  and  n. ,  to  flee,  fly  from;  run 
away ,  escape ;  flee  for  succor. 

profugus,  i,  m.  (prbffigio),  a  fugi¬ 
tive,  exile. 

prb-fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fusum, 

a.,  to  pour  forth,  shed ;  lavish, 
squander,  dissipate;  profundere 
se,  to  rush  forth. 

pro-gredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
dep.  (pro  ;  gradior),  to  go  forth; 
go  forward,  go  on,  advance ,  pro¬ 
ceed. 

pro-hibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  a.  (pro; 
habeo),  to  hold  back,  restrain, 
hinder,  check ,  prevent,  avert; 
forbid, prohibit ; preserve ,  defend. 

pro-inde,  adv.,  hence,  therefore, 
just  so. 

pro-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(pro;  jacio),  to  throw  forwards ; 
throw  down,  fling  away,  renounce , 
reject. 

pro-labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  dep. , 
to  slip  forward ,  fall  down;  sink, 
decline. 

proles,  is,  f,  offspring ,  posterity . 

prominens,  entis,  part,  (promi¬ 
neo),  projecting,  overhanging . 

pro-mineo,  minere,  minui,  no 

sup.,  7i.,  to  project ,  ovei'hang ; 
reach  out,  extend. 

pro  mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a. ,  to  send  forth  ;  promise, 
assure. 

pro  moveo,  movere,  movi,  mo¬ 
tum,  a. ,  to  move  forward,  push 
on,  advance,  promote. 

pronus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  turned,  bent , 
inclined ;  leaning  forward,  sloop- 
ing  ;  favorable  to,  easy. 

prfipe,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc. 
(prbpius,  proxime),  near,  nigh; 
near  by  ;  nearly ;  about. 


78 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


prbp&ro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n.  (properus),  to  hasten ,  quick¬ 
en  ;  prepare ,  make  with  haste ; 
to  make  haste ,  be  quick. 
properus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  quick , 
speedy ,  hastening. 
propinquo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n.  (propinquus),  to  hasten ,  ac¬ 
celerato;  come  nigh,  approach. 
prop-inquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (prope ; 
hinc),  near,  neighboring;  akin; 
similar ,  like.  As  Noun,  to.,  a 
relative ,  kinsman. 

pro-pono,  ponere,  posui,  posi¬ 
tum,  a. ,  to  place  or  lay  before ; 
make  public ,  display ,  propose , 
dispose,  set  forth  ;  design ,  deter¬ 
mine  ;  mihi  propositum  est,  7 
Aare  determined. 

prSpos-itum,  i,  n.  (propono),  a 

statement;  purpose ,  resolution , 
plan,  design. 

proprius,  a,  um,  adj. ,  one’s  own, 
special,  peculiar. 

prop-ter,  prep,  with  acc.  (prope), 
near,  c/ose  to;  an  account  of, 
because. 

propter-ea,  adv.,  therefore,  for 
that  reason ,  on  that  account ; 
propterea  quod,  because  that. 
propul-so,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  in- 
tens.  (propello,  §  36,  b,  and 
44,  2,  b),  to  drive  back,  keep  or 
ward  off,  repel,  repulse  ;  avert. 
pro-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 
a.  (pro ;  rapio),  to  drag  forth, 
hurry  away ;  proripere  se,  to 
leave  hastily. 

pro-rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  rup¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  burst  or  break 
forth. 

pro-scindo,  scindere,  scidi,  scis¬ 
sum,  a. ,  to  tear  up,  rend,  cleave; 
assail ;  to  revile,  defame. 
pro-scribo,  scribere,  scripsi, 
scriptum,  a.,  to  publish,  outlaw, 
proscribe. 

proscrip-tio,  onis,  f.  (proscribo, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  outlawry,  pror 
scription,  confiscation. 

pro-sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum, 


dep. ,  to  accompany,  attend  upon, 
follow  ;  pursue  ;  attack,  assail. 
pro-silio,  silire,  silui,  siiivi  or 
silii,  no  sup.,  n.  (pro;  salio), 

to  leap  forth;  spring  up,  spring 
forth. 

prospec-tus,  us,  to.  (prospicio), 
a  look-out, prospect ;  sight,  vision. 
prosper-e,  adv.  (prosperus),  fa¬ 
vorably,  fortunately,  luckily. 
prosper-itas,  atis,/.  (prosperus, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  good  fortune,  suc¬ 
cess,  prosperity . 

prospero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n.  (prosperus),  to  make  fortu¬ 
nate  or  happy,  prosper ;  to  give 
prosperity  (with  dat.). 
pro-sperus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pro  ; 
spes),  favorable ,  fortunate ,  pros¬ 
perous. 

pro-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,  n.  and  a.  (pro;  specio), 

to  look  out,  look  forth,  foresee, 
espy,  watch  ;  to  provide  for  any 
thing  (with  acc.). 
prosterno,  stern&re,  stravi, 
stratum,  a.,  to  throw  down,  over¬ 
throw,  prostrate. 

pro-sum,  prodesse,  profui,  n. 

irr.  (§  29,  b),  to  be  useful;  to  do 
good;  to  benefit,  profit. 

pro-tendo,  tendere,  tendi,  ten- 
sum  and  tentum ,  a. ,  to  stretch 
forth  or  out,  extend. 
pro-tero,  terere,  trivi,  tritum,  a., 

to  crush;  overthrow,  beat;  de¬ 
stroy;  abuse. 

pro-tinus  (tenus) ,  adv.  (pro ; 
tenus),  straightforward,  forth¬ 
with,  immediately. 
proveho,  vehere,  vexi,  vectum, 
a.,  to  bear  forward,  conduct, 
convey;  in  pass.,  provehi,  to 
push  forward,  advance. 
pro-video,  videre,  vidi,  visum, 
n.  and  a. ,  to  foresee,  provide  for, 
take  care;  provide. 
provid-us,  a,  um,  adj.  (provideo), 
cautious,  prudent. 
provincia,  se,  f,  a  province;  a 
territory  out  of  Italy,  acquired 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


79 


by  the  Romans  and  brought 
under  Roman  government, 
pro-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n. ,  to  call  forth ,  call  out,  challenge, 
summon  ;  exasperate ,  rouse;  pro¬ 
vocare  ad  populum,  to  appeal 
to  the  people. 

proxim  e,  ado.  (proximus),  nwr- 
est ,  very  near ,  next  (prdpe, 
propius,  proxime), 
proxim-o,  ado.  (proximus),  quite 
recently ,  very  lately. 
proximus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  the  near¬ 
est ,  next ;  in  proximo,  close  by, 
near  at  hand. 

prudens,  entis  (contracted  from 
providens),  foreseeing ;  know¬ 
ing ,  skilled ,  versed ;  wise ,  dis¬ 
creet  ;  prudent ;  sensible. 
prudent-ia,  ae,  f.  (prudens,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  foresight ,  sagacity , 
yoocZ  sense,  prudence,  judgment. 
psittacus,  i,  m.,  a  parrot. 

Psylli,  orum,  m.  pi. ,  a  people  of 
Africa. 

Ptblemaeus,  i,  m.,  Ptolemy ;  king 
of  Egypt. 

pubes,  eris,  adj.,  adult,  grown  up, 
of  ripe  age.  As  Xoun,  pube¬ 
res,  um,  m.  pi.,  adults,  men. 
pubes,  is,/.,  youth,  young  persons. 
public-e,  ado.  (pubiicus),  on  ac¬ 
count  of  the  state,  at  public  cost ; 
in  the  name  of  the  state,  publicly. 
publicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (populus), 
belonging  to  the  people  or  state , 
public,  common. 

Publius  Crassus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman 
name. 

pud-or,  oris,  m.  (pudeo,  to  be 

ashamed,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  shame, 
sense  of  honor,  modesty ,  decency , 
propriety. 

puel-la,  se,/  dim.  (puer,  §  44,  1, 
c ,  3) ,  a  girl,  maiden. 
puell-ulus,  i,  m.  dim.  (puellus,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  a  little  boy. 
puel-lus,  i,  m.  dim.  (puer,  §  44,  1, 
c,  3),  a  little  boy. 

puer,  eri,  m.,  a  boy ,  child ,  lad 
(until  17). 


puer-Ilis,  e,  adj.  (puer),  boyish , 
childish,  youthful. 
pugio,  onis,  /. ,  a  dagger ,  dirk, 
poniard.  [_ pute . 

pugna,  a e,f,  a  battle,  contest,  dis- 
pugn-ax,  acis,  adj.  (pugno,  § 
44,  1,  c,  3),  fond  of  fighting, 
warlike,  combative;  quarrelsome. 
pugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  (pugna), 
to  fight,  give  battle,  engage,  con¬ 
tend. 

pulcher,  chra,  chrum,  adj.,  beau¬ 
tiful,  fair,  handsome. 
pulchr-e,  adv.  (pulcher),  beauti¬ 
fully  ,  finely,  nobly. 
pul-sus ,  a,  um,  part,  (pello), 
having  been  driven,  routed. 
pulvis,  eris,  m.,  dust. 
punc-tus,  us,  7ii.  (pungo),  a  prick, 
sting. 

pungo,  pungere,  piipugi,  punc¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  prick,  sting;  trouble, 
disturb,  annoy. 

Pun-icus  (Poenicus),  a,  um,  adj. 
(Poeni,  the  Carthaginians), 
Punic ,  Carthaginian. 
punio,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum,  a. 
(poena),  to  punish  ;  avenge,  re¬ 
venge. 

pur-go,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (pu¬ 
rus),  to  make  pure,  clean , 
cleanse  ;  clear,  excuse,  exculpate. 
purpura,  ae,  /,  purple ,  a  purple 
garment. 

purpur-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pur¬ 
pura,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  purple- 
colored,  purple.  [clean. 

purus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clear,  pure, 
puter  (phtris),  tris,  tre,  adj., 
rotten,  decaying. 

puto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. ,  to  think, 
consider,  reckon,  believe. 
Pyrenaei,  orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Pyre¬ 
nees. 

Q. 

Q.  or  Qu.,  an  abbreviation  for 
Quintus. 

quadrag-esimus,  a,  um,  adj. 
(quadraginta),  fortieth. 


80 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


quadr-a-ginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
(quatuor) ,  forty. 

quadr-imus,  a,  um,  adj .  (quatuor), 
of  four  years ,  four  years  old. 

quadr-in-genti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj. 
(quatuor;  centum),  four  hun¬ 
dred. 

quaero,  quaerere,  quaesivi  or 
quaesii,  quaesitum,  a.,  to  seek , 
ask;  search ,  examine ,  inquire 
about ,  demand;  look  into  ;  aim 
at,  strive  for ;  quaeritur,  the 
question  is. 

quaeso,  ere,  ivi  or  ii,  no  sup.,  a., 
to  seek,  beg,  pray. 

quaes  tio,  onis,/.  (quaero,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2 ),  a  seeking ,  an  inquiry , 
question. 

quaes-tor,  oiis,  m.  (quaero,  §  44, 
1,  c,  1),  a  quaestor  (treasurer  or 
quartermaster) . 

quaes-tura,  ae,  f.  (quaero,  §  44,  1 , 

c,  2),  the  office  of  quaestor ,  the 
qucestorship. 

qualis,  e,  pronominal  adj. ,  of  what 
sort,  what  like;  of  such  a  kind, 
such  as;  talis  .  .  .  qualis, 
such  ...  as. 

quam,  adv.  (§  17,  5,  b),how,  how 
much,  as,  than. 

quam-ob-rem,  adv.  ,for  what  rea¬ 
son,  wherefore,  why. 

quam-quam,  conj .,  though,  al¬ 
though  ;  however,  yet. 

quam-vis,  conj. ,  however,  although, 
albeit. 

quantus,  a,  um,  adj.,  how  great; 
as  great ,  as,  such  ;  in  abl.,  quan¬ 
to  (as  adv.) ,  by  how  much,  by  as 
much  as;  quanto  magis,  how 
much  more. 

qua-propter,  adv.,  for  what,  why, 
wherefore. 

qua-re,  adv.  (quis;  res),  from 
what  cause,  on  what  account , 
wherefore ,  why. 

quart-ana,  ae,  f  (quartus),  the 
quartan  ague  (recurring  every 
fourth  day). 

quar-tus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.  (qua¬ 
tuor),  the  fourth. 


quasi,  adv.,  as  if,  just  as,  as  it 

were. 

quater,  num.  adv. ,  four  times. 
quattuor,  see  quatuor. 
quatuor,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  four. 
quattuor-decim  (quatuor),  num. 
adj.  (quatuor  ;  decern) ,  four¬ 
teen. 

-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and,  also. 
quem-ad-modum,  adv. ,  after  what 
manner  ;  how ;  as,  just  as. 
quercus,  us,/.,  an  oak,  oak-tree. 
quer-ela,  ae,  /.  (queror),  a  com¬ 
plaining,  a  complaint. 
queror,  queri,  questus  sum,  dep., 
to  complain  of,  lament,  bewail. 
ques-tus,  us,  m.  (queror,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  a  complaint. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  relative  pron ., 
who,  which ,  what;  idem  qui,  the 
same  as. 

quia,  conj. ,  because. 
qui-cumque,quae-cumque,quod- 
cumque,  indef.  relative  pron.  (  § 
21,  2,  a),  whoever,  whatever,  who¬ 
soever,  whatsoever. 
quid,  see  quis. 

qui-dam,  quae-dam,  quod-dam, 

indefinite  pron.,  a  certain  one , 
somebody,  something ;  quidam 
homines,  some  persons. 
quidem,  adv. ,  indeed,  at  least ;  ne 
.  .  .  quidem,  not  even  (the 
word  or  phrase  that  ne  .  .  . 
quidem  modifies  always  comes 
between  ne  and  quidem), 
quies,  etis,  f,  rest,  repose,  quiet , 
peace. 

quie-sco,  quiescere,  quievi,  quie¬ 
tum,  n.  inch,  (quies,  §  36,  a, 
and  44,  2,  b),  to  rest,  repose, 
keep  quiet,  lie  still. 
quiet-us,  a,  um,  part,  (quiesco) , 
quiet,  calm ,  tranquil ,  still. 
qui-libet,  quae-libet,  quod-libet, 
indefinite  pron.,  any  one  you 
please,  any  one. 

quin,  conj.  (qui;  ne),  that  not,  but 
that;  why  not;  from  (after verbs 
of  hindering) ;  quin  etiam,  more¬ 
over,  nay  even. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


81 


quin-d8cim,  num.  adj.  indecl. 

(quinque ;  d8cem),  fifteen. 
quin-genti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.  (quin¬ 
que;  centum),  five  hundred. 
quin-ginti,  see  quin-genti. 
qui-ni,  ae,  a,  num.  distributive  adj. 

(quinque),  five  each ,  by  fives. 
quinqu-a-ginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 

(quinque),  fifty. 
quinque,  num.  adj.  indecl. ,  five. 
quinqu-ies,  adv.  (quinque),  five 
times. 

quinqu-iens,  see  quinqu-ies. 
quin-tus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.  (quin¬ 
que),  the  fifth. 

Quintus,  i,  m. ,  see  Catulus, 
quippe,  adv.  and  conj.,  surely , 
certainly ,  indeed;  for  indeed , 
inasmuch  as,  since. 
quis,  quae,  quid,  interrogative 
pron .,  icho  f  what  ?  which  ?  si 
quis,  if  any  one ;  ne  quis,  lest 
any  one ,  that  no  one  ;  quid  (used 
adverbially),  how  ?  whyf  where¬ 
fore  ? 

quis-nam,  quae-nam,  quid-nam, 

interrogative  pron .,  who,  pray  ? 
which ,  pray  ?  what ,  pray  ? 
quis-quam,  quae-quam,  quic- 
quam  (quid-quam),  indefinite 
pron. ,  any.  As  Noun,  any  one. 
quis-que,  quae-que,  quod-que 
(quic-que,  quid-que),  indefi¬ 
nite  pron.,  each ,  every;  each 
person ,  every  one  ;  whoever. 
quis-quis,  quod-quod  or  quic- 
quid  or  quidquid,  indef.  pron. , 
whatever ,  whatsoever.  As  Noun, 
whoever ,  whosoever  ;  every  one , 
each  one. 

qui-vis,  quaevis,  quodvis  (quid¬ 
vis),  indefinite  pron. ,  who  or 
what  you  please,  any  whatever. 
quo,  adv.  and  conj.,  whither,  to 
what  place ;  wherefore ,  why ;  in 
order  that  (§  64,  1,  a), 
quo-ad,  adv.,  how  long;  as  long 
as,  until.  [si,  but  if. 

quod,  conj.,  that;  because;  quod 
quo-minus,  conj.  (§  65,  1,  a), 
that  not ,  from. 


quo-m5d5,  adv. ,  in  what  manner, 

how. 

quondam,  adv.,  formerly,  once; 

sometimes ,  some  day,  ever. 
quon-iam,  adv.  (quum ;  jam), 

since  now ,  since ,  seeing  that, 
because,  whereas. 

quoque,  conj. ,  also ,  too  (placed 
after  the  word  to  be  empha¬ 
sized). 

quorsum,  adv.,  whither ;  to  what 
purpose  ;  to  what  end  ;  for  what. 
quot,  indecl.  num.  adj.  pi. ,  how 
many ;  as  many ;  quot  .  .  . 
tot,  as  many  ...  so  many; 
quotannis,  every  year,  yearly. 
quotid-ianus,  a,  um,  adj.  (qud- 
tidie),  every  day,  daily. 
quot-i-die  (cdt),  adv.  (quot; 

dies),  daily,  every  day. 
quotus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  one  of  how 
many,  what  in  number ;  quota 
hora,  what  o'clock. 
quum  (cum),  conj.,  when,  while, 
since,  although,  as;  quum  pri¬ 
mum,  as  soon  as;  quum  .  .  . 
turn,  both  .  .  .  and. 


R. 

rab-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rabo,  to 
rave),  raving ,  furious,  savage, 
fierce,  mad. 

radix,  icis,  f. ,  a  root ;  foot  (of  a 
hill). 

rado,  radSre,  rasi,  rasum,  a.,  to 

scrape ,  shave. 

ramus,  i,  m.,  a  branch,  bow,  twig. 

rana,  ae,/.,  a  frog. 

rap-ax,  acis,  adj.  (rapio,  §  44,  1, 

c,  3),  grasping,  greedy,  rapa¬ 
cious. 

rapidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rapio), 

sivift,  quick , rapid  ;  violent ,  hasty . 
rap-ina,  ae,  f.  (rapio),  robbery ; 
plunder,  booty. 

rapio,  ere,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  snatch 
away,  seize;  carry  off,  hurry  off. 
rap-tor,  oris,  m.  (rapio,  §  44,  1, 
c,  1),  a  robber ,  plunderer. 


6 


82 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


rar-o,  adv.  (rarus),  seldom ,  rarely. 
rarus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  seldom ,  rare , 
scarce ,  sparse;  inpl.,few. 
ra-tio,  onis,  /.  (reor,  §  44,  1,  c, 
2),  a  reckoning ,  reason ,  cause , 
account;  manner , plan ;  estimate  ; 
ground ,  consideration. 
ratis,  is,  /,  a  float,  raft ,  wesseZ 
(made  of  logs  fastened  together), 
ra-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (reor),  haring 
supposed ,  reckoned ,  calculated; 
established ,  settled ,  valid. 
re-bello,  are,  avi,  atum,  w. ,  to 
icage  war  again;  revolt ,  rebel; 
renew  hostilities. 

recens,  entis,  ac(/. ,  fresh,  young, 
new ,  recent. 

reces-sus,  us,  m.  (recedo,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2)  ,  a  going  back,  receding, 
retreat ;  nook,  recess,  corner,  bay. 

re-cido,  cidere,  eidi,  casum,  n., 

fall  back,  spring  back ;  recoil; 
sink  down. 

re-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (re;  capio),  to  receive  back; 
take  back;  receive ,  undertake; 
recover ;  recipere  se  domum, 
to  return  home. 

re-concilio,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 

to  reunite,  reconcile. 
re-cordor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (§ 
50,  4,  a),  (re;  cor),  to  call  to 
mind,  remember ,  recollect. 
re-creo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  make 
anew;  to  remake,  reproduce,  re¬ 
store,  renew ;  revive,  refresh ,  re¬ 
cruit. 

rec-tor,  oris,  m.  (rego,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 
1),  a  guider,  leader ,  director, 
ruler ,  master. 

rec-tus,  a,  um, part,  (rego),  straight, 
upright,  correct ;  just,  virtuous. 
re-cup-ero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 

(re;  capio),  to  regain,  recover. 
re-cuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (re; 

causa),  to  decline,  reject,  refuse. 
red-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a. ,  to 
give  back ,  return ,  restore,  render  ; 
with  two  accs. ,  to  make,  cause 
to  be.  [ return . 

red-eo,  ire,  ii,  Itum,  n.,  to  go  back, 


red-igo,  igSre,  egi,  actum,  a. 
(red;  ago),  to  drive  back,  re¬ 
store,  bring  back;  convert;  re¬ 
duce,  compel;  redigere  in  po¬ 
testatem; to  reduce  to  subjection . 
red-imo,  imere,  emi,  emptum, 
a.  (red;  emo),  to  buy  back,  re¬ 
deem,  ransom;  buy  up;  contract 
for,  farm. 

red-integro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. ,  to 

restore,  renew. 

redit-io,  onis,/.  (redeo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  a  returning,  return. 
redi-tus,  us,  m.  (redeo,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2),  a  returning ,  return. 
re-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 
a.,  to  lead  back,  bring  back; 
reducere  in  gratiam,  to  restore 
to  favor. 

re-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  a.  irr., 

to  carry  back,  bring  back;  re¬ 
store  :  raise  ;  transfer ,  reproduce  ; 
regard;  gratiam  referre,  to 
show  gratitude,  repay  a  favor ; 
referre  pedem,  to  retreat ;  re¬ 
ferre  se,  to  return. 
re-fert,  ferre,  tulit,  n.  impers.  (§ 
50,  4,  d ),  (res;  fero),  it  con¬ 
cerns  ;  is  of  importance. 
re-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
(re  ;  facio) ,  to  make  again  ;  re¬ 
make,  restore,  renew,  rebuild / 
refresh. 

re-figo,  figure,  fixi,  fixum,  a.,  to 

unfix ,  unfasten,  unloose  ;  annul, 
^ abolish ;  take  away,  remove. 

re-flecto,  flectere,  flexi,  flexum, 

a.  and  n.,  to  bend  back,  turn 
back  ,  avert ;  give  way,  yield. 

re-formido,  are,  no  perf. ,  atum, 
a.,  to  fear  greatly,  dread,  stand 
in  awe  of ;  shun,  avoid. 
re-foveo,  fovere,  fovi,  fotum,  a., 
to  warm  again,  cherish  again ; 
w refresh ,  restore,  revive. 
re-fringo,  fringere,  fregi,  frac¬ 
tum,  a.  (re ;  frango),  to  break 
down,  break  open,  tear  in  pieces. 
re-fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  fugitum,  n. 
and  a.,  to  flee  back ,  escape , 
avoid,  shun. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


83 


reg-alis,  e,  adj.  (rex),  kingly, 
royal ,  regal. 

reg-ina,  ae,  /.  (rego),  a  queen. 
reg-io,  onis,  /.  (rego,  §  44,  1,  c,  2), 
a  territory ,  district,  region. 
reg-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (rex),  kingly , 
royal ,  regal. 

regno,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a. 

(regnum),  to  rule,  govern,  reign. 
reg-num,  i,  n.  (rego),  dominion, 
sovereignty ,  rule,  authority,  king¬ 
dom,  royalty. 

rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectum,  a.,  to 

rule,  govern,  sway,  control;  guide, 
lead ,  direct,  conduct. 
re-gredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
dep.  (re;  gradior),  to  go  back , 
return ,  retire ,  retreat. 
re-jicio,  jlcere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
(re;  jacio),  to  throw  back ;  force 
back ,  repel ;  remove,  reject ;  dis¬ 
dain,  despise  ;  defer,  postpone. 
re-labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  dep., 
to  sink  back;  fall  back;  glide 
back,  slip  back. 

religio,  onis,/.,  reverence  (for  the 
gods),  piety,  religion. 
re-ligo,  are.  avi,  atum,  a. ,  to  bind 
up,  fasten  up;  bind  fast;  bind, 
fasten. 

rg-linquo,  linquere,  liqui,  lictum, 

a.,  to  leave  behind;  abandon ; 
leave ,  bequeath;  appoint,  nomi¬ 
nate. 

reliqu-iae,  arum,/,  pi.  (relinquo), 

the  remains,  relics. 
rgliqu-us,  a,  um,  adj.  (relinquo), 

remaining.  As  Noun,  reli¬ 
quum,  i,  n. ,  the  rest,  remainder ; 
reliquum  est,  it  remains,  follows. 
r6-maneo,  manere,  mansi,  no 
sup.,  n.,  to  stay  behind,  remain 
behind ;  continue,  abide,  endure, 
stay ,  remain. 

rg-med-ium,  ii,  n.  (re ;  medeor), 
a  cure,  remedy,  medicine. 

Remi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  people  of 
Gaul. 

re-min-iscor,  isci,  no  perf.,  dep. 
(re ;  root,  men,  §  50,  4,  a),  to  re¬ 
call  to  mind ,  recollect ,  remember. 


re-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum, 

a.,  to  send  back,  remit,  relax ,  re¬ 
move,  dismiss,  resign  ;  give  back, 
devote. 

remus,  i,  m.,  an  oar. 

Remus,  i,  m. ,  the  twin  brother  of 
Romulus. 

re-nuntio,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 

report,  give  notice,  declare,  an¬ 
nounce,  bring  back  word. 

re-nuo,  nuere,  nui,  no.  sup.,  n. 
and  a.,  to  deny ,  oppose,  dis¬ 
approve,  reject,  decline,  refuse. 

reor,  no  inf.,  ratus  sum,  dep.,  to 
believe,  think,  imagine,  judge , 
suppose,  deem. 

re-pello,  repellere,  repuli,  re¬ 
pulsum,  a.,  to  drive  back,  push 
back,  reject,  repel,  repulse. 

re-pendo,  pendere,  pendi,  pen- 
sum,  a.,  to  weigh  back  again; 
pay  back,  repay,  requite,  recom¬ 
pense,  return,  reward;  redeem, 
ransom. 

repens,  entis,  adj.,  sudden,  hasty, 
unexpected,  recent. 

repent-e,  adv.  (repens),  sudden¬ 
ly,  unexpectedly . 

repent-inus,  a,  um,  adj.  (repens), 
sudden ,  hasty,  unlooked-for,  un¬ 
expected. 

re-perio,  reperire,  reperi,  reper¬ 
tum,  a.  (re ;  pario),  to  find, 
find  old,  discover,  learn,  ascer¬ 
tain. 

re-peto,  petere,  petivi  or  pgtii, 
petitum,  a.,  to  recommence ,  re¬ 
sume,  renew ,  repeat,  demand, 
jexact. 

rl-pleo,  plere,  plevi,  pletum,  a., 

to  fill  again,  refill ;  fill  up,  re¬ 
plenish,  fill  full. 

repo,  ere,  si,  turn,  n.,  to  creep, 
crawl. 

re-pono,  pongre,  pQsui,  p5sl- 
tum,  a.,  to  put  back,  place  back, 
replace,  restore;  repay,  requite, 
lay  up,  preserve. 

re-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
carry  back ,  bring  back ;  carry 
off,  gain;  report. 


84 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


re-posco,  poscSre,  no  perf,  no 
sup.,  a.,  to  demand  back ,  ask  for 
^ again ;  ask  for,  demand,  claim. 
rl-prehendo,  prehendere,  pre¬ 
hendi,  prehensum,  a.,  to  hold 
^  back ;  seize  ;  blame,  censure. 
re-primo,  primere,  pressi,  pres¬ 
sum,  a.  (re;  premo),  to  press 
back,  keep  back;  check ,  curb, 
restrain. 

repudio,  are,  avi,  a  tum,  a.  (re¬ 
pudium,  a  separation),  to  cast 
off,  put  away,  divorce ;  reject , 
refuse :  scorn. 

re-pugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 

a.,  to fi glit  against,  oppose,  resist. 
repul-sa,  ae,  f.  (repello),  a  re¬ 
fusal,  denial,  repulse. 
re-piito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
count  over,  reckon,  calculate , 
compute ;  ponder,  think  over,  re¬ 
flect  upon. 

re-quiro,  quirere,  quisivi  or  qui- 
sii,  quisitum,  a.  (re ;  quaero), 

to  seek  again ,  look  after ;  de¬ 
mand,  require ;  need,  want. 
res,  rei,  f. ,  a  thing,  object,  matter, 
event,  circumstance,  occurrence , 
condition,  business ;  re,  in  reality, 
in  fact ;  res  familiaris,  private 
property ;  res  militaris,  mili¬ 
tary  business,  science  of  war ; 
res  gestae,  deeds,  exploits;  res 
humanae,  human  affairs. 
re-scindo,  scindere,  scidi,  scis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  cut  off,  cut  loose; 
break  down ;  cut  away ;  abolish, 
repeal,  rescind. 

re-seco,  secare,  secui,  sectum, 

a.,  to  cut  loose,  cut  off;  curtail ; 
check ,  stop,  restrain. 
re-sero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  un¬ 
lock,  open,  disclose,  reveal. 
re-servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
keep  back,  save  up;  save ,  pre¬ 
serve. 

re-sideo,  sidere,  sedi,  no  sup.,  n. 
(re;  sedeo),  to  sit  back;  re¬ 
main,  rest,  abide,  reside. 
re-sido,  sidere,  sedi,  no  sup.,  n., 
to  sit  down  ;  abate,  grow  calm. 


rS-sisto,  sistSre,  stiti,  no  sup.,  n., 

to  stay  behind;  withstand,  op¬ 
pose  (with  dat.). 
re-solvo,  solvere,  solvi,  solutum, 
a.,  to  untie,  release,  pay. 
re-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec¬ 
tum,  n.  and  a.  (re;  specio),  to 
look  back ;  to  look  hack  upon ; 
regard,  consider. 

re-spondeo,  spondere,  spondi, 
sponsum,  a.  and  n.,  to  answer, 
reply,  respond. 

respon-sum,  i,  n ,  (respondeo), 

an  answer,  reply,  response. 
res-publica,  rei-publicae ,  f  (§ 
14,  2,  d),  the  state,  common¬ 
wealth,  republic. 

re-spuo,  spuere,  spui,  no  sup.,  a., 
to  spit  back,  spit  out ;  reject, 
refuse,  disapprove,  not  accept. 
re-stinguo,  stinguere,  stinxi, 
stinctum,  a.,  to  put  out,  quench, 
extinguish  j  annihilate,  destroy. 
re-stituo,  uere,  ui,  utum,  a.  (re ; 
statuo),  to  give  up,  deliver  up, 
restore,  replace,  renew ,  give  back. 
re-sto,  stare,  stiti,  no  sup.,  n.,  to 
stand  back,  withstand;  remain. 
re-sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sump¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  take  up  again,  take 
back,  resume. 
rete,  is,  n.,  a  net ,  snare. 
re-tine  o,  tinere,  tinui,  tentum, 
a.  (re;  teneo),  to  keep  back; 
detain,  retain,  restrain j  pre¬ 
serve. 

re-traho ,  trahere,  traxi,  trac¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  draw  back,  withdraw, 
withhold,  check;  keep  or  drag 
back. 

retro,  adv.  (re),  backwards,  back; 

before,  formerly . 

rltro-rsum,  adv.  (retro ;  ver¬ 
sum),  back,  backwards. 
re-us,  i,  m.,  rea,  as,  f.  (res),  a 
party  to  an  action ;  one  who  is 
accused  or  arraigned ;  a  defend¬ 
ant,  prisoner,  criminal. 
re-veho,  vehere,  vexi,  vectum, 
a.,  to  carry  back;  rSvehi,  to  go 
back. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


85 


r8vSrent-ia,  ae,  /.  (rbvbrens,  re¬ 
spectful  ;  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  respect, 
reverence,  regard,  fear,  awe. 
rS-vertor,  verti,  versus  sum, 

dep.,  to  turn  back,  come  back , 
return. 

rS-v5co,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to 
call  back,  recall,  revoke ,  recover. 
rex,  regis,  m.  (rbgo),  a  rider,  king. 
Rhea  Sylvia,  ae,  f. ,  daughter  of 
Numitor,  and  mother  of  Romu¬ 
lus  and  Remus. 

rheda,  ae,  f.,  a  four-wheeled  car¬ 
riage;  a  carriage,  chariot. 
Rhenus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
rhetor,  bris,  m.,  a  teacher  of  rheto¬ 
ric  ;  a  rhetorician. 

Rhbdanus,  i,  m. ,  the  Rhone. 
Rhbdus  (os),  i,  f,  Rhodos;  an 
island  near  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor. 

rideo,  ridere,  risi,  risum,  n.  and 

a.,  to  laugh;  smile;  laugh  at, 
ridicule. 

rigeo,  rigere,  rigui,  no  sup.,  n.,  to 
be  stiff  or  numb,  to  stiffen. 
rig-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rigeo),  stiff, 
hard,  inflexible,  rigid. 
rima,  ae,  /.,  a  cleft ,  crack,  chink, 
fissure,  crevice. 

ripa,  ae,  /«*  the  bank  (of  a  stream) . 
ri-sus,  us,  m.  (rideo,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 
2),  a  laughing,  laughter,  laugh. 
rivus,  i ,  m.,  a  brook ,  stream. 
rixa,  ae,  /.,  a  quarrel,  dispute, 
contest,  strife. 

robur,  bris,  n.,  hard  oak;  hard¬ 
ness;  strength,  force,  vigor. 
rodo,  rodere,  rosi,  rosum,  a.,  to 

gnaw ;  eat  away ;  waste  away, 
corrode,  consume. 

rbgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  ask, 
question,  interrogate;  propose 
(a  law). 

Roma,  ae,/.,  Rome. 

Rom-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Roma), 
Roman  ;  of  Rome.  As  Noun, 
m.,  a  Roman. 

Rom-ulus,  i,  m.  (Roma),  the 
founder  and  first  king  of  Rome 
(b.c.  753-717). 


ros,  roris,  m.,  dew,  moisture. 
rbsa,  ae,/.,  a  rose. 
ros-trum,  i,  n.  (rodo),  a  bill, 
beak,  snout ;  the  curved  end  of  a 
ship's  prow ,  ship's  beak. 
riiber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  red, 
ruddy. 

rub-or,  oris,  m.  (rbbeo,  to  be  red; 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  redness ;  blush ; 
bashfulness,  modesty. 
rudis,  e,  adj.,  raw,  rude,  rough, 

wild. 

rhgio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n.,  to 
roar  (as  a  lion) . 

ru-ina,  ae,  f.  (ruo),  downfall,  ruin, 
accident ;  ruinae,  pi. ,  the  ruins. 
rumor,  oris,  m.,  common  talk, 
hearsay,  rumor. 

rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  ruptum, 

a.,  to  break,  burst ,  tear,  rend, 
rupture;  force  open ;  interrupt ; 
destroy. 

ruo,  ruere,  rui,  rutum  (ruitum), 

n.  and  a.,  to  fall  down,  rush 
down;  hasten,  hurry ;  cast  down , 
dash,  hurl. 

rupes,  is,/,  (rumpo),  a  cliff,  steep 
rock. 

rursus  (sum),  adv.  (contracted 
from  revorsus),  turned  back; 
back,  backwards ;  on  the  con¬ 
trary,  on  the  other  hand,  in  turn, 
again. 

rus,  ruris,  n.  (in  pi.  found  only  in 
nom.  and  acc.),  the  country; 
lands,  fields  ;  farm,  estate ;  ruri, 
in  the  country ;  rure,  from  the 
country  (§  55,  3,  a,  b,  and  d). 
rus-ticus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rus),  rural, 
rustic.  As  Noun,  rusticus,  i, 
m.,  a  countryman,  rustic,  peasant. 

S. 

saccus,  i,  m.,  a  sack,  bag. 
sacer,  sacra,  sacrum,  adj.,  holy, 
sacred ,  consecrated,  venerable ; 
accursed.  As  Noun,  sacra, 
orum,  n.  pi.,  sacred  rites ,  sacri¬ 
fice. 


86 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


sacer-dos,  otis,  com.  gen.  (sacer ; 

do),  a  priest ;  priestess. 
sacrific-ium,  ii,  n.  (sacrifico;  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  a  sacrifice. 
sacr-i-fico,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
and  a.  (sacer;  facio),  to  sacri¬ 
fice  ;  offer  in  sacrifice. 
saepe,  adv.,  often,  frequently. 
ssepe-numero,  adv.,  oftentimes, 
over  and  over  again. 
saev-io,  ire,  ii,  itum,  n.  (saevus), 
to  be  fierce,  rage,  rave,  be  mad, 
violent. 

saevus,  a,  um,  adj.,  raging,  furious, 
mad,  savage ;  fierce,  cruel,  severe , 
harsh. 

sag-ax,  acis,  adj.  (sagio,  to  per¬ 
ceive  quickly),  of  quick  percep¬ 
tion;  shrewd ,  keen,  sagacious. 
sagino,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  fat¬ 
ten  ;  cram,  stuff;  pamper ;  nour¬ 
ish,  feed,  enrich. 
sagitta,  a e,f,  an  arrow. 
sagitt-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (sagitta), 
of  or  belonging  to  an  arrow. 
As  Noun,  sagittarius,  ii,  m., 
an  archer,  bowman. 
sagu-lum,  i,  n.  dim.  (sagum,  §  44, 
1,  c ,  8),  a  small  military  cloak, 
mantle,  cloak. 

sagum,  i,  n.,  a  military  cloak; 
mantle,  cloak. 

sal,  salis,  m.  (rarely  n.),  salt;  in 
pi. ,  wit. 

Salamis,  is  (acc.  Salamina),  f., 

an  island  near  Attica, 
salio,  ire,  ui,  turn,  n.,  to  leap, 
spring,  bound ,  jump. 
saltern,  adv.,  at  least,  anyhow. 
sal-tus,  us,  m  (salio,  §  44,  1,  c,  2), 
a  leaping,  leap,  spring,  bound. 
saltus,  us,  m.,  a  forest-pasture ; 

woodland ,  pasture. 
salus,  utis ,f.  (salveo,  to  be  well), 
health;  welfare,  property ,  safety . 
saluta-tio,  onis,  f.  (saluto,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  greeting,  salutation. 
saluto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (salus), 
to  greet ,  pay  one's  respects  to, 
salute. 

salve,  see  salveo. 


salv-eo,  ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  n. 
(salvus),  to  be  well ,  be  in  good 
health ;  salve  (imperat.'),  heaven 
keep  you ,  how  are  you ?  I  hope 
you  are  well ;  farewell,  good-by, 
adieu. 

salvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  saved,  pre¬ 
served,  sound,  well,  unhurt. 
sancio,  sancire,  sanxi,  sanctum, 

a.,  to  render  sacred  ;  to  confirm , 
ratify,  sanction. 

sanc-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (sancio), 
sacred,  inviolable;  august,  pious, 
just,  innocent. 

san-e,  adv.  (sanus),  truly,  to  be 
sure ,  forsooth,  certainly,  how¬ 
ever. 

sanguin-olentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (san¬ 
guis,  §  44,  1,  c,  8),  full  of  blood, 
bloody ;  sanguinary. 
sanguis,  inis,  m.,  blood. 
sano,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (sanus), 
oo  make  sound ,  heal,  cure,  re¬ 
store  to  health. 

sanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sound  in  body, 
whole,  healthy,  well;  sound  in 
mind,  sane,  rational,  sober. 
sapiens,  entis,  part,  (sapio), 
wise,  knowing,  discreet,  judi¬ 
cious.  (discreetly . 

sapien-ter,  adv.  (sapiens),  wisely , 
sapient-ia,  se,  f.  (sapiens,  §  44, 
1 ,  c,  2) ,  wisdom,  prudence. 
sarcina,  ae,  f,  a  package,  bundle; 
in  pi.,  baggage. 

satelles,  itis,  com.  gen.,  an  attend¬ 
ant  ;  accomplice,  tool;  in  pi., 
life-guards,  an  escort. 
satius,  adj.  (indecl.)  and  adv. 
(comp,  of  satis),  better ,  prefer¬ 
able,  rather. 

satis,  adj.  (indecl.)  and  adv., 
enough,  sufficient,  in  abundance ; 
satis  habere,  to  deem  it  suffi¬ 
cient. 

satis-facio,  facere,  feci,  factum; 
in  pass.,  satis-fio,  fieri,  factus 
sum,  n.,  to  satisfy,  give  satisfac¬ 
tion  ;  apologize,  ask  pardon  . 
satur,  ura,  urum,  adj.,  sated,  full; 
deep,  strong. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


87 


sM-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (sero) ,  hav¬ 
ing  been  sown,  planted. 
saucius,  a,  um,  adj.,  wounded, 
hurt,  injured;  offended;  sick,  ill. 
saxum,  i,  n.,  a  rock ,  stone. 
scando,  scandere,  scandi,  scan¬ 
sum,  a.  and  n. ,  to  climb,  mount , 
get  up  ;  ascend ,  arise. 
sceles-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (scelus), 
wicked,  villanous,  infamous, 
accursed. 

scelus,  eris,  n.,  a  crime,  sin,  enor¬ 
mity. 

schola,  ae,  f.,  a  school;  disserta¬ 
tion.  . 

scient-ia,  se,f  (sciens,  §44,  1, 

c,  2),  a  knowing ;  knowledge, 
science,  skill,  expertness. 
sci-licet,  adv.  (scio;  licet),  evi¬ 
dently,  plainly,  certainly,  un¬ 
doubtedly. 

scindo,  scindere,  scidi,  scissum, 

a.,  to  cut,  tear,  rend,  split,  cleave. 
scio,  scire,  scivi  or  scii,  scitum, 
a.,  to  know,  understand,  perceive. 
scipio,  5nis,  m.,  a  staff. 

Scipio,  onis,  m.  (scipio),  the 
name  of  a  celebrated  family  in 
Rome,  the  most  famous  of 
which  were  the  two  conquer¬ 
ors  of  the  Carthaginians,  Pub¬ 
lius  Cornelius  Scipio  A  fricanus 
Major ,  and  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  JEmilianus  Africanus 
Minor. 

scriba,  ee,  m.  (scribo),  a  clerk, 
secretary,  scribe. 

scribo,  scribere,  scripsi,  scrip- 
turn,  a .,  to  write ,  compose;  scri¬ 
bere  leges,  to  draw  up  laws. 
scurra,  ee,  m.,  a  jester,  buffoon. 
scutum,  i,  n.,  a  shield ;  defence, 
protection. 
se,  see  sui. 

se-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 

n.,  to  go  apart.,  go  away,  sepa¬ 
rate,  withdraw  ;  secede ;  retire. 

se-cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cretum, 

a.,  to  put  apart;  to.  sunder, 
sever,  separate ;  distinguish,-  dis¬ 
cern. 


se-cludo,  eludere,  clusi,  clusum, 

a.,  to  shut  off,  shut  up,  seclude; 
separate  ;  exclude. 
seco,  are,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  cut,  cut 
off,  cut  up ;  wound,  hurt ;  tor¬ 
ment. 

secret-o,  adv.  (secretus),  apart, 
separately ;  in  secret. 
secre-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (secerno), 
separate,  apart ;  secret,  private. 
sec-tor,  ari,  atus,  dep.  intens. 
(sequor),  to  follow  eagerly,  hunt, 
chase,  pursue. 

secund-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (se¬ 
cundus),  second-rate ,  middling , 
inferior ,  stale. 

secund-o,  adv.  (secundus),  sec¬ 
ondly  ,  for  the  second  time. 
sec-undus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sequor), 
the  second;  favorable,  fair ,  pro¬ 
pitious,  fortunate ;  secundo 
flumine,  down  stream. 
secundo,  are,  no  perf,  no  sup., 
a.  (secundus),  to  adapt,  ac¬ 
commodate;  favor ,  second. 
sSd,  conj.,  but,  yet. 
sedeo,  sedere,  sedi,  sessum,  n., 
to  sit,  sit  down,  sit  still;  be  en¬ 
camped,  settle. 

sed-es,  is,  f.  (sedeo),  a  seat , 
chair;  abode,  residence;  settle¬ 
ment;  foundation. 
sed-i-tio,  onis,  f. ,  dissension , 
civil  discord,  insurrection,  sedi¬ 
tion,  discord. 

sediti-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (seditio, 
§  44,  1,  c,  3) ,  full  of  civil  dis¬ 
cord,  mutinous ,  seditious. 
se-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 
a.,  to  lead  aside,  lead  away, 
carry  off ;  remove,  separate. 
segnis,  e,  adj.,  slow,  tardy,  slack, 
slothful,  lazy,  sluggish. 
segn-iter,  adv.  (segnis),  sloioly, 
slothfully,  lazily.  [stool. 

sel-la,  ee,/.  (sgdeo),  a  seat,  chair , 
semel,  num.  adv.,  once,  a  single 
time,  once  for  all;  non  semel, 
not  once  alone,  several  times; 
semel  atque  iterum,  once  and 
again,  repeatedly. 


88 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


semen,  inis,  n.  (sgro),  seed. 
sementis,  is,/,  (semino,  to  sow), 

a  sowing. 

semper,  adv .,  ever ,  always ,  at  all 
times ,  for  ever. 

sen-ator,  5ris,  m.  (senex),  a  sen¬ 
ator. 

senator-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (senator), 

of  a  senator ,  of  the  senate ,  sena- 
torial. 

sen-atus,  us,  m.  (senex) ,  the 

senate  {gen.  sing,  sometimes 
senati) . 

senex,  senis,  adj.  {nom.  and  acc. 
of  the  neuter  pi.  in  the  positive , 
and  of  the  neuter  sing,  in  the 
comparative ,  are  wanting) ,  old , 
aged.  As  Noun,  senex,  is, 
com.  gen.,  an  aged  person ,  an 
old  man ,  an  old  woman  (from 
40  and  upwards),  (senex,  se¬ 
nior,  maximus  natu), 
senior,  ius,  adj.  {comparative  of 
senex),  older ,  elder. 
seni,  ae,  a,  num.  distributive  adj. 

(sex),  six  each ,  six. 

Senones  (seno),  um,  m.  pi.,  a 
people  of  Gallia. 

sentent-ia,  ae,  f.  (sentiens),  a 

thinking,  an  opinion,  sentiment ; 
ex  sententia,  satisfactorily . 

sentio,  tire,  si,  sum,  a.,  to  discern, 
perceive ,  feel,  think,  observe , 
know. 

separa-tim,  adv.  (separo),  asun¬ 
der,  apart,  separately. 
se-paro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  dis¬ 
join,  sever,  part ,  separate. 
sepelio,  pelire,  pelivi  or  pelii, 
pultum,  a.,  to  bury,  inter. 
sepes,  is,/,  a  hedge,  fence. 
se-pono,  ponere,  posui,  positum, 
a.,  to  put  by ,  separate ;  banish. 
septem,  num.  adj.  indecl .,  seven. 
Septem-trio,  onis,  m.,  the  Great 
Bear ;  the  North. 
Septem-triones,  um,  m.  pi. 
(septem ;  trio),  (the  seven  stars 
near  the  North  Pole),  the  North. 
sept-imus,  a,  um,  num.  ordinal 
adj.  (septem),  the  seventh. 


septin-genti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.  (sep¬ 
tem;  centum),  seven  hundred. 
septuag-esimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  num. 
ordinal  adj.  (septuaginta),  the 
seventieth. 

septua-ginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 

(septem),  seventy. 
sepul-crum  (chrum),  i,  n.  (sepe¬ 
lio)  ,  a  grave,  tomb ,  sepulchre. 
'sepul-tura,  ae,  /  (sepilio,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  burying,  burial,  inter¬ 
ment,  funeral  obsequies ,  sepul¬ 
ture. 

Sequana,  ae,  f,  the  Sequana 

{Seine). 

Sequani,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  people 
of  Gallia. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  dep. , 

to  follow,  go  after,  attend,  ac¬ 
company,  pursue. 

serenus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clear,  fair, 
bright,  serene. 

Sergius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
seri-o,  adv.  (serius,  earnest),  in 

earnest,  seriously. 

sermo,  onis,  m.,  talk,  conversa¬ 
tion,  discourse,  speech. 

sero,  serere,  sevi,  satum,  a.,  to 

sow,  plant. 

sero,  serere  (serui),  sertum,  a., 

to  bind,  plait,  interweave,  en¬ 
twine ;  join,  connect. 
ser-o,  adv.  (serus) ,  late,  too  late. 
serp-ens,  entis,  m.  (serpo),  a 
snake,  serpent. 

serpo,  pere,  psi,  ptum,  n. ,  to 

creep,  crawl ;  spread  abroad. 

Sertorius,  ii,  m. ,  a  general  of 
Marius. 

ser-tum,  i,  n.  (sero,  to  entwine), 

a  wreath,  garland. 
serus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  late,  too  late. 
serva,  ae,/.,  a  female  slave,  maid¬ 
servant. 

Servilia,  ae,/.,  mother  of  Brutus, 
serv-ilis,  e,  adj.  (servus,  §  44,  1, 
c,  3),  slavish,  servile. 
serv-io,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n. 
(servus),  to  be  a  slave ;  to  serve ; 
be  devoted  to;  comply  with,  grat¬ 
ify- 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


89 


serv-Itium,  ii,  n.  (servus),  slav¬ 
ery ,  servitude. 

serv-itudo,  inis,/,  (servus,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  slavery,  servitude. 
serv-itus,  utis,  /.  (servus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  slavery,  servitude. 
Servius,  ii,  m.,  Servius. 
servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  save, 
deliver,  preserve,  protect ;  keep , 
observe. 

servus,  i,  m .,  a  slave ,  servant. 
sese,  reduplicated  form  of  se,  acc. 
of  sui. 

sestertium,  ii,  n.  (§  85,  3),  one 
thousand  sesterces  (about  $40) ; 
decies  sestertium,  1,000,000 
sesterces  ($40,000). 
sestertius,  ii,  m.  (§  85,  2),  a  ses¬ 
terce,  four  cents. 
seu,  see  sive. 

sgver-itas,  atis,  f  (severus,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2)  ,  sternness,  strictness, 
severity,  seriousness. 
severus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  serious,  grave, 
strict,  austere. 

sex,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  six.  \_sixty. 
sex-a-ginta,  num.  adj.  indecl.  (sex), 
sex-centi,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.  (sex ; 

centum),  six  hundred. 
sex-decim  (sedecim),  num.  adj. 
indecl .,  sixteen. 

Sext-ilis,  is,  m.  (sextus),  (the 
sixth  month,  March  counted  as 
the  first),  August. 

Sext-ilis,  e,  adj.  (sextus,  §  44,  1 , 
c,  3),  of  August. 

sex-tus,  a,  um,  num.  ordinal  adj. 
(sex),  the  sixth. 

si,  conj.,  if,  whether ;  quod  si,  but 
if;  si  quis,  if  any  one ;  si  quid, 
if  any  thing ;  si  minus,  if  not ; 
si  quando,  if  ever. 
sic,  adv. ,  in  this  manner,  so,  thus. 
sica,  a e,  /. ,  a  dagger,  poniard. 
siccus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  dry,  thirsty ; 

in  sicco,  on  dry  land. 

Sicilia,  ae,/!,  Sicily. 

Siciili,  orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Sicilians. 
Sicfilus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  Sicilian. 
sic-ut,  adv.,  so  as,  just  as,  as;  as 
if,  as  it  were. 


sic-uti,  adv.,  see  sic-ut. 
sidus,  eris,  n.,  a  constellation,  a 
star. 

sign-I-flco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(signum;  facio),  to  show  by 
signs,  point  out,  make  known ; 
betoken,  mean,  import,  signify. 
signo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (signum), 
to  mark,  mark  out ;  point  out, 
signify ,  indicate  ;  observe ,  dis¬ 
cover,  find  out. 

signum,  i,  n.,  a  mark,  token,  sign ; 
standard  ;  statue,  signal. 

silent-ium,  ii,  n.  (silens,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  silence. 

silens,  entis,  part,  (sileo,  to  be 

silent),  still,  calm,  quiet,  silent. 
silva,  se,/.,  a  wood,  forest. 
silv-estris,  e,  adj.  (silva),  of  the 
forest;  wooded,  woody;  wild; 
sylvan,  rustic. 

Silvia,  ae,  f. ,  daughter  of  Numi¬ 
tor. 

Silvius,  ii,  m.,  an  Alban  king, 
simia,  ae,  f. ,  an  ape,  monkey. 
similis,  e,  adj.,  like,  resembling, 
similar. 

simil-iter,  adv.  (similis) ,  in  like 
manner,  similarly. 
simil-itudo,  inis,  /  (similis,  §  44, 

l,  c,  2),  likeness,  resemblance, 
similitude. 

sim-plex,  icis,  adj.  (semel;  plico), 

simple,  plain  ;  open,  frank,  hon¬ 
est,  sincere. 

simplic-itas,  atis,/.  (simplex,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  simpleness,  simpli¬ 
city;  plainness,  frankness. 
simplic-iter,  adv.  (simplex), 
simply ,  plainly ,  directly. 
simul,  adv.,  together,  at  once ,  at 
the  same  time  ;  simul  atque  or 

ac,  as  soon  as. 

simula-crum,  i,  n.  (simulo),  an 

image ,  likeness. 

simulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (simi¬ 
lis),  to  pretend  (a  thing  is  what 
it  is  not;  see  dissimulo),  to 
feign,  counterfeit,  simulate. 
simul-tas,  atis,/  {gen pi.,  simul- 
tatium),  (simul),  dissension, 


90 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


enmity ,  rivalry ,  jealousy ,  grudge , 
hatred ,  animosity. 
sin,  conj.  (si;  ne),  ?/,  /on 
the  contrary. 

sine,  prep,  with  «6/. ,  without. 
singul-aris,  e,  adj.  (singuli),  alone , 
single;  singular ,  unique ,  extraor¬ 
dinary,  remarkable. 
singuli,  Ee,  a,  w«m.  distributive 
adj. ,  one  to  each,  separate ,  sin¬ 
gle  ;  individual. 

sinister,  tra,  trum,  ad/.,  left,  on 
the  left  hand  or  side ;  awkward , 
perverse  ;  unlucky,  adverse  j  sub 
sinistra,  on  the  left. 
sinistra,  ee,  f.  (sinister),  the  left 
hand. 

sino,  sinere,  sivi,  situm,  a.,  to 

let,  suffer,  allow,  permit. 
sinus,  us,  m. ,  the  fold  (of  a  gar¬ 
ment),  bosom;  sinus  maris,  a 
bay. 

si-quis  or  sl-qui,  slqua,  slquid  or 
siquod,  indef.  pron .,  if  any,  if 
any  one  ;  if  any  thing. 
sisto,  sistbre,  stiti,  statum,  a. 

and  n .,  to  set,  place,  stand,  ap¬ 
pear,  endure. 

sit-io,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  no  sup.,  n. 
and  a.  (sitis),  to  thirst,  be  thirsty  ; 
thirst  for,  long  for,  covet. 
sitis,  is,  f.  ( acc .  sing. ,  sitim ;  abl. , 
siti),  thirst  j  dryness. 
si-tus,  a,  urn,  part,  (sino),  placed, 
set ,  lying,  situated. 
sl-ve  (seu),  conj.,  or  if,  whether, 
or. 

sobrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  not  drunk , 
sober  ;  sensible,  prudent,  temper¬ 
ate,  moderate. 

sbcer,  eri,  m.,  a  father-in-law. 
soci-etas,  atis,/.  (socius,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  fellowship,  society ,  part¬ 
nership,  alliance. 

socius,  ii,  m.,  companion,  com¬ 
rade,  partner ,  ally. 

socius,  a,  um,  adj.  (socius), 

allied. 

sodalis,  is,  com.  gen.,  comrade, 
crony,  boon-companion. 
sol,  solis,  m. ,  the  sun. 


sbleo,  sSlere,  sblitus  sum,  semi - 
dep.  (§  35,  2),  to  be  wont,  be 
accustomed. 

solidus,  a;  um,  adj.,  whole,  com¬ 
plete;  firm,  solid. 
sol-itudo,  inis,/,  (solus,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  loneliness,  solitude  ;  a  des¬ 
ert. 

solium,  ii,  n.,  a  seat ,  throne. 
sollert-ia,  ee,  f.  (sollers,  clever;  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  skill,  shrewdness, 
dexterity,  expertness. 
sollicitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uneasy, 
anxious ;  wakeful,  watchful. 
solum,  i,  n.,  the  bottom,  founda¬ 
tion  ;  soil. 

solum,  adv.  (solus),  only,  merely ; 

non  solum,  not  only. 
solus,  a,  um,  adj.  (§  16,  1,  b), 
alone,  only,  single,  lonely. 
solvo,  solvere,  solvi,  solutum, 
a. ,  to  loose,  loosen,  untie,  unbind ; 
cast  off  (from  shore) ;  pay,  re¬ 
lease;  dissolve ,  break  up. 
somn-ium,  ii,  n.  (somnus),  a 
dream . 

somnus,  i,  m.,  sleep. 

son-itus,  us,  m.  (sono),  a  noise, 

sound,  din. 

sono,  are,  ui,  itum,  n.  and  a.,  to 

make  a  noise,  sound,  resound;  to 
utter ;  cry  out. 

sons,  sontis,  adj.,  hurtful;  guilty. 
sonus,  i ,  m.,  a  noise,  sound. 
sop-or,  oris,  m.  (sbpio ,  to  sleep  ; 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  sleep. 
sordid-atus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sordi¬ 
dus),  in  dirty  clothes,  meanly  or 
shabbily  dressed. 

sord-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sordeo,  to 
be  dirty),  dirty,  unclean,  foul, 
filthy,  sordid. 
soror,  oris,/.,  a  sister. 
soror-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (sbror),  of 
or  belonging  to  a  sister. 
sors,  sortis,  /.,  a  lot,  luck,  for¬ 
tune,  fate,  destiny,  chance. 
sort-ior,  Iri,  Itus  sum,  dep.  (sors), 
to  cast  or  draw  lots ;  allot,  assign, 
distribute;  share,  divide;  obtain 
by  lot,  obtain. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


91 


spargo,  spargere,  sparsi,  spar¬ 
sum,  a .,  to  scatter ,  sprinkle ,  be¬ 
sprinkle;  disperse;  spread  out. 
spatium,  ii,  n.,  room ,  space;  in¬ 
terval  ;  period. 

speci-es,  ei,  f.  {gen.  and  dat.  pi. 
not  found),  (specio),  a  show , 
appearance ,  shape,  form  ;  view. 
specta-culum,  i,  n.  (specto),  a 
show,  sight,  spectacle; public  show. 
specto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n. 
intens.  (specio,  to  see),  to  look 
at,  observe,  behold,  consider,  re¬ 
gard;  aim  at. 

specula-tor,  oris,  m.  (speculor) , 

an  explorer,  spy ,  scout. 
speculor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
spy  old,  watch,  observe ,  examine, 
explore. 

spec-ulum,  i,  n.  (specio,  to  see) , 
a  looking  glass,  mirror . 
specus,  us  (i),  m.,f.,  and  n.  (§  12, 
3,  d),  a  cave ,  cavern,  grot,  den. 
sperno,  spernere,  sprevi,  spre¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  despise,  contemn,  re¬ 
ject,  scorn,  spurn. 
spero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  hope , 
expect,  trust. 

spes,  spei, /.  (spero) ,  hope. 
spina,  ae,  f.,  a  thorn ,  prickle ;  in 
pi.,  difficulties. 

Bpir-itus,  us,  m.  (spiro),  a  breath, 
breeze ;  the  breath  of  life,  life ; 
spirit,  courage;  pride. 
spiro,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a., 
to  breathe,  blow ;  live,  breathe 
forth. 

splend-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (splen¬ 
deo,  to  shine),  bright ,  shining ; 
splendid,  magnificent  ;  brilliant, 
illustrious. 

splend-or,  oris,  m.  (splendeo,  to 

shine,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  brightness, 
splendor ;  magnificence  ;  honor, 
dignity. 

spolio,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (sp6- 
lium),  to  strip;  rob.  plunder, 
pillage,  spoil. 

spblium,  ii,  n.,  booty ,  prey,  spoil. 

spondeo,  spondere,  spbpondi, 
sponsum,  a.,  to  promise  solemn¬ 


ly  ;  bind,  engage  or  pledge  one's 
self ;  vow,  betroth. 
spon-sus,  i,  m.  (spondeo),  a  be¬ 
trothed ,  bridegroom. 
sponte,  abl.  {gen.,  spontis,  the 
only  cases  found)  ,  (spondeo) , 
of  free  will ,  of  one's  own  accord. 
spre-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (sperno), 
despised. 

squal-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (squaleo, 
to  be  filthy) ,  filthy,  dirty,  foul, 
neglected ,  squalid. 
sta-bilis,  e,  adj.  (sto,  §  44,  1,  c, 
3),  that  stands  fast,  firm,  stead¬ 
fast,  steady,  stable. 
stabil-itas,  atis,  f.  (stabilis), 
firmness,  durability ,  stability. 
sta-tim,  adv.  (sto) ,  forthwith, 
immediately ,  at  once. 
sta-tio,  onis ,f.  (sto,  §  44,  1,  Cy.  2), 
a  station ,  place,  position ;  stand¬ 
ing  place,  post. 

statua,  ae,  f.  (statuo),  an  image, 

statue. 

statuo,  statuSre,  statui,  statu¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  put,  place,  set;  sta¬ 
tion  ;  establish;  believe,  consider, 
suppose;  determine. 
sta-tura,  a e,f.  (sto,  §  44,  1,  c,  2), 
a  standing  upright ;  height,  size, 
statue. 

sta-tus,  us,  m.  (sto,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  a  standing ;  a  position,  pos¬ 
ture;  condition,  prosperity ;  state. 
stel-la,  ae,/.  (sterno),  (the  strewer 
of  light),  a  star. 

stercus,  oris,  n. ,  dung,  excrements ; 

filth. 

sterilis,  e,  adj. ,  unfruitful,  barren, 
sterile. 

steril-itas,  atis,  f.  (sterilis,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  unfruitfulness,  barren¬ 
ness,  sterility. 

sterno,  sternere,  stravi,  stratum, 

a.,  to  spread  out ;  strew ,  scatter, 
spread ;  arrange  prepare ;  cover ; 
prostrate. 

Stherius,  ii,  m.,  a  chief  of  Sicily, 
stipendi-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (sti¬ 
pendium),  tributary,  liable  to 
contribution. 


92 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


stipendium,  ii,  n.,  a  tax ,  contri¬ 
bution  ;  pay  ;  military  service. 
stirps,  stirpis,  f.  (rarely  m.) ,  a 
stock,  stem  ;  race ,  family. 
sto,  stare,  steti,  statum,  n.,  to 
stand,  stand  still ;  persist ;  abide, 
remain,  endure ;  to  cost  (with 
abl.  of  price )  ;  stat ,  it  is  a  fixed 
purpose. 

stblidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dull,  stupid, 
obtuse. 

stomachus,  i,  m.,  the  stomach ; 
taste ;  distaste;  displeasure;  cha¬ 
grin. 

stra-ges,  is ,f.  (sterno),  a  defeat , 
slaughter ,  massacre,  butchery, 
carnage. 

stra-gulum,  i,  n.  (sterno),  a  bed¬ 
covering ,  coverlet ;  carpet,  rug, 
mattress.  \_strown. 

stra-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (sterno), 
strenu-e,  adv.  (strenuus),  brisk¬ 
ly,  promptly,  quickly,  actively, 
vigorously. 

strenuus,  a,  um,  adj.,  brisk, 
prompt,  nimble,  active,  vigorous, 
strenuous. 

strep-itus,  us,  m.  (strepo,  to  make 
a  noise;  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  noise, 
din,  uproar. 

strideo,  stridere,  stridi,  no  sup., 
n.,  to  creak,  hiss ,  whizz,  buzz. 
strld-or,  oris,  m.  (strideo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  creaking,  hissing, 
whizzing,  buzzing  noise. 
stringo,  stringere,  strinxi,  stric¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  bind  tight;  draw 
together ;  bind,  grasp  ;  gladium 
stringere ,  to  draw  the  sword. 
struo,  struere,  struxi,  structum, 
a.,  to  pile  up ;  build,  construct; 
arrange ;  contrive ;  insidias  stru¬ 
ere,  to  lay  snares. 
studeo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup. ,  n.  and  a., 
to  be  eager  about,  strive  after,  be 
zealous  for,  pursue ;  study. 
studios-e,  adv.  (studiosus),  eager¬ 
ly,  carefully,  earnestly. 
studi-osus,  a,  um,  adj.  (studium, 
§  44,  1 ,  c,  3),  full  of  zeal ;  eager , 
zealous,  fond  of. 


sthd-ium,  ii,  n.  (stttdeo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  zeal ,  eagerness,  fondness, 
desire,  devotion,  application  to. 
stultus,  a,  um,  adj.,  foolish,  sim¬ 
ple,  silly. 

stupeo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.  and  a., 
to  be  astonished,  amazed ;  won¬ 
der  at. 

stup-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (stupeo), 

amazed,  senseless,  dull,  stupid. 

suadeo,  suadere,  suasi,  suasum, 

n.  and  a.,  to  advise,  exhort,  urge; 
recommend,  advocate. 

sua-sor,  oris,  m.  (suadeo,  §  44, 1, 

c,  1),  an  adviser,  counsellor, 
persuader. 

suavis,  e,  adj.,  sweet,  pleasant, 
agreeable. 

suav-itas,  atis ,  f.  (suavis,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  sweetness,  pleasantness, 
agreeableness. 

sub,  prep,  with  acc.  and  abl.  (§ 
42,  2,  and  56,  1,  e),  under,  be¬ 
low,  beneath,  close  up  to,  during ; 
just  after ;  sub  monte,  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain. 
sub-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 
a.,  to  draw  up  (especially  on 
shore'),  lift  up,  draw  off,  with¬ 
draw,  remove,  take  away  secretly . 
sub-eo,  Ire,  ii,  itum,  n.  and  a.  irr. , 
to  go  under,  to  go  up ;  enter ; 
advance,  proceed ;  approach ;  un¬ 
dergo  ;  sustain ;  attack ;  succeed ; 
occur ;  humeris  subire  aliquid, 
to  take  up  something  on  one’s 
shoulders. 

suber,  eris,  n.,  a  cork-tree. 
sub-igo,  lgere,  egi,  actum,  a. 
(sub ;  ago),  to  bring  under,  get 
under ;  subdue ;  impel,  urge  on  ; 
force,  constrain. 

subit-o,  adv.  (subitus),  suddenly, 

unexpectedly . 

subl-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (shbeo), 
sudden ,  unexpected. 
sub-jicio,  jicgre,  jeci,  jectum,  a., 
(sub;  jacio),  to  bring  under, 
subdue,  subject. 

subla-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (tollo), 
elated,  proud,  haughty. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


93 


sub-lSvo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a .,  to 

raise  up ,  hold  up,  support ,  sus¬ 
tain ,  assist,  encourage,  relieve. 
sublimis,  e,  adj.,  high ,  on  /uV/A ; 
lofty. 

sub-mergo,  mergere,  mersi,  mer¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  dip  or  plunge  under ; 
to  sink,  overwhelm,  submerge. 
sub-mitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  send  forth j  send  to 
one's  aid;  dispatch ;  submittere 
se,  to  submit. 

sub-oles,  is,/,  (sub;  olesco),  a 

sprout,  shoot ;  posterity ,  off¬ 
spring,  race. 

sub-sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum, 

dep .,  to  follow  close  after ; follow, 
succeed,  ensue. 

sub-sid-ium,  ii,  n.  (sub ;  sedeo), 

a  body  of  reserves,  auxiliary 
forces  ;  assistance,  aid,  support ; 

subsidio  mittere,  to  send  as 
support. 

sub-sido,  sidere,  sedi,  sessum, 
n.,  to  sit  down,  settle,  subside. 
sub-sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  stitum, 
n.,  to  stand  still ,  stop. 
sub-stituo,  stituere,  stitui,  sti- 
tutum,  n.  (shb;  statuo),  to  set 
or  place  under ;  substitute. 
sub-sum,  esse,  no  perf,  n.,  to  be 
under ;  to  be  present. 
sub-ter,  prep,  with  acc.  and  abl. 
(sub,  §  56,  1,  e ),  below,  be¬ 
neath,  undei'neath,  under ;  close  by. 
sub-veho,  vdhere,  vexi,  vec¬ 
tum,  a.,  to  carry  up,  convey , 
bring  (up  stream), 
sub-venio,  venire,  veni,  ven¬ 
tum,  n.,  to  come  to  one's  assist¬ 
ance  ;  aid,  relieve,  succor. 
suc-cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum, 
n.  and  a.  (sub  ;  cedo),  to  go  up, 
mount,  ascend;  march  on,  ad¬ 
vance  ;  succeed  to, ft ollow ;  prosper. 
suc-censeo,  censere,  censui, 
censum,  n.  and  a.,  to  be  angry, 
enraged;  be  angry  at. 
succes-sor,  oris,  m.  (succedo, 
§  44,  1,  c,  1),  a  follower,  suc¬ 
cessor. 


suc-cido,  cidSre,  cidi,  cisum,  a. 

(sub  ;  caedo) ,  to  cut  down,  fell. 
suc-cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinc¬ 
tum,  a.  (sub;  cingo),  to  gird 
up,  tuck  up ;  surround,  equip, 
furnish. 

suc-clamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(sub  ;  clamo),  to  call  out,  shout 
in  reply. 

suc-cumbo,  cumbere,  cubui, 
cubitum,  n.  (sub;  cumbo),  to 
yield,  submit,  surrender. 
suc-curro,  currere,  curri,  cur¬ 
sum,  n.  (sub;  curro),  to  run 
under ;  help ,  assist,  aid,  succor. 
sudor,  oris,  m.,  sweat,  perspira¬ 
tion  ;  toil. 

Suevi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  powerful 
Germanic  people  in  northern 
Germany. 

suf-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  a. 
and  n.  (sub;  facio),  to  put 
under, put  in  the  place  of ,  sub¬ 
stitute  ;  be  sufficient ,  suffice. 
suf-figo,  figere,  fixi,  fixum,  a. 

(sub ;  figo),  to  fasten  upon,  affix. 
suf-fodio,  fodere,  fodi,  fossum, 
a.  (sub ;  fbdio) ,  to  dig  under¬ 
neath,  undermine , pierce  through. 
sui,  sibi,  se  or  sese,  refiexive  per¬ 
sonal  pron.  (for  all  genders  and 
numbers) ,  of  himself,  herself, 
itself,  themselves. 
sulcus,  i,  m. ,  a  furrow. 

Sulla,  se,  m. ,  Lucius  Cornelius 
Sulla  Felix,  the  celebrated  Ro¬ 
man  Dictator,  b.  c.  138-78. 
Sull-ani,  orum,  m.  pi.  (Sulla), 
the  followers  of  Sulla. 

Sull-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Sulla), 
of  Sulla. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,  n.  irr. 
(§  29),  to  be;  mihi  est,  &c.,  1 
have ,  &c. 

summa,  ae,  f.  (summus),  the  main 
thing;  the  amount,  sum,  total , 
whole. 

sum-mergo,  see  sub-mergo. 
sum-mitto,  see  sub-mitto. 
summus,  a,  um,  adj.  (, superlative 
of  superus),  chief,  top  of. 


94 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sump¬ 
tum,  a.  (sub;  emo),  to  take , 
assume ,  gather;  enjoy;  spend ; 
bellum  sumere,  to  begin  war ; 
p oeu am  sumere,  to  inflict  pun¬ 
ishment. 

sum-ptus,  us,  m.  (sumo),  expense, 
cost ,  charge. 

supellex,  lectilis,  f. ,  furniture, 
household  utensils. 
super,  ado.  and  prep,  with  acc. 
and  abl.  (§  56,  1,  d),  above; 
moreover,  besides;  upon,  con¬ 
cerning;  in  addition  to. 
superb-ia,  se,  f.  (superbus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  haughtiness,  pride. 
super-bus,  a,  um,  adj.  (super), 
haughty,  proud,  arrogant,  inso¬ 
lent. 

super-fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fu¬ 
sum,  a.,  to  pour  on;  overflow, 
rush  upon  ;  extend. 
super-ior,  ius,  adj.  ( comparative 
of  superus),  higher,  former, 
past ;  older,  superior ,  greater. 
super-nato,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. ,  to 
swim  above ,  float  on  the  top, 
swim  over. 

supero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (su¬ 
per),  to  overcome,  subdue,  conquer. 
super-sedeo,  sedere,  sedi,  ses¬ 
sum,  n.  and  a. ,  to  sit  upon  ;  be 
superior  to,  surpass :  forbear, 
omit. 

super-sum,  esse,  fui,  n.,  to  be  left, 
remain ,  exist  still;  survive;  be 
in  abundance. 

super-us,  a,  um,  adj.  (super,  § 
17,  3,  a),  upper,  on  high. 
super-venio,  venire,  veni,  ven¬ 
tam,  a.  and  n.,  to  come  upon, 
press  upon,  attack;  come  up, 
arrive  ;  follow. 

sup-inus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sub),  bent 
backwards ,  lying  on  the  back,  su¬ 
pine  ;  manus  supini,  with  the 
open  palms  turned  upwards  (a 
gesture  of  one  praying), 
sup-peto,  petere,  petivi  or  petii, 
petitum,  n.  (sub  ;  peto),  to  be  at 
hand,  be  in  store,  be  sufficient. 


sup-pleo,  plere,  plevi,  pletum,  a. 

(sub;  pleo),  to  fll  up,  supply, 

complete. 

sup-plex,  icis,  adj.  (sub;  plico), 

entreating ,  beseeching ,  suppliant. 
As  Noun,  com.  gen. ,  a  suppli¬ 
ant. 

supplica-tio,  onis,  f.  (supplico, 

§  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  public  prayer  or 
supplication  ;  a  day  set  apart  for 
prayer. 

supplic-iter,  ado.  (supplex),  hum¬ 
bly,  submissively ,  suppliantly . 
supplic-ium,  ii,  n.  (supplico,  § 
44,  1,  c,  2),  a  supplication ; 
punishment ;  supplicium  de 
aliquo  sumere  or  aliquem  sup¬ 
plicio  afficere,  to  inflict  punish¬ 
ment  on  any  one. 

sup-plico,  are,  avi,  atum,  n. 
(sub;  plico),  to  kneel  down; 
beseech,  supplicate ;  pray. 
sup-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a. 
(sub;  porto),  to  bring  up,  carry, 
jconvey. 

supra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc. , 
on  the  top,  above ;  before,  former- 
fly  ;  beyond,  besides;  over,  above. 
supremus,  a,  um,  adj.  ( superla¬ 
tive  of  superus) ,  the  highest , 
greatest,  last. 

surdus,  a,  um,  adj.,  deaf;  dull , 
indistinct;  stupid. 
sur-go,  surgere,  surrexi,  surrec- 
tum,  n.  (sub ;  rego),  to  rise. 
sur-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 
a.  (sub;  rapio),  to  snatch,  steal 
away,  pilfer,  purloin. 
sus,  suis,  com.  gen.  (dat.  pi. ,  sui¬ 
bus  and  siibus),  a  hog,  pig, 
boar,  sow. 

sus-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
a.  (sub;  capio),  to  take  up, 
undertake ;  acknowledge ;  ini¬ 
micitias  suscipere,  to  incur 

enmities. 

suspec-tus,  a,  um ,  part,  (suspi¬ 
cio),  mistrusted,  suspected ;  sus¬ 
picious. 

sus-pendo,  pendere,  pendi,  pen- 
sum,  a.  (sub  ;  pendo),  to  hang 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


95 


up,  suspend;  keep  in  suspense; 
check ,  interrupt. 

su-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,  a .  (sub;  specio),  to  mis¬ 
trust ,  suspect ,  distrust. 
suspic-io,  onis,  f.  (suspicor,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  mistrust ,  distrust , 
suspicion. 

suspicor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 

(suspicio),  to  mistrust ,  suspect. 
sus-tineo,  tinere,  tinui,  tentum, 
a.  (sub;  teneo),  to  hold  up, 
support,  sustain,  endure ;  with¬ 
stand  ;  restrain ;  delay ,  put  off. 
sustuli,  perf.  ind.  of  tollo, 
su-tor,  oris,  m.  (suo,  to  sew;  § 
44,  l,c,l),  a  shoemaker,  cobbler. 
suus,  a,  um,  poss.  pron.  (sui),  his, 
her,  their  own ,  own. 

Syria,  ae,  /. ,  a  country  in  Asia, 
east  of  the  Mediterranean. 


T. 

T.  an  abbreviation  for  Titus. 

tabel-la,  ae,  f.  dim.  (tabula,  §  44, 

1 ,  c,  3),  a  small  board ,  tablet ;  a 
voting  tablet ,  ballot;  a  writing 
tablet. 

taberna,  a e,  f,  a  hut,  shed,  stall, 
shop.  [tent. 

tabern-aculum,  i,  n.  (taberna),  a 

tab-es,  is,  f.  (tabeo,  to  waste 
away) ,  a  wasting  away ;  con¬ 
sumption,  plague,  pestilence. 

tabula,  ae,  f. ,  a  board,  plank ;  list 
(of  proscribed  persons);  a  will; 
writing  tablet. 

taceo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.  and  a. ,  to 

be  silent ,  to  say  nothing ,  hold 
one’s  peace  ;  be  still,  quiet ;  pass 
over  in  silence. 

tac-itus,  a,  um,  part,  (taceo), 
silent,  secret. 

tac-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (tango), 
touched. 

taedet,  taedere,  taeduit  or  taesum 
est,  a.  impers.  (§  50,  4,  c,  2), 
it  disgusts,  offends,  wearies  (one); 
I  (thou,  he,  &c.)  am  disgusted. 


taed-ium,  ii,  n.  (taedet,  §  44,  1,  c, 

2),  weariness,  loathing,  disgust, 
tediousness. 

taeter,  see  teter. 

talentum,  i,  n.  ,  a  talent ;  a  Greek 
weight,  equal  to  about  one  half 
a  hundred  weight;  a  sum  of 
money,  equal  to  about  SI 000. 
talis,  e,  adj.,  such,  of  such  a  kind, 
of  such  a  nature,  quality,  or  sort 
(the  relative  adj.  corresponding 
to  talis  is  qualis), 
talus,  i,  m. ,  the  ankle  bone,  ankle  . 
a  die. 

tarn,  adv. ,  so ,  so  very  ;  tam  .  .  . 

quam,  as  ..  .  as. 
tamen,  conj.  (§43,  2,  b),  neverthe ~ 
less,  yet,  still. 

tam-etsi,  conj .  (tamen ;  etsi), 

although,  though. 

tam-quam,  adv.  (of  comparison) , 
as  much  as,  so  as,  like  as,  just 
as;  as  if,  just  as  though. 
tan-dem,  adv.  (tam)  ,  at  length,  at 
last ,  finally ;  in  interrogative 
clauses,  pray,  pray  now,  now ,  then , 
tango,  tangere,  tetigi,  tactum, 
a.,  to  touch,  affect. 
tanti-dem,  see  tantus-dem. 
tanto,  see  tantus, 
tantopere,  see  tantus, 
tant-um,  adv.  (tantus),  so  much, 
so  greatly ,  to  such  a  degree ; 
only,  alone,  merely ;  tantum 
non,  almost ,  all  but;  tantum 
quod,  only,  just  then,  but  just. 
tantum-modo,  adv. ,  only,  merely, 
nothing  but. 

tan-tus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tam),  so 
great ;  tantopere  (tanto  opere), 

as  adv.,  so  much,  so  greatly; 
tanto  ( abl .  of  degree  of  differ¬ 
ence,  §  54,  6,  e,  remarks),  by  so 
much ,  so  much  the. 
tantus-dem,  tantadem,  tantum- 
dem,  adj.,  as  large ,  as  great; 
tantidem  (gen.  of  price,  §  50, 
1,  i,  and  54,  8,  a),  at  just  so 
much. 

tard-e,  adv.  (tardus),  slowly ,  tar¬ 
dily. 


96 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


tardo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n. 
(tardus),  to  make  slov) ;  hinder , 
delay ,  retard;  to  tarry,  loiter , 
linger ,  delay. 

tardus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  s/ow,  sluggish , 
tardy,  late  ;  dull ,  heavy ,  stupid. 
Tarquinius,  ii,  m.,  Tarquinius 
Superbus ,  last  king  of  Rome, 
taurus,  i,  m.,  a  bull,  bullock,  ox,  steer. 
tec-tum,  i,  w.  (tego),  (a  thing 
that'  covers),  a  roof  ;  a  house , 
dwelling ,  abode ,  shelter ,  quarters. 
te-cum,  see  tu. 

tego,  tegere,  texi,  tectum,  a.,  to 

cover,  hide ,  conceal;  defend , 
protect ,  guard. 

tellus,  uris,  /.,  the  earth;  land , 
ground. 

telum,  i,  n. ,  a  darf,  spear,  javelin 
(offensive  weapon), 
temer-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (temere), 
ra.sA ,  heedless,  thoughtless,  im¬ 
prudent,  indiscreet. 
temere,  at/r. ,  rashly,  hastily, 
thoughtlessly ,  indiscreetly. 
temer-itas,  atis,  /  (temere,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  rashness,  thoughtless¬ 
ness,  indiscretion,  temerity. 
temperans,  antis,  part,  (tempero), 
sober,  moderate,  temperate. 
temperant-ia,  ae,  f.  (temperans, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  moderation, 
sobriety ,  discreetness,  temperance. 
tempero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and 
n .,  to  rule,  regulate,  govern, 
manage;  to  forbear,  restrain,  be 
temperate. 

tempes-tas,  atis,  f.  (tempus  for 
temportas,  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  a 
time,  season,  period ;  storm,  tem¬ 
pest. 

templum,  i,  n.,  a  sanctuary ,  tem¬ 
ple,  shrine. 

tempus,  oris,  n. ,  time;  ad  tempus, 

at  a  fitting  time  ;  ex  tempore , 
off-hand ,  extempore ;  id  tempo¬ 
ris,  at  that  time  (§  50,  2,  c )  ; 
in  pi.,  tempora,  the  times ,  cir¬ 
cumstances. 

tSn-ax,  acis,  adj.  (tgneo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  3),  holding  fast,  tenacious. 


tendo,  tendere,  tStendi,  tentum 

and  tensum,  a.  and  n. ,  to 
stretch,  distend,  extend,  spread 
out ;  aim ,  tend ;  go ,  march  ;  insi¬ 
dias  tendere,  to  lay  snares. 
tenebrae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  darkness. 
teneo,  ere,  ui,  turn,  a.,  to  hold, 
keep,  have,  possess ;  restrain,  de¬ 
tain. 

tener,  era,  erum,  adj.,  soft ,  deli¬ 
cate,  tender. 

ten-to,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(tendo,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2,  b ), 
to  handle,  touch;  attack,  assail ; 
attempt,  try  ;  excite,  disturb. 
tentor-ium,  ii,  n.  (tendo),  a  tent. 
tenuis,  e,  adj. ,  thin,  slim,  slender  ; 
little ,  poor ,  mean. 

tenu-itas,  atis,/.  (tenuis,  §  44, 1, 

c,  2),  thinness,  slenderness ,  small¬ 
ness  ;  poverty ,  indigence. 
tenus,  prep,  with  abl. ,  as  far  as, 
up  to,  down  to.  unto,  to. 
tepeo,  ere,  no  perf. ,  no  sup.  ,n.,to 
be  warm. 

tep-Idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tepeo), 

lukewarm ,  tepid  ;  faint,  languid. 
ter,  adv.  num.  (tres),  three  times, 
thrice. 

Terentius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
tergum,  i,  n.,  the  back;  terga 
dare,  to  flee. 

terminus,  i,  m. ,  a  boundary,  bound , 
limit. 

ter-ni,  ae,  a,  num.  distributive  adj., 
three,  each  by  threes. 
tero,  terere,  trivi,  tritum,  a.,  to 
rub,  grind,  rub  away ,  wear ,  wear 
away. 

terra,  ae,/.,  the  earth,  land. 
terr-enus,  a,  um,  adj.  (terra),  of 

earth,  earthen. 

terreo,  ere,  ui,itum,  a.,  to  frighten , 

alarm,  terrify. 

terr-or,  oris,  m.  (terreo v§  44,  1, 
c,  2),  dread,  alarm,  terror. 
terti-o,  adv.  (tertius),  for  the 
third  time ;  thirdly.  [third. 

ter-tius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ter),  the 
testa-mentum,  i,  n.  (testor,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  a  will ,  testament. 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


97 


test-imonium,  ii,  n.  (testor,  § 

44,  1,  c,  2),  witness ,  evidence , 
attestation ,  testimony  ;  proof. 
testis,  is,  com.  gen.,  a  witness; 
eye-witness. 

testor,  ari,  atus  sum  (testis),  to 

be  a  witness,  to  bear  witness,  tes¬ 
tify,  attest ;  prove ;  call  to  wit¬ 
ness. 

test-udo,  inis,  f.  (testa,  a  shell), 
a  tortoise  (in  military  language, 
boards  or  shields  locked  to¬ 
gether  to  protect  a  party  when 
storming  any  fortified  place) . 
teter,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  offensive, 
noisome,  foul,  hideous,  loathsome. 
Teut6nes,  um,  m.  pi.,  a  people 
of  Germany. 

Teutoni,  orum,  m.  pi. ,  see  Teuto¬ 
nes. 

Thessalia,  ae,/.,  Thessaly. 
Thessalbnica,  ae,  f,  a  city  of 
Macedonia. 

Tiberis,  is,  m.  ( acc .  Tiberim,  abl. 

Tiberi),  the  Tiber. 

Tiberius,  ii,  m. ,  Tiberius  Claudius 
Nero,  emperor  of  Rome,  a.d. 
14-37. 

tigil-lum,  i,  n.  dim.  (tignum,  §  44, 

1,  c,  3),  a  little  beam. 
tignum,  i,  n.,  a  log ,  beam. 
Tigranes,  is,  m. ,  king  of  Arme- 
w  nia,  son-in-law  of  Mithridates, 
tigris,  is  or  Idis,  com.  gen.,  a  tiger , 
tigress. 

timeo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  a.  and  n., 
to  fear,  dread ;  be  afraid ,  anx¬ 
ious.  [ timidly . 

timid-e,  adv.  (timidus),  fearfully, 
timid-ifcas,  atis,  /.  (timidus,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  fearfulness,  cowardice, 
timidity. 

tim-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (timeo), 
fearful,  afraid,  faint-hearted , 
cowardly ,  timid. 

tim-or,  oris,  m.  (timeo,  §  44,  1  ,.c, 
2), fear,  dread ,  alarm ,  anxiety. 
titiilus,  i,  m  ,  an  inscription,  title , 
motto,  epitaph. 

Titus  LSbienus,  i,  m. ,  legate  of 
Caesar. 


tbga,  ae,  f.  (tSgo),  a  toga  (the 
outer  garment  of  a  Roman  citi¬ 
zen  in  time  of  peace)  ,  mantle. 
tolero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  bear, 
support ,  endure,  sustain ;  main¬ 
tain,  nourish. 

tollo,  tollere,  sustuli,  sublatum, 

a.,  to  lift  up,  elevate;  carry, 
bear;  take  away,  remove;  do 
away  with  ;  kill. 

tondeo,  tondere,  totondi,  ton- 
sum,  a.,  to  shear,  clip;  cut , 
prune,  trim  ;  gather  ;  crop,  graze 
upon,  feed  upon. 

tono,  are,  ui,  itum,  n.  and  a. ,  to 

thunder  ;  tonat,  impers .,  it  thun¬ 
ders. 

ton-sor,  oris,  m.  (tondeo,  §  44,  1, 

c,  1),  a  shearer,  clipper,  shaver ; 
barber. 

tonsor-ius,  a,  um,  adj.  (tonsor),  of 

or  belonging  to  shearing  or  shav¬ 
ing  ;  culter  tonsorius,  a  razor. 
torpeo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup. ,  n. ,  to  be 
stiff ,  numb ,  dull,  listless. 
torp-or,  oris,  m.  (torpeo,  §  44, 
1,  c,  2),  numbness,  torpor ,  in¬ 
activity. 

torqueo,  torquere,  torsi,  tortum, 

a.,  to  turn,  twist,  bend;  whirl 
around;  fling,  hurl;  wrench, 
rack ,  torture. 

torreo,  torrere,  torrui,  tostum, 

a. ,  to  burn ;  parch,  roast,  bake. 

torr-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (torreo), 
dry ,  parched. 

tot,  num.  adj.  indecl. ,  so  many. 
tbt-idem,  num.  adj.  indecl.  (t6t), 
just  so  many,  just  as  many. 
t6t-ies,  num.  adv.  (tot) ,  so  often, 
so  many  times  ;  as  often ,  as  many 
times. 

totus,  a,  um,  adj.  {gen.  sing.,  to¬ 
tius),  the  whole,  entire,  total ;  all, 
all  the. 

trabs,  trabis,  f. ,  a  beam ;  a  timber. 
trac-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (traho), 
drawn. 

tra-do,  dSre,  didi,  ditum,  a. 
(trans  ;  do) ,  to  give  up ,  deliver, 
surrender ;  commit,  intrust,  hand 


7 


98 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


down;  teach ,  tell;  traditur,  it 
is  said ;  traditum  est,  the  tradi¬ 
tion  is. 

tra-duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum, 
a.  (trans;  duco),  to  lead  across , 
transport  over ,  transfer ,  bring 
to  an  end ;  spend. 
trag-ula,  a e,  f.  (traho) ,  a  javelin 
(of  large  size) . 

traho,  trahere,  traxi,  tractum, 

a.,  to  draw,  drag,  drag  along; 
collect ;  allure  ;  protract ;  de¬ 
tain  ;  bellum  trahere,  to  pro¬ 
long  the  war. 

tra-jicio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum,  a. 
and  n.  (trans;  jacio),  to  throw 
across,  cast  over;  transport; 
pierce,  stab;  to  pass  over. 
tranquillus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  quiet , 
calm,  still,  tranquil. 
trans,  prep,  with  acc.,  across, 
over,  beyond,  on  the  other  side  of. 
tran-scribo,  scribere,  scripsi, 
scriptum,  a.  (trans;  scribo), 
to  copy,  transcribe  ;  transfer,  re¬ 
move. 

trans-duco,  see  traduco, 
trans-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n. 

and  a.  irr.,  to  cross  over,  pass 
over  ;  pass  by,  go  through  ;  cross. 

trans-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  a. 

irr.,  to  bring  over,  transfer,  con¬ 
vey. 

trans-figo,  figere,  fixi,  fixum,  a., 

to  thrust  or  pierce  through;  to 
transfix. 

trans-fddio,  fodere,  fodi,  fossum, 

a.,  to  stab  through  ;  stab,  pierce. 

trans-gredior,  gredi,  gressus 
sum,  dep.  (trans;  gradior),  to 

cross  ;  to  step  over,  go  beyond, 
exceed. 

trans-igo,  igere,  egi,  actum,  a. 
(trans;  ago),  to  carry  through, 
finish,  complete,  accomplish ;  set¬ 
tle,  transact. 

tran-silio  or  trans-silio,  silire, 
silivi,  silii  or  silui,  sultum,  n. 
and  a.  (trans;  salio),  to  leap  or 
jump  across  ;  leap  or  spring  over  ; 
go  rapidly,  hasten. 


trans-mitto,  mittSre,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum,  a. ,  to  send  over,  throw 
across,  send  across,  dispatch ; 
traverse,  cross  over. 
trans-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a., 
to  carry  or  convey  across. 
transver-sus,  a,  um,  part,  (trans¬ 
verto),  lying  across,  crosswise, 
transverse ,  cross. 

trecent-esimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tre¬ 
centi),  three-hundredth. 
tre-centi,  se,  a,  num.  adj.  (tres; 

centum),  three  hundred. 
tre-decim,  num.  adj.  indecl.  (tres ; 

decern),  thirteen. 
tremo,  tremere,  tremui,  no  sup. , 
n.  and  a.,  to  shake ,  tremble; 
tremble  at. 

trepidus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  restless, 
confused,  alarmed.  [1,  c). 

tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  three  (§  18, 
Treviri,  drum,  m.  pi.,  a  people 
of  Gaul. 

tribun-al,  alis,  n  (tribunus),  a 

platform  (on  which  the  seats  of 
magistrates  were  placed) ,  judg¬ 
ment-seat,  tribunal. 
tribun-atus,  us,  m.  (tribunus) , 
the  office  of  a  tribune ,  tribuneship. 
trib-unus,  i,  m.  (tribus,  a  tribe) , 
a  tribune. 

tribuo,  uere,  ui,  utum,  a.,  to  as¬ 
sign,  allot,  bestow,  give,  impart , 
confer ;  impute. 

tri-duum,  ui,  n.  (tres;  dies),  the 

space  of  three  days,  three  days. 

trigemini,  orum,  m.  pi.  (tres; 
geno),  three  born  at  a  birth, 
three  brothers. 

tri-ni,  ae,  a,  num.  distributive  adj. 

Jtres),  three  each,  three. 
tri-plex,  plicis,  adj.  (tres ;  plico), 

threefold,  triple. 

tristis,  e,  adj. ,  sad ,  sorrowful , 

mournful. 

tri-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (tero),  rub¬ 
bed,  worn  ;  common,  familiar , 
trite. 

triumpho,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and 
a.  (triumphus),  to  triumph,  ex¬ 
ult  ;  rejoice  at. 


VOCABULARY. 


I. 


99 


triumphus,  i,  m.,  a  triumph 
(solemn  procession  of  victory), 
tru-cido,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (trux, 
savage;  csedo),  to  slaughter, 
butcher ,  massacre. 
trudo,  trudere,  trusi,  trusum,  a., 
to  thrust ,  push ,  shove;  crowd; 
press  on,  drive ,  impel. 
truncus,  i,  m.,  the  trunk ,  body ; 
stem ,  stock. 

truncus,  a,  um,  adj.  (trunco,  to 

mutilate),  maimed ,  mutilated, 
mangled ,  disfigured. 
tu,  personal  pron.,  thou. 
tuba,  se,  f,  a  trumpet. 
tueor,  tueri,  tuitus  or  tutus  sum, 
dep.,  to  look  at,  gaze  at,  behold; 
guard,  preserve,  defend. 
tuli,  see  fSro. 

Tulingi,  drum,  m.  pi. ,  a  people  of 
Gallia. 

Tullus  Hostilius,  i,  m. ,  third  king 
of  Rome,  b.c.  672-640. 
turn,  adv.,  then ,  at  that  time  ;  cum 
(quum)  .  .  .  turn,  both  .  .  . 
and ;  not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 
tumeo,  ere,  ui,  no  sup.,  n.,  to 
swell ;  be  swollen;  be  inflated; 
be  pujfed  up. 

tum-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tumeo), 
sioollen,  tumid;  elated,  puffed  up. 
tumultuor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(tumultus) ,  to  be  in  an  uproar, 
raise  a  tumult. 

tiimultus,  us,  m.,  disturbance, 
agitation;  tumult,  insurrection, 
sedition. 

tum-ulus,  i,  m.  (tiimeo),  a  mound , 
hillock,  kill ,  a  sepulchral  mound, 
tomb. 

tunc,  adv. ,  then,  at  that  time ;  im¬ 
mediately. 

tundo,  tundere,  tutudi,  tunsum 
or  tusum,  a.,  to  beat,  strike; 
pound,  bruise. 

tunica,  ae,  f. ,  a  tunic  (an  under¬ 
garment  of  the  Romans,  worn 
by  both  sexes). 

turba,  se,  /. ,  «  crowd,  throng ;  a 
turmoil,  hubbub,  uproar,  tumult, 
commotion ,  disturbance. 


turb-idus,  a,  um,  adj.  (turbo), 

confused,  disordered ;  troubled, 
disturbed,  perplexed. 

turbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (turba), 

to  disturb,  trouble  ;  confuse,  con¬ 
found. 

turbo,  inis,  m.,  a  whirlwind,  tor¬ 
nado,  hurricane. 
turda,  se,  f. ,  a  thrush. 
turdus,  i,  m  ,  a  thrush. 
turgeo,  turgere,  tursi,  no  sup. , 
to  swell  out ,  be  sivollen. 
turma,  se,f,  a  troop,  squadron. 
turpis,  e,  adj.,  ugly,  foul,  filthy. 
turris,  is,  /!,  a  tower ;  castle. 
Tuscus,  a,um,  adj.,  Tuscan,  Etrus¬ 
can  ;  as  noun  Tusci,  orum,  m. 
pi.,  the  Tuscans. 

tu-tor,  oris,  m.  (tueor,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 
1),  a  watcher,  protector,  defender ; 
guardian,  tutor.  [ secure . 

tu-tus,  a,  um, part,  (tueor) ,  safe, 
tu-us,  a,  um,  pass.  pron.  (tu),  thy 
thine,  your,  yours. 
tyrannus,  i,  m.,  a  monarch,  ruler ; 
despot,  tyrant. 

U. 

uber,  eris,  n.,  a  teat,  udder ,  breast. 
fiber,  eris,  adj .,  rich ,  fruitful ,  fer¬ 
tile. 

ubi,  adv.,  where,  when;  ubi  pri¬ 
mum,  as  soon  as. 

ubi-cumque  (-cunque),  adv., 

wherever;  everywhere. 
ubi-que,  adv.,  wherever  ;  anywhere, 
everywhere. 

ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus  sum,  dep., 
to  revenge,  take  vengeance  on , 
punish. 

ullus,  a,  um,  adj.  {gen.  sing,  ullius, 
dat.  ulli),  any,  any  one. 
ulmus,  i ,  f. ,  an  elm ,  elm-tree. 
ulter-ior,  ius,  adj.  (comparative  of 
ultra,  §  17,  3),  further  or  the 
further  side,  ulterior. 
ultimus,  a,  um,  adj.  ( superl .  of 
ultra,  §  17,  3),  the  furthest, 
most  distant,  most  remote;  last. 


100 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


ul-tio,  onis,  /.  (ulciscor,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  revenge. 
ul-tor,  oris,  m.  (ulciscor,  §  44, 

1,  c,  1),  a  revenger. 
ultra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc., 
beyond ,  further  ;  on  the  other  side 
of ,  beyond ,  past;  ultra  fidem, 
beyond  belief. 

ultro,  adv.,  beyond;  besides,  more¬ 
over ;  of  one's  own  accord ,  volun¬ 
tarily. 

ul-tus,  a,  um,  part,  (ulciscor) , 

having  avenged,  punished. 
umbra,  se,/.,  a  shade ,  shadow ;  an 

image. 

um-quam  (un-) ,  adv.  (unum; 

quam) ,  at  any  time,  ever. 
una,  adv.  (unus),  together ,  at  the 
same  time. 

unda,  se,f,  a  wave,  billow. 
unde,  adv.,  from  which  place, 
whence  ;  from  whom,  from  which , 
from  what. 

un-decim,  num.  adj.  indecl.  (unus ; 
decern),  eleven. 

undecim-us,  a,  um,  num.  adj. 

(undecim),  the  eleventh. 
un-de-viginti,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
(unus;  de;  viginti),  one  from 
twenty;  nineteen. 

und-I-que,  adv.  indef.  (unde; 
que),  on  all  sides,  on  every  part , 
everywhere. 

ungo  (unguo),  ungere,  unxi, 
unctum,  a.,  to  anoint,  smear , 
besmear.  [hoof. 

unguis,  is,  m.,  a  nail ;  talon ,  claw, 
un-i- versus,  a,  um,  adj.  (unus ; 
versus) ,  all  together,  whole ,  en¬ 
tire,  general ,  universal. 
un-quam,  see  um-quam. 
unus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.  {gen.  sing., 
unius;  dat.,  uni),  one,  alone , 
sole ,  single. 

unus-quisque,  unaquseque,  un¬ 
umquodque,  adj.  pron.,  each , 
every. 

urb-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (urbs), 
belonging  to  the  city,  in  the  city  ; 
polite,  courteous ,  refined,  well- 
bred. 


urbs,  urbis,  ,  a  city ;  the  city 
(Rome) . 

urgeo,  urgere,  ursi,  no  sup.,  a., 

to  press,  push,  force,  drive,  urge. 
urina-tor,  oris,  m.  (urinor,  to 
dive;  §  44,  1,  <:,  1),  a  diver. 
uro,  urere,  ussi,  ustum,  a.,  to 
burn ;  fret,  chafe,  vex,  annoy. 
ursa,  3e,f,  a  she-bear. 
ursus,  i,  m. ,  a  bear. 
usquam,  adv.,  anywhere. 
usque,  adv.,  all  the  way,  all  the 
while,  until;  usque  ab,  all  the 
way  from ;  usque  ad,  even  to, 
up  to.  [interest. 

usura,  se,f.  (utor),  use ,  enjoyment ; 
usu-rpo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (usus ; 

rapio),  to  use,  employ. 
usus,  us,  m.  (utor),  use,  custom, 
advantage,  benefit,  utility ;  ex¬ 
perience. 

u-sus,  a,  um , part,  (utor),  having 

used. 

ut  or  uti,  adv.  and  conj.,  how,  as, 
so ,  when ,  since  ;  that,  so  that ,  in 
order  that,  that  not  (with  words 
of  fearing). 

ut-cumquc  (-cunque),  adv.,  in 
what  way  soever,  howsoever,  how¬ 
ever,  whenever. 
uter,  utaris,  m.,  a  bag;  skin. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  adj.  pron. 
{gen.  sing.,  utrius;  dat.,  fitri), 
which  of  two,  which. 
iiter-que,  utraque,  utrumque, 
adj.  pron.,  each  (of  two),  both; 
ex  utraque  parte,  on  either  side. 
uti,  see  ut. 

Utica,  se,  a  town  of  Africa, 
ut-ilis,  e,  adj.  (utor),  useful,  ser¬ 
viceable  ;  profitable ,  advantageous  ; 
suitable. 

utR-itas,  atis,  f.  (utilis,  §  44,  1, 

c,  2),  use,  usefulness,  utility, 
benefit,  profit. 

iiti-nam,  adv.,  oh  that!  I  wish  that, 

would  that ! 

utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  dep  ,  to  use, 
make  use  of,  employ,  enjoy. 
ut-p6t-e,  adv.  (ut;  pbtis),  as, 
namely,  inasmuch  as,  since , 


VOCABULARY. - I. 


101 


Gtrim-que  (utrinque),  adv.  (uter; 

que),  on  both  sides,  from  both  sides. 
utroque,  adv.  (uterque),  to  both 
places ,  in  both  directions. 
utrum,  adv.  (uter),  whether  (§  71, 2). 
uva,  ae,/.,  a  cluster  of  grapes. 
uxor,  oris,  f,  a  wife;  ducere 
uxorem ,  to  marry. 

V. 

vaco,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to  be 

empty,  void,  or  vacant ;  be  at  lei¬ 
sure  ;  be  free,  be  free  from. 
vac-uus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vaco), 
empty ,  void,  free,  clear. 
vad-um,  i,  n.  (vado,  to  go),  a 
shoal ,  ford  (that  through  which 
one  can  go). 

vagio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n .,  to 
cry,  squall;  bray. 
vagi-tus,  us,  m.  (vagio,  §  44,  1, 
c,  2)  ,  a  crying ;  braying. 
vagor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  (va¬ 
gus),  to  wander  about ,  ramble, 
range ,  rove. 

vagus,  a,  um,  adj '.,  strolling  about , 
roaming,  wandering ,  roving  ;  un¬ 
settled,  vagrant. 

vald-e,  adv.  (validus),  strongly , 
vehemently ;  very ,  very  much,  ex¬ 
ceedingly. 

valens,  entis,  part,  (valeo), 
strong,  stout,  vigorous. 
valeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  n.,  to  be 
strong,  stout,  vigorous ;  to  be  well, 
healthy;  to  have  the  power ,  be 
able  ;  vale,  farewell,  adieu 
Valerius,  ii,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
vale-tudo,  Inis,/,  (valeo),  habit , 
state,  condition;  health;  sickness. 
validus,  a,  um,  adj.  (valeo), 
strong,  mighty ,  healthy,  powerful. 
valles  (is),  is,/.,  a  valley,  vale. 
vallum,  i,  n.,  rampart  (earthen 
wall  set  with  palisades),  wall, 
fortification. 

vanus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  empty,  vacant; 
idle,  vain,  fruitless,  worthless; 
unreasonable. 


vapor,  oris,  m.,  steam,  vapor. 
varius,  a,  um,  adj.,  diverse , 
changing ,  varying,  various. 
vas,  vasis,  pi. ,  vasa,  orum,  n.,  a 
vessel,  dish,  tool ;  in  pi. ,  baggage. 
vasto,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (vastus), 
to  lay  waste,  desolate ,  ravage; 
ruin,  destroy. 

vastus,  a,  um,  adj.,  empty,  waste  ; 
huge,  vast. 

vates,  is,  com.  gen.  {gen.  pi. ,  va- 
tum),  a  soothsayer,  prophet,  pro¬ 
phetess ;  poet ,  poetess . 
vaticina- tio ,  onis,/  (vaticinor, 
§  44,  1 ,  c,  2) ,  a  foretelling,  pro¬ 
phecy,  prediction. 

vat-icinor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep. 
(vates),  to  foretell,  predict,  pro¬ 
phesy. 

vectigal,  alis,  n.,  a  toll,  tax;  re¬ 
venue,  income. 

veg-etus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vegeo,  to 

arouse),  vigorous,  active,  brisk , 
sprightly. 

vehemens,  entis,  adj. ,  eager ,  vio¬ 
lent,  impetuous,  ardent,  vehement; 
forcible. 

vehemen-ter,  adv.  (vehemens), 

eagerly,  ardently;  vigorously, 
forcibly,  very,  very  much. 
veho,  vehere,  vexi,  vectum,  a., 
to  bear,  carry,  convey ;  in  pass., 
vehi,  to  be  carried,  go,  ride,  sail. 
vel,  conj or  ;  vel  .  .  .  vel,  either 
...  or ;  even,  indeed,  surely ;  the 
very  (with  superlatives) . 
vela-men,  inis,  n.  (velo),  a  cover¬ 
ing,  cover ;  clothing,  garment. 
velle,  inf.  of  volo,  to  wish. 
vello,  vellere,  vulsi,  vulsum,  a. , 
to  pluck,  pull,  pull  out,  tear  out. 
vel-ox,  ocis,  adj.  (vdlo,  to  fly), 
swift,  fleet,  rapid. 

velum,  i,  n. ,  a  sail j  covering ; 
veil. 

vel-ut  (vel-uti),  adv.,  just  as, 
like  as;  as  it  were  ;  just  as  if,  as 
if  ,  just  as  though. 
vena,  ae,/.,  a  blood-vessel,  vein. 
ven-alis,  e,  adj.  (venus,  a  sale), 
for  sale,  to  be  sold,  venal. 


102 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


venat-icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (venatus, 
hunting) ,  for  hunting. 
ven-do,  dere,  didi,  ditum,  a. 

(venum,  a  sale ;  do) ,  to  sell. 
vSnenum,  i,  n.,  a  poison,  drug. 
ven-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  n. 

(venum,  a  sale ;  eo) ,  to  he  sold. 
venera-tio,  5nis,  f.  (veneror,  to 
reverence;  §  44,  1,  c ,  2),  rever¬ 
ence ,  veneration. 

venia,  se,  /.,  favor ,  indulgence , 
kindness;  pardon,  forgiveness. 
venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum,  n., 
to  come,  approach,  draw  near. 
venor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  to 
hunt,  chase,  pursue. 
venter,  tris,  m.,  the  belly. 
vent-ito,  are,  no  perf ,  no  sup. ,  n. 
intens.  (vento,  §  36,  h,  and  44, 
2,  b) ,  to  come  often ,  he  wont  to 
come ,  keep  coming. 
ventus,  i,  m. ,  the  wind. 
verber,  eris,  n.  ( 'nom .,  dat.,  and 
acc.  sing,  not  found),  a  lash, 
whip,  scourge. 

verbero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (ver¬ 
ber),  to  lash,  whip,  scourge ,  flog, 
heat. 

verbum,  i,  n.,  a  word;  verba 
facere,  to  speak,  discourse  ;  ver¬ 
bi  causa,  for  example. 
verecund-ia,  se,  f.  (verecundus, 
§  44,  1,  c,  2),  respect,  venera¬ 
tion, reverence;  bashfulness,  mod¬ 
esty. 

vere-cundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ve¬ 
reor,  §  44,  1,  c,  3),  bashful, 
modest,  shy. 

vereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  dep. ,  to  feel 
awe  for,  reverence ,  respect,  re¬ 
vere;  fear,  he  afraid  of,  dread. 
Vergilius,  ii,  m. ,  Publius  Vergil¬ 
ius  Maro,  the  celebrated  Ro¬ 
man  poet. 

vergo,  vergere  (versi),  no  sup., 
a.  and  n.,  to  bend,  turn,  lie 
towards,  be  situated. 
ver-o,  adv.  (verus),  jin  truth,  in 
fact ,  certainly,  to  be  sure,  surely  ; 
truly,  yes  ;  but,  however, 
verruca,  se,/.,  a  wart. 


ver-sor,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  intens. 
(verto,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2,  b ), 
to  dwell,  remain,  be  engaged  in. 
ver-sus,  us,  m.  (verto,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 

2),  a  verse  ;  line. 

vert-ex,  icis,  m.  (verto),  a  whirl, 
eddy  ;  the  top,  summit,  peak. 
verto,  vertere,  verti,  versum,  a. 

and  n.,  to  turn,  change,  revolve. 
veru,  us,  n.  (§  12,  2 ,  d),  a  spit ; 
dart. 

ver-um,  adv.  (verus) ,  truly,  just 
so,  even  so,  yes ;  but,  yet. 
verus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  true ,  real,  ac¬ 
tual.  As  Noun,  verum,  i,  n ., 
the  truth,  reality. 

vescor,  vesci,  no  perf. ,  dep. ,  to 
feed,  eat ;  live  on. 

Vesontio,  onis,  m.,  a  city  of 
Gallia,  the  chief  town  of  the 
Sequani  (modern  Besan^on). 
vesper,  eris  and  eri,  m. ,  the  even¬ 
ing. 

Vesta,  se,/.,  daughter  of  Saturn, 
goddess  of  flocks  and  herds,  and 
of  the  household  in  general, 
ves-ter,  tra,  trum,  possessive  pron. 
(vos),  your. 

vestig-ium,  ii,  n.  (vestigo,  to 

track;  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  a  footstep , 
track,  trace ,  step. 

vestio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  a.  (ves¬ 
tis),  to  dress,  clothe,  cover ; 
adorn. 

vestis,  is,/. ,  a  garment,  robe,  vest¬ 
ment;  clothing,  attire. 
veter-anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vetus), 
veler  an,  old. 

veto,  are,  ui,  itum,  a.,  to  forbid, 

prohibit. 

vetus,  eris,  adj.,  old ,  aged.  As 
Noun,  veteres,  um,  m.  pi.,  the 
ancients  ;  ancestors. 
vexillum,  i,  n.,  a  standard,  banner, 
flag. 

vex o,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  intens. 
(veho,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2,  b) ,  to 
annoy ,  harass,  trouble ,  distress , 
vex ,  abuse. 

via,  se,  f,  a  way,  road ,  street  i 
journey. 


VOCABULARY. - 1. 


103 


via- tor,  oris,  m.  (vio,  to  go;  § 

44,  1,  c,  1),  a  wayfarer ,  traveller. 
vibro,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  and  n., 
to  brandish ,  shake;  quiver ,  vi¬ 
brate. 

vic-arius,  a,  um,  adj.  (vicis), 
substituted.  As  Noun,  m. ,  a 
substitute ,  deputy ,  proxy. 
vic-esimus,  a,  um,  nwm.  adj. 

(viginti),  the  twentieth. 
vic-ies,  n«m.  adv.  (viginti),  twen¬ 
ty  times. 

vic-inus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vicus) , 
near ,  neighboring. 
vicis,  vicem,  vice,  in  pi. ,  nom. 
and  acc.  vices,  dat.  and  abl. 
vicibus,  f. ,  change ,  iura;  vi¬ 
cem  (followed  by  gen.  or 
sessive  pron .),  in  the  place  of 
instead  of  on  account  of  for ; 
in  vicem,  by  turns. 
vic-tor,  oris,  m.  (vinco,  §  44,  1, 
c,  1),  conqueror ,  victor. 
victor-ia,  ae,/  (victor),  victory. 
vicus,  i,  m.,  a  street ;  village. 
vide-licet,  adv.,  it  is  manifest ,  of 
course,  forsooth. 

video,  videre,  vidi,  visum,  a.,  to 

see,  perceive,  observe ;  look  at, 
consider  ;  understand;  in  pass. , 
appear,  seem. 
vidua,  ae,  f,  a  widow. 
vigeo,  ere,  no  perf. ,  no  sup.,  n., 
to  thrive,  flourish,  bloom. 
vig-il,  ilis,  adj.  (vigeo),  awake, 
on  the  watch,  watchful,  alert. 
vigilant-ia,  ae,  f.  (vigilans,  watch¬ 
ful;  §  44,  1,  c,  2),  watchfulness , 
vigilance,  careful  attention. 
vigil-ia,  ae,  f.  (vigilo),  a  watch , 
night-guard. 

vigilo,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  and  a., 

to  watch,  be  watchful ;  guard. 
viginti,  num.  adj.  indecl. ,  twenty. 
vig-or,  oris,  m.  (vigeo,  §  44,  1 ,  c, 
2),  liveliness ,  activity,  force, 
vigor,  energy. 

vilis,  e,  adj.,  cheap,  worthless; 
mean,  base ,  vile. 

villa,  ae,  f,  a  country-seat,  farm, 
villa. 


vincio,  vincire,  vinxi,  vinctum, 

a. ,  to  bind,  fetter. 
vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victum, 

a. ,  to  conquer,  overcome,  defeat, 
subdue,  vanquish. 

vinc-ulum,  i,  n.  (vincio,  §  44, 

1,  c,  2),  a  bond ,  chain,  fetter , 
prison. 

vindex,  vindicis,  com.  gen.  (vin¬ 
dico),  a  defender,  protector ,  de¬ 
liverer. 

vindico,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  de¬ 
mand,  claim,  assume;  avenge, 
punish,  revenge. 
vinum,  i,  n. ,  wine. 
vi-61ens,  entis,  adj.  (vis),  impetu¬ 
ous,  vehement,  furious,  violent. 
viblen-ter,  adv.  (violens),  im¬ 
petuously,  vehemently ,  violently. 
violent-ia,  ae,/.  (violens,  §  44, 1, 
c,  2),  violence,  vehemence,  im¬ 
petuosity,  ferocity. 
vi-olo,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (vis), 
to  injure,  dishonor,  profane,  vio¬ 
late. 

vir,  viri,  m.,  a  man,  husband. 
virga,  a e,  /.,  a  twig,  sprout ;  rod, 

switch. 

Virgilius,  ii,  m. ,  see  Vergilius, 
vir-go,  ginis,/.  (vireo,  to  bloom), 

a  maid,  virgin. 

virg-ula,  ae,  f.  dim.  (virga,  §  44, 
1,  c,  3),  a  little  twig,  small 
rod. 

virgul-tum,  i,  n.  (virgula),  a  bush, 

thicket. 

vir-idis,  e,  adj.  (vireo),  green, 
verdant ;  fresh,  blooming  youth- 
ful. 

vir-ilis,  e,  adj.  (vir) ,  manly  ;  firm, 
vigorous ,  bold,  spirited. 
vir-itim,  adv.  (vir),  man  by  man , 

singly. 

vir-tus,  utis,/.  (vir),  manliness , 
virtue,  valor ;  goodness,  worth. 

vis,  vis,  /.  (§  11,  iii.  4,  d), 
strength,  force,  power,  energy, 
violence ;  vi  et  armis,  by  armed 
force;  vim  facere,  to  do  vio¬ 
lence,  offer  violence  ;  in  pi.,  vi¬ 
res,  ium,  forces,  troops. 


104 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


vi-so,  visSre,  visi,  visum,  a.  in- 
tens.  (video,  §  36,  b,  and  44,  2, 
b),  to  look  at  attentively ,  view , 
survey  ;  to  go  to  see ,  visit. 
vi-sus,  a,  um,  part,  of  video, 
vi-ta,  ae,  /.  (vivo) ,  life. 
vitium,  ii,  n.,  a  fault;  crime , 
offence ,  m’ce. 

vito,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  shun , 
avoid. 

vivo,  vivgre,  vixi,  victum,  n., 

to  live ,  Ae  aZZre,  have  life. 
viv-us,  a,  um,  a<f/.  (vivo),  alive , 
living. 

vix,  acZy.,  «yiZA  difficulty ,  hardly , 
scarcely. 

voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.,  to  caZZ, 
summon ,  caZZ  upon,  invoke ,  name. 
vQl-ito,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.  intens. 
(volo,  to  fly;  §  36,  6,  and  44, 
2,  A),  to  fly  to  and  fro ,  flit,  fly, 
hover. 

vSlo,  velle,  vSlui,  no  sup. ,  a. 
irr.  (§  37,  1),  to  un'ZZ,  musA,  de¬ 
sire. 

v51o,  are,  avi,  atum,  n.,  to  fly, 
hasten. 

Volsci,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  people  of 
Latium. 

vSl-ucer,  cris,  ere,  adj.  (volo, 
to  fly),  flying,  winged.  As 
Noun,/.,  a  bird. 
v61u-men,  inis,  n.  (volvo),  a  roll , 
volume. 

vBlunt-arius,  a ,  um ,  adj.  (vQlun- 
tas),  voluntary ,  willing. 


v51un-tas,  atis,  f.  (vSlens),  will, 

wish,  desire,  choice;  good  feel¬ 
ing,  inclination  ;  voluntate  sua, 
of  one's  own  accord. 
vSluptas,  atis,  /.,  pleasure,  de¬ 
light,  enjoyment ,  gratification  ;  in 
pi.,  sports,  pleasures. 
volvo,  volvere ,  volvi,  volutum, 
a.,  to  roll,  turn ,  roll  along ;  pon¬ 
der. 

vos,  pi.  of  tu. 

vbveo,  vovere,  vovi,  votum, 

a.,  to  vow,  dedicate,  promise, 
wish. 

vox,  vocis,  f.  (voco),  a  voice, 

sound,  cry,  speech,  word. 

vulg-aris,  e,  adj.  (vulgus),  general, 
common ,  ordinary,  vulgar. 
vulg-o,  adv.  (vulgus),  commonly, 

openly ,  publicly. 

vulgus,  i,  n.  (rarely  m.'),  the  great 
mass;  the  public,  people ,  com¬ 
mon  people,  populace,  mob. 
vulnero,  are,  avi,  atum,  a.  (vul¬ 
nus),  to  wound,  hurt. 
vulnus,  eris,  n. ,  a  wound,  hurt. 
vulpes,  is,/.,  a  fox. 
vultur,  uris,  m .,  a  vulture. 
vul-tus,  us,  m.  (volo),  the  ex¬ 
pression  (of  countenance),  coun¬ 
tenance,  face. 

Z. 

zona,  8 e,f,  a  belt,  girdle ,  zone. 


II.  ENGLISH  AND  LATIN. 


[For  Numerals,  see  Grammar,  §  18 ;  for  Pronouns,  §  19.] 


a,  generally  untranslated ;  a  cer¬ 
tain,  quidam,  quaedam,  quod¬ 
dam. 

ability,  ingenium ,  i,  N. 
able,  be,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
about,  circiter  (prep.),  in  point 
of  time,  circiter  (adv.  and 
prep.). 

abroad,  foris  (adv.),  after  verbs 
of  motion,  foras,  (adv.). 
absent,  be,  absum,  esse,  fui. 
abundance,  copia,  ae,  f. 
accomplish,  conficio,  ficere, 
f-eci,  fectum  ;  perficio ,  ficere, 
fWi,  fectum. 

accuse,  accuso,  are,  avi,  atum. 
acquit,  absolvo ,  solvere ,  solvi, 
solutum. 

actively,  strenue  (adv.). 
actuate,  permoveo,  movere,  movi, 
motum. 

admire,  admiror,  ari ,  atus  sum 
(dep.). 

admonish,  admoneo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
adorn,  orno,  are,  avi,  atum. 
advance,  progredior,  gredi,  gres¬ 
sus  sum. 

Aedui,  Aedui ,  orum ,  m. 
advantage,  be,  intersum,  esse, 
fui  (cf.  §  50,  4,  d). 
aitex,post,  postea,  prep.  and  adv. ; 

or  see  §  54,  10,  b. 
against,  in  (prep.). 
aid,  auxilium,  i,  N.  (ops),  opis,  f. 
(verb),  adjuvo,  juvare,  juvi , 
jutum. 

air,  aer,  eris ,  m.  (acc.  aera  and 
aereni) . 


alarm,  pavor,  oris,  m. 
all  (every),  omnis,  e;  (whole), 
totus,  a,  um ;  (all  things), 
omnia  (neut.  pl.). 
almost,  prope,  fere  (adv.). 
alone,  solus,  a,  um  ;  gen.  solius. 
alongside, praeter  (prep.). 

Alps,  Alpes,  ium,  f. 
already,  jam  (adv.). 
also,  etiam  (adv.),  quoque  (adv.). 
although,  quamquam,  ut,  licet 
(§  61,  2). 

always,  semper  (adv.). 
ambassador,  legatus,  i,  m. 
among,  in. 

ancestors,  majores,  um,  m.  (pl.). 
and,  et,  atque,  -que  (§  43). 
angry,  be,  irascor,  irasci,  iratus 
sum  ;  (noun),  ira,  ae,  f. 
(adj.),  iratus,  a,  um. 
animal,  animal,  alis ,  n.  (§  11,  i. 
2,  c). 

another,  alius,  a,  ud ;  gen.  ius  ; 
(other  of  two),  alter ,  tera, 
terum  (§  16,  1,  b ). 
Antiochus,  Antiochus,  i,  m. 
Antonius,  Antonius,  i,  m. 
any,  ullus,  a,  um  (§  16,  1,  b) ; 
(anybody  you  wish),  quivis, 
quilibet;  (interrog.),  num- 
quis. 

apiece,  distributive  numeral, 
appeal,  provoco,  are,  avi,  atum. 
apple,  pomum,  i,  n. 
appoint,  dico,  dicere,  dixi ,  dic¬ 
tum ;  appoint  the  time  of 
the  elections,  comitiis  dies 
dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum. 


106 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


approach,  appropinquo,  are,  avi , 
alum;  adeo ,  ire,  ii,  itum ; 
(noun),  adventus,  us,  m. 
Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  i,  m. 
army,  exercitus,  us,  m.  ;  acies,  ei, 
f.  ;  agmen,  inis,  n. 
around,  circa  (prep.). 
arrive,  advenio ,  venire,  veni ,  ven¬ 
tum. 

art,  ars,  artis,  F. 

as,  ut ;  as  .  .  .  as,  tam  .  .  .  quam ; 
such  ...  as,  talis  .  .  .  qualis 

(§  22). 

ashamed,  be,  pudet,  ere,  uit,  or 
itum  (§  50,  4,  2). 

Asia,  Asia,  ae,  f. 

ask,  rogo,  are,  avi,  dtum  (§  52, 

2,  c) ;  peto,  petere,  petivi,  or 
petii,  petitum;  interrogo,  are , 
avi,  atum. 

assault,  oppugno,  are,  avi,  atum. 
assemble,  convenio,  venire,  veni, 
ventum. 

assist,  sublevo,  are,  avi,  atum ; 
adjuvo,  are,  juvi ,  jutum. 

at,  ad  (prep.) ;  or  locative  (§  55, 

3,  c,  d') ;  in. 

Athens,  Athenae,  drum,  F.  (ph). 
attack,  impetus ,  iis,  m.  ;  adorior, 
oriri,  ortus  sum  (dep.  §  35, 
1,  A). 

attempt,  tento,  are,  avi,  atum ; 

conor,  ari,  atus. 
attentive,  attentus,  a,  um. 
Augustus,  Augustus,  i,  m. 
auxiliaries,  auxilia,  orum,  n. 
(pL). 

avenge,  vindico,  are,  avi,  atum ; 
ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus  sum. 

away  from,  ab. 


B. 

bad,  malus,  a,  um;  (naughty), 
improbus,  a,  um. 
baggage,  impedimenta,  orum,  n. 

(pl-)-  •  , 

bank  (of  a  river),  ripa,  ae,  F. 


bark  (verb),  latro g  (at),  allatro, 
are,  avi,  dtum ;  (of  a  tree), 
cortex,  ids  (outer),  m.  ;  (in¬ 
ner),  liber ,  bri,  M. 
battle,  pugna,  ae,  F. ;  (engage¬ 
ment),  praelium,  i,  n. 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui. 
beam,  trabs,  is,  f. 
hear, fero, ferre,  tuli,  latum  (§  37, 
4);  forward,  infero ,  inferre , 
intuli,  illatum. 

beautiful,  pulcher,  chra,  chrum. 
because,  quod,  quia  (conj.). 
become  (be  made),  fio,  fieri , 
factus  sum  (§  37,  7) ;  (be 
becoming),  decet,  decere,  de¬ 
cuit;  (be  appointed),  creor, 
ari,  atus  sum. 

before  (prep.),  ante;  (conj.), 
antequam,  priusquam. 
begin,  ineo,  ire,  ii,  itum  (§  37,  6), 
incipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum. 
Belgian,  Belga,  ae,  m. 
believe,  credo ,  dere,  didi,  ditum. 
belong,  pertineo ,  tinere,  tinui, 
tentum. 

betake  (one’s  self),  se  confero, 
conferre,  contuli,  collatum. 
beyond,  trans;  ultra  (prep.). 
bird,  avis,  is,  c. 
black,  niger,  gra,  grum. 
blame,  culpo ,  are,  avi,  dtum. 
boat,  linter ,  tris,  F. 
bond,  vinculum,  i,  N. 
book,  liber,  bri,  m. 
born,  be,  nascor,  nasci ,  natus 
sum ;  gigno,  gignere,  genui, 
genitum. 

both,  uterque,  utraque,  utrumque ; 
both  .  .  .  and,  et  ...  et 
(§  43, 2,  a)  ;  ambo  (§  18,  1,  b). 
boundaries, fines,  ium,  m.  (ph). 
boy,  puer,  eri,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  e. 
bravely,  fortiter  (adv.). 
bridge,  pons,  tis,  m. 
bright,  clarus,  a,  um. 
broad,  latus,  a,  um. 
brother,  frater,  tris,  M. 
build,  aedifico,  are,  avi,  dtum. 


VOCABULARY. - II. 


107 


building,  aedificium ,  i,  n. 
burden,  onus,  eris ,  N. 
business,  negotium ,  i,  n. 
but,  sed,  autem  (§  76,  3,  b) ;  (only), 
tantum ,  modo. 

by  (a  person  after  a  passive 
verb) ,  a  or  ah ;  by  day,  inter- 
diu  (adv.) ;  by  night,  noctu 
(adv.). 


c. 

Caesar,  Caesar ,  dris,  m. 
call,  voco ,  are ,  avi ,  atum  ;  out, 
evdco,  are,  avi,  atum ;  toge¬ 
ther,  convoco,  are ,  avi,  atum. 
camp,  castra,  drum,  n.  (pi.), 
can,  possum,  posse,  potui,  cf.  also 
§  57,  6  (§  29,  1,  b). 
candidly,  aperte  (adv.). 
care,  citra,  ae,  f. 
carefully,  diligenter  (adv.). 
carry,  porto ,  are,  avi,  atum 
Carthage,  Carthago,  inis ,  f. 
cast  away,  abjicio,  jicere,  jeci, 
jectum. 

cavalry,  equites,  um,  M.  (pi.), 
cave,  antrum,  i,  n.  ;  specus,  us, 
f.  (§  12,  3,  d.). 

central,  medius,  a,  um  ;  central 
place  (with  respect  to  both 
of  them),  locus  medius. 
century,  centuria,  ae,  F. 
certain,  quidam,  quaedam,  quod- 
dam;  (fixed),  certus,  a,  um. 
chief,  princeps,  cipis ,  M. ;  sum¬ 
mus,  a,  um. 

children,  liberi,  orum,  M.  (in  re¬ 
lation  to  parents) ;  (of  age), 
infans,  antis,  c. 

choose  (for  a  purpose),  deligo, 
liger  e,  lexi,  lectum ;  (out  of  a 
number),  eligo,  ligere,  legi, 
lectum. 

citizen,  cluis,  is,  c. 
city,  urbs,  is,  F. 
clerk,  scriba,  ae,  m. 
cloak,  paludamentum,  i,  N. 


close,  claudo,  ere,  si,  sum. 
cloud,  nubes,  is,  f. 
cohort,  cohors ,  tis,  f. 
cold,  frigidus,  a,  um. 
column,  columna,  ae,  F. 
come,  venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum. 
command,  imperium,  i,  n.  ;  (verb), 
impero,  are,  avi ,  atum. 
commander,  dux,  ducis,  c. 
common,  communis,  e. 
company,  in,  cum. 
compel,  cogo,  cogere ,  coegi,  coac¬ 
tum. 

conceal,  celo,  are,  avi,  atum 
(§  52,  2,  d). 
concerning,  de. 

concerns,  it,  interest,  esse ,  fuit 
(§  50,  4,  d). 

condemn,  damno,  are,  avi,  atum. 
conference,  colloquium,  i,  n. 
confess,  fateor,  fatere,  fassus. 
congratulate,  gratulor,  ari,  dtus 

(deP-)‘  . 

conquer,  vinco,  vincere ,  vici,  vic¬ 
tum. 

conqueror,  victor,  oris,  m. 
consequence,  it  is  of,  magni 
interest. 

consul,  consul,  ulis,  M. 
consulship,  consulatus,  us,  M. 
(§54,10,6). 

consuit,  consulo,  ere,  ui,  tum 
(§  51,  a,  2,  3). 

contend,  contendo,  der  e,  di,  tum. 
contention,  contentio ,  dnis. 
conversation,  sermo,  dnis,  m. 
Corinth,  Corinthus,  i,  F. 
corn,  frumentum,  i,  N. 
cottage,  casa,  ae,  f. 
could,  past  tenses  of  possum  or 
sub  j . 

country,  terra ,  ae,  f.  ;  (native 
country),  patria,  ae,  f.  ;  (op¬ 
posed  to  town),  rus,  ruris,  n. 
(§  55,  iii.).^ 

crime,  scelus,  eris,  N. ;  crimen, 
inis,  N. 

cross,  transeo,  Ire,  ii,  itum  ;  trans¬ 
mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum. 
cruel,  crudelis,  e. 


108 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


cruelty,  crudelitas,  atis,  f. 
cultivate,  colo,  colere ,  colui , 
cultum. 

culture,  cultus,  us,  m. 
cut,  seco,  are,  ui,  turn. 


D. 

danger,  periculum,  i,  n. 
dare,  audeo,  ere ,  ausus  sum  (§ 
35,  2). 

dark  (of  color),  niger,  gra, 
grum. 

daughter,  film ,  ae,  f. 
day  (opposed  to  night) ,  dies,  ei, 
m.  ;  (opposed  to  darkness), 
lux,  lucis,  F. 
dear,  carus,  a,  um. 
death,  mors,  mortis,  f.  ;  (to  sen¬ 
tence  to  death),  capitis  (§  50, 
4,  b). 

debt,  aes  alienum. 
declare  (war),  indico ,  dicere , 
dixi,  dictum ;  renuntio ,  are, 
avi,  atum. 

deed,  factum ,  i,  n.  ;  (in  a  bad 
sense),  facinus,  oris,  n. 
deeds,  res  gestae,  rerum  gesta¬ 
rum,  f.  (pl.). 
deep,  altus ,  a,  um. 
defend,  defendo,  dere,  di,  sum. 
deliberate,  delibero,  are,  avi, 
atum. 

deliberation,  often  perf.  part. 

nent,  of  censulo. 
delight,  delecto,  are,  Civi,  atum 
(trans.) ;  gaudeo,  ere,  gavi¬ 
sus  sum  (intrans.), 
deliver,  trado,  dere,  didi,  ditum; 
(what  is  due),  reddo,  dere, 
didi,  ditum;  (free),  libero, 
are,  avi,  atum. 

demand,  postulo,  are,  avi,  atum 
(§  52,  2,  c.  Rem.) ;  flagito, 
cire,  avi,  atum;  (noun),  pos¬ 
tulatum,  i,  n. 
dense,  densus,  a,  um. 


depart,  decedo,  cedere,  cessi,  ces¬ 
sum;  (set  out),  proficiscor, 
ficisci,  fectus  sum  ;  discedo , 
cedere,  cessi,  cessum. 
deserve,  mereor,  eri,  itus  sum ; 

dignus  sum  (§  65,  2 ,f). 
deserving,  dignus,  a,  um  (§65, 
2,/)- 

desert,  desero,  ere,  ui,  tum. 
deserter ,  perfuga,  ae,  m. 
desire,  cupio,  ere,  ivi  (or  ii),  itum. 
desirous,  appetens,  ntis  (§  50, 

3  ,b). 

destroy, perdo,  dere,  didi ,  ditum; 

deleo,  Iere,  levi,  letum. 
detain,  detineo,  tinere ,  tinui,  ten¬ 
tum  ;  retineo,  tinere,  tinui, 
tentum. 

determine,  constituo,  uere,  ui, 
iitum. 

devour,  devoro ,  are ,  avi,  atum. 
dictator,  dictator,  oris,  M. 
die,  morior,  mori ,  mortuus,  3; 

obeo,  ire,  ii,  itum. 
differ,  differo ,  differre,  distuli , 
dilatum ;  from  each  other, 
inter  se  differo. 
differently,  aliter  (adv.). 
difficult,  difficilis,  e  (§  17,  1,  b). 
diligence,  diligentia,  ae,  f. 
diligently,  diligenter  (adv.). 
discipline,  disciplina,  ae,  f. 
disorder,  confusio,  onis,  F. 
displease,  displiceo ,  plicere,  pli¬ 
cui,  plicitum. 

disposition,  ingenium,  i,  N. 
dissension,  dissentio,  onis,  f. 
distance,  spatium,  i,  n. 
distant,  longinquus,  a,  um ;  am 
distant,  disto,  stare  (no  perf., 
no  sup.). 

divide,  divido,  videre,  visi,  visum. 
do  (auxiliary  in  questions  or 
commands,  not  translated), 
facio,  facere,  feci,  factum. 
dog,  cams,  is,  m.  (§  11,  1,3,  <*,!)• 
door,  janua,  ae,  F. 
doubt,  dubito,  are,  avi,  atum ; 

(noun),  dubium ,  i,  n. 
doubtful,  dubius ,  a,  um. 


VOCABULARY. 


II. 


109 


draw  up,  instruo ,  struere ,  struxi , 
structum.  [sum. 

drive,  pello ,  pellere ,  pepuli ,  pul- 
due,  debeo,  here,  bui,  bitum ;  de¬ 
bitus,  a,  um. 

duty,  officium,  i,  n.  ;  or  gen. 
dwell,  habito,  are,  avi,  dturn. 


E. 

each,  quisque  (§  17,  5,  c,  and 
§49.  l,c);  unusquisque ;  uter¬ 
que,  utraque ,  utrumque. 
each  other,  alius  .  .  .  alius , 
alter  .  .  .  alter  (§  47,  9). 
eager,  avidus,  a,  um. 
eagle,  aquila,  ae,  f. 
earth,  terra,  ae,  f.  ;  (world),  or¬ 
bis  terrarum. 
easily,  facile  (adv.). 
easy ,  facilis,  e  (§  17,  1,  b). 
educate,  educo,  are,  avi,  dtum. 
elect,  facio,  facere,  feci,  factum  ; 

creo,  are ,  avi,  citum. 
elephant,  elephantus,  i,  m. 
eloquence,  eloquentia,  ae,  f. 
embroider,  acu  (Rule  26),  pingo , 
pingere,  pinxi,  pictum. 
encompass,  cingo,  cingere,  cinxi, 
cinctum. 

encourage,  hortor,  ari,  atus  sum. 
end,  conficio,  f  icere,  feci,  fec- 
tum  ;  finis,  is,  m. 
endure,  perfero,  ferre ,  tuli,  la¬ 
tum  (§  37,  4) ;  tolero,  cire,  avi, 
dtum. 

enemy,  hostis,  is,  c. ;  the  enemy 
(collectively),  hostes,  ium. 
enjoy,  fruor ,  frui,  fructus ,  and 
fruitus. 

enroll,  conscribo,  bere,  psi,  ptum. 
enter,  intro,  are,  avi,  dtum ;  subeo, 
ire,  ii,  itum. 

entrust,  committo,  mittere,  misi, 
missum. 

Ephesus,  Ephesus,  i,  f. 
escape,  effugio,  fugere,  fugi  (no 

sup.). 


establish,  confirmo,  are,  avi, 
dtum;  statuo ,  statuere,  statui, 
statutum. 

evening,  vesper,  eri,  m. 
every,  quisque,  omnis,  e;  every 
tenth  (man),  decimus  quisque. 
excellent,  excellens ,  tis. 
exercise,  exerceo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
exhort,  hortor,  ari,  atus  sum 

(dep.). 

extreme,  extremus,  a,  um. 
eye,  oculus,  i,  m. 


F. 

faithful,  fidelis,  e. 
family,  familia,  ae,  F. 
far,  longe  (adv.). 
far  and  wide,  late  (adv.). 
farmer,  agricola,  ae,  m. 
farther  (adj.),  ulterior,  us. 
father,  pater,  tris,  m. 
fault,  culpa,  ae,  f. 
fear,  timeo ,  ere,  ui  (no  sup.) ;  me¬ 
tuo,  metuere,  metui,  metutum  ; 
vereor,  eri,  itus  sum  (dep.); 
(noun),  timor,  oris,  m. 
fellow-citizen,  civis,  is,  m. 
few,  pauci,  ae,  a  (pl.). 
fidelity,  fides,  ei,  f. 
fili,  compleo,  plere,  plevi,  pletum  ; 

repleo,  plere,  plevi,  pletum. 
field,  ager,  agri ,  M. 
fierce,  atrox ,  atrocis. 
fiercely,  acriter  (adv.). 
fifth,  quintus ,  a,  um. 
fight,  dimico,  are ,  avi,  dtum  ;  pug¬ 
no,  are ,  avi,  dtum. 
find,  reperio,  reperire,  reperi,  re¬ 
pertum  ;  invenio,  venire,  veni, 
ventum. 

finish,  finio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum; 

conficio,  f  icere,  feci,  fectum. 
first,  primus,  a,  um  ;  (adv.),  pri¬ 
mum  and  primo. 
fish,  piscis,  is,  M. 
flee,  fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  fugitum. 
fleet,  classis,  is,  f. 


17 


110 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


flight,  fuga,  ae,  f. 
flow ,fuo,  ere,  xi,  xum. 
fly,  volo,  are,  avi,  atum. 
following  (day),  posterus ,  a,  um. 
folly,  stultitia ,  ae,  f. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  itis,  M. 
for,  nam,  enim,  etenim  (§  76,  3, 
b) ;  prep. ,  expressed  by  da¬ 
tive;  conj. 

forage,  pabulor,  dri,  atus  sum 
(dep.). 

forbid,  veto,  are,  ui,  itum. 
force,  cbnor,  dri,  atus  (dep.). 
forces,  copiae,  drum,  f.  (pi.), 
foresight,  prudentia,  ae,  f. 
forest,  silva,  ae,  f. 
forget,  obliviscor,  oblivisci,  oblitus 
sum  (dep.),  §  50,  4,  a. 
form  a  plan,  consilium  ineo,  ire, 
a,  itum. 

fortify,  munio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum. 
fortunate,  fortunatus. 
found,  condo,  dere,  didi,  ditum. 
free,  liber,  era,  drum  (§  54,  1,  c) ; 
be  free  from,  vaco,  are,  avi, 
atum  (§  54,  1);  set  free,  libero, 
are ,  avi,  atum;  of  a  slave, 
manumitto ,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum. 

friend,  amicus ,  i,  M. 
friendship,  amicitia,  ae,  F. 
frog,  rana ,  ae,  f. 
from  (away  from) ,  a,  ab  ;  (out 
of),  e,  ex;  (denoting  cause), 
abl.,  see  §  52,  2,  d. 
fruit  (of  trees),  fructus,  its,  m.  ; 
(of  fields),  fruges ,  um,  F.  (pi.), 
(§  14,  1,  c). 

fugitive,  fugiens,  part,  of  fugio. 
full,  plenus,  a,  um. 
further,  adj.,  ulterior,  us. 
fury,  furor,  oris,  m. 


G. 

gain,  lucrum ,  i ,  N. 
games,  ludi,  drum,  M.  (pi.). 


garden,  hortus ,  i,  m. 
gate,  janua,  ae,  f.  ;  porta,  ae,  f. 
Gaul  (the  country),  Gallia,  ae,  f. 
Gaul  (an  inhabitant),  Gallus , 
i,  m. 

general,  dux,  ducis,  M.,  impera¬ 
tor,  oris,  m. 

German,  Germanus,  a,  um. 
get,  acquiro,  ere,  sivi,  situm ; 
assequor,  sequi,  sequutus  or 
cutus  sum  (dep.). 
girl,  puella,  ae,  f. 
give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datum;  give 
up,  trado,  dere ,  didi,  ditum ; 
what  is  due,  tribuo,  uere,  ui, 
utum ,  a,  um. 
glad,  laetus. 
glory,  gloria,  ae,  F. 
go,  eo ,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum  (§  37, 
6) ;  go  on,  pass,  of  gero , 
gerere,  gessi,  gestum;  forth, 
exeo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum; 
through  (permeate),  permeo , 
are,  avi ,  atum . 

god,  deus,  i,  m.  (§  10,  4 ,/). 
going  to  (fut.  act.  part.), 
gold,  aurum,  i,  n. 
good,  bonus ,  a,  um. 
goods,  merx,  mercis,  F. 
govern,  rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectum; 
guberno,  are,  avi,  atum  ;  prae¬ 
sum,  esse,  fui. 
grandfather,  avus,  i,  m. 
great,  magnus,  a,  um. 

Greek,  Graecus,  a,  um;  (noun), 
Graecus,  i,  m. 
ground,  humus,  i,  F. 
grow  weak,  languesco,  langues¬ 
cere,  langui  (no  sup.), 
guardian,  custos,  odis,  m. 
guide,  dux,  ducis ,  m. 

H. 

hall,  aula ,  ae,  f. 

Hannibal,  Hannibal,  alis,  M. 
happens,  it,  accidit,  cidere,  cidit. 
happy,  felix,  icis  ;  beatus ,  a,  um. 
harbor,  portus,  us,  M. 


VOCABULARY.  —  II. 


Ill 


hard,  durus ,  a,  um;  to  do,  diffi¬ 
cilis,  e. 

hardship,  durum,  i,  n.  (§  47,  4). 
hasten,  festino,  are ,  avi,  atum; 

propero ,  are,  avi ,  atum. 
hatred,  odium,  i,  n.  [turn. 

have,  habeo ,  habere,  habui,  habi- 
he,  is,  ille  (§  20,  2),  implied  in 
the  third  person  of  the  verb, 
heal,  medeor,  eri  (no  perf.). 
hear,  audio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum. 
help,  juvo,  are,  juvi,  jutum ; 

(noun),  auxilium,  i,  n. 
Helvetians,  Helvetii,  brum,  m. 
hence,  proinde. 

her,  ejus;  her  own  (refL),  suus, 
a,  um;  emph.,  ipsius. 
herald,  praeco,  onis,  m. 
here,  be,  adsum,  esse,  fui. 
high,  altus,  a,  um. 
highest  interests,  summae  res. 
highly,  magni  (§  50,  1,  i). 
himself,  ipse  (reflex,  se). 
hinder,  impedio ,  ire,  ivi  or  ii, 
itum;  obsto,  stare,  stiti,  statum. 
his,  ejus  (gen.  reflex.)  ;  his  own, 
suus,  a,  um ;  (emph.),  ipsius , 
(gen.) ;  omitted  when  im¬ 
plied  from  the  context, 
hither  (adj.)  ,  exterior,  us. 
home  (to),  domum  (§  55,  3,  b) ; 

(at),  domi  (§  55,  3,  c). 
Homer,  Homerus,  i,  m. 
honor,  honor ,  oris,  M. 
hope,  spes,  ei,  r. ;  (for)  spero,  are, 
avi,  atum. 
horse,  equus ,  i,  m. 
horseman,  eques,  itis,  m. 
hostage,  obses,  idis,  c. 
house,  domus,  us,  f.  (§  12,  2, 
and  p.  250). 
hundred  (one),  centum. 
hunger,  fames,  is,  f. 


I. 


I,  %9°  (§  19,  !)•  _[(deP-)- 

imitate,  imitor,  ari,  atus  sum 
immediately,  stdtim,  confestim. 


immortal,  immortalis,  e. 
in,  in;  in  company  with,  cum  ; 
in  the  power  of,  penes  (prep.) ; 
in  turn,  invicem  (adv.  or  abl. 
alone) . 

inform,  certum  [certiorem]  facio, 
facere ,  feci,  factum. 
inhabitant,  incola,  ae,  m. 
injure,  noceo,  ere,  ui,  itum  ;  ob¬ 
sum,  esse,  fui. 
injury,  injuria,  ae,  f. 
inquire,  quaero,  quaerere,  quae¬ 
sivi  or  quaesii,  quaesitum. 
insist  on,  flagito,  are,  avi,  atum. 
instruet,  erudio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii, 
itum. 

interests,  it,  interest  esse. 
into,  in  (prep,  with  acc.). 
island,  insula,  ae,  f. 

it,  see  he. 
it  is,  est. 

Italy,  Italia,  ae,  f. 


J. 

javelin,  telum ,  i,  N. 
join,  jungo,  jungere ,  junxi,  junc¬ 
tum. 

journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
joy,  gaudium,  i,  n. 
joyful,  laetus,  a,  um. 
judge,  judex,  icis,  m. 
judgment,  judicium,  i,  n. 
just,  justus,  a,  um. 
justice,  justitia,  ae,  f. 


K. 

keep  off,  prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
kill,  interficio,  f  icere,  feci ,  fec- 
tum ;  occido,  cidere,  eidi, 
cisum. 

kind,  benignus,  a,  um;  (noun), 
genus,  eris,  N. 
king,  rex,  regis,  m. 
kingdom,  regnum,  i,  N. 


112 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


know  (of  things),  scio,  scire , 
sclvi  or  scii,  scitum ;  nosco , 
noscere ,  novi,  notum  ;  (become 
acquainted  with),  cognosco , 
gnoscere,  gnovi,  gnitum ;  (not 
to  know),  nescio,  scire,  sclvi 
or  scii,  scitum ;  ignoro ,  are, 
dvi,  dtum ;  (understand),  in- 
telligo,  ligere,  lexi,  lectum. 
knowledge,  scientia ,  ae,  f. 


L. 

Lacedaemonian,  Lacedaemonius, 
a,  um. 

lake,  lacus,  us,  m.  (§  12,  3,  d ) . 
lame,  claudus,  a,  um. 
land,  terra,  ae,  f.  ;  \  native  land), 
patria ,  ae,  F. :  (a  country), 
terra,  ae,  f. 

language,  lingua,  ae,  f. 
large,  magnus,  a,  um ;  amplus, 
a,  um. 

last,  ultimus,  a,  um ;  (at  last), 
demum  (adv.)  ;  (furthest),  ex¬ 
tremus,  a,  um. 

Latin,  Latinus ,  a,  um. 
law,  lex,  legis,  f. 
lawful  justus,  a,  um;  (it  is  law¬ 
ful),  licet. 

lay  before,  propono,  ponere, 
posui,  positum.  [positum. 
lay  down,  pono,  ponere ,  posui, 
lay  waste,  vasto,  are,  avi,  dtum. 
lead,  duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum  ; 
(over),  transduco,  ducere,  duxi, 
ductum;  (out)  educo,  ducere, 
duxi,  ductum. 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  c. 
leap,  salio ,  Ire,  ui,  tum ;  (over), 
transilio,  silire,  sillvi,  silii  or 
silui,  sultum. 

learn,  disco,  discere,  didici  (no 
sup.);  cognosco,  gnoscere, 
gnovi,  gnitum. 
learned,  doctus,  a,  um. 
leave,  relinquo,  linquere ,  liqui, 
lictum. 


legate,  legatus,  i,  m. 
legion,  legio,  onis,  f. 
less  (adj  ),  minor,  us. 
let,  permitto,  mittere,  misi,  mis¬ 
sum  ;  sino,  sinere,  sivi,  situm. 
letter  (of  alphabet),  lltera,  ae, 
f.  ;  (an  epistle),  liter  ae,  arum, 
f.,  pi.  or  epistola,  ae,  f. 
liberate,  libero,  are,  civi,  dtum. 
liberty,  libertas,  atis,  f. 
lie,  jaceo,  ere,  ui,  itum;  (speak 
falsely),  mentior,  Iri,  Itus  sum 
(dep .). 

lieutenant,  legatus,  i,  m. 
life,  vita,  ae,  f. 

light,  lux,  lucis,  F.  ;  (be  light), 
luceo,  lucere,  luxi  (no  sup.). 
light,  levis,  e. 

lightning  (flash  of),  fulgur , 
uris;  (stroke  of),  fulmen, 
inis,  n. 

like,  similis,  e  (§  50,  3,  d). 

limb,  artus,  us,  M. 

line  (of  battle),  acies,  ei,  f. 

lion,  leo ,  onis,  M. 

literature,  llterae,  arum,  f.  (pl.). 

live,  vivo,  vivere,  vixi ,  victum; 

(dwell),  habito,  are,  avi,  dtum. 
lofty,  excessus,  a,  um. 
long,  longus,  a,  um. 
look  at,  specto,  are,  avi,  dtum. 
lose,  amitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum. 
love,  amo,  are,  avi,  dtum  ;  (like) , 
diligo,  ligere,  lexi,  lectum. 


M. 

make,  facio,  facere,  feci ,  factum  ; 
(a  magistrate) ,  creo,  are,  avi, 
dtum;  (war  upon),  infero, 
inferre,  intuli,  illatum  ;  (cloak), 
conficio,  f  icere,  f  eci,  fectum ; 
(attack),  aggredior,  gredi, 
gressus  sum 
maker,  faber,  bri,  m. 
man,  vir,  viri,  m.  ;  (person), 
homo,  inis ,  m.,  often  expressed 
by  masculine  adj.  (§  47,  3). 


VOCABULARY. - II. 


113 


maniple,  manipulum,  i,  n. 
many,  multi,  ae,  a. 
march,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
marry  (of  the  man),  uxorem 
duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum ; 
(of  the  woman),  viro  nubo, 
nubere,  nupsi,  nuptum. 
master  (of  boys),  magister,  tri ; 

(of  slaves),  dominus,  i,  m. 
may,  licet,  licere,  licuit  or  licitum 
est  (impers.,  §  39);  possum, 
posse,  potui  (§  29,  1,  b ) ;  in 
final  clauses,  ut  (§  64);  of 
wish  (§  57,  4). 

measure,  metior,  metiri,  mensus 
sum  (dep.).  [itum. 

meet  (death),  obeo ,  ire,  ivi  or  ii, 
memory,  memoria,  ae,  f. 
merchant,  mercator ,  oris ,  M. 
messenger,  nuntius ,  i,  m. 
midday,  meridies,  ei,  m. 
midnight,  media  nox. 
midst  of,  in,  medius,  a,  um. 
might,  see  may. 
migrate,  migro,  are,  avi ,  atum. 
mile,  mille  passuum  (§  18,  1,  e). 
Miletus,  Miletus,  i,  f. 

mind,  animus,  i,  M. 

mine,  meus,  a,  um. 
mistaken,  be,  erro,  are,  avi, 

atum ;  fallor,  falli ,  falsum 
(pass  of  fallo), 
money,  pecunia,  ae,  F. 
month,  mensis,  is,  m. 
moon,  luna,  ae,  f. 
more  (sign  of  comp,  degree), 
mdgis,  plus,  amplius. 
morrow  (on  the) ,  postero  die. 
most  (sign  of  superl.  degree), 
maxime. 

mountain  mons,  tis,  m. 
mourn,  lugeo,  lugere,  luxi,  luc¬ 
tum.  [tum. 

move,  moveo ,  movere,  movi ,  mb- 
music,  musica,  ae,  f.  [6). 

must,  oportet,  or  gerundive  (§  40, 
my,  meus,  a,  um. 
myself,  egomet ;  ipse,  a,  um ; 
agreeing  wdth  ego,  expressed 
or  understood. 


N. 

name,  nomen,  inis,  n. 
narrow,  angustus,  a,  um. 
nature,  natura ,  ae,  f. 
naturally,  natura. 
near,  prope. 
nearest,  proximus. 
need,  opus  (§  54,  1,  d)\  egeo 
(indigeo),  ere,  ui,  no  sup. 
(§  50,  4,  e,  §  54,  1,  e). 
neither  (of  two),  neuter,  tra, 
trum ;  neither  .  .  .  nor,  ne¬ 
que  .  .  .  neque  (§  43,  2,  a). 
never,  nunquam  (adv.). 
nevertheless,  nihilominus  (adv.); 
tamen  (conj.). 

new  (opp.  to  antiquus ),  novus,  a, 
um;  fresh  (opp.  to  vetus), 
recens,  entis;  news,  nuntius, 
i,  M.,  or  aliquid  novi. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  f.  ;  by  night, 
noctu. 

no,  adj.,  nullus,  a,  um  (§  16,  1, 
b) ;  no  one,  nemo ,  inis  (for 
gen.  nullius  is  used), 
noble,  decorus,  a,  um. 
none,  nullus,  a,  um  (§  16,  1,  b). 
nor,  neque,  nec  (conj . ,  §  43) ; 
neither  .  .  .  nor,  nec  .  .  .  nec 
(neque) . 

not,  non  (adv.). 
nothing,  nihil,  n.  (indecl.). 

nourish,  nutrio,  ire,  ivi,  itum ; 

alo,  ere,  ui,  alitum  and  altum. 
now,  nunc  (adv.). 
nowhere,  nusquam  (adv.). 
number,  numerus,  i. 

Numitor,  Numitor,  oris,  m. 


0. 

oak-tree,  quercus,  us,  f. 
obey,  pareo,  ere,  ui,  itum  (§  51, 
2,  a) ;  obedio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii, 
itum. 

object,  obsto,  stare,  stiti,  statum. 


114 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


obtain,  adipiscor,  ipisci,  eptus  sum 
(dep.);  (possession),  potior, 
iri,  Itus  sum  (dep.,  §  54,  6,  d). 
of,  genitive  case,  de  (prep,  or 
abl.,  §  54,  1,  and  7,  a). 
often,  saepe. 

old  man,  senex ,  senis,  m.  ;  gran¬ 
dis  natu  ;  (adj.),  vetus,  eris. 
older,  major  natu. 
on,  in  ;  on  this  side,  citra. 
once  (for  all),  semel ;  on  a  time, 
olim ;  (of  time) ,  abl. 
one,  unus ,  a,  um;  gen.  lus  ;  one 
.  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  .  alius 
(§  47, 9),  i ;  one  .  .  .  the  other, 
alter  .  .  .  alter  j  none,  nemo, 
inis;  any  one,  qulvis  (§  21); 
one  of  two,  alter,  era,  erum. 
only  (adv.),  tantum. 
opinion,  sententia,  ae,  F. 
oppress,  opprimo,  primer  e,  pressi, 
pressum. 

or,  aut ,  vel  (§  43,  2,  a)  . 
orator,  orator,  oris,  M. 
order,  or  give  orders,  jubeo,  ju¬ 
bere,  jussi,  jussum  (§  70,  3, 
a) ;  order  special  religions 
services,  supplicationes  decer¬ 
no,  cernere ,  crevi,  cretum. 
other,  alius,  a,  ud ;  gen.,  lus 
(§  16,  1,  b) ;  of  two,  alter, 
tera,  terum. 

ought,  debeo,  bere ,  bui,  bitum. 
our,  noster,  tra,  trum. 
ourselves,  ipsi,  with  1st  person 
pi.  of  the  verb;  reflex.,  nos. 
out  of,  ex  (prep.), 
outside  of,  extra  (prep.), 
over,  super  (prep.).  [a,  um. 
own,  gen.  of  ipse ;  or  proprius, 
ox,  bos,  bovis,  c.  (§  11,  iii.  4,  b). 

P. 

part,  pars ,  tis,  f.  ;  or  gen.  (§  50, 
1,  d,  Rem.). 

pass  over,  transeo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii, 
itum ;  exigo,  igere,  egi,  actum  ; 
praetereo ,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum. 


patiently , patienter  (adv.). 
peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 
people,  populus,  i,  m. 
perform,  facio,  facere,  feci ,  fac¬ 
tum  ;  conficio,  f  icere,  feci , 
fectum ;  fungor,  fungi,  func¬ 
tus  sum  (dep.,  §  54,  6 ,  d). 
perish,  pereo,  ire,  ii  and  ivi,  itum 
(§37,6). 

pine-tree,  pinus,  us  or  i,  f. 

pity,  miseret,  miserere,  miseruit 
(§  50,  4,  c,  2). 

place,  locus,  i,  m.  (§  14,  2,  c) ; 
verb,  pono,  ponere,  posui, 
positum;  place  around,  cir¬ 
cumdo,  dare,  dedi,  datum 
(§  51,  1,  c) ;  take  place,  pass, 
of  gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestum. 
plain,  planities,  ei,  F. 
plan,  consilium ,  i,  N. 

Plato,  Plato,  onis,  m. 
play,  ludo,  der  e,  si,  sum. 
please,  placeo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
pleasing,  acceptus,  a,  um. 
pleasure,  voluptas ,  atis,  f. 
plough,  aro,  are,  avi,  citum; 

(noun),  aratrum ,  i,  n. 

Po,  Padus,  i,  m. 
poet,  poeta,  ae,  m. 
point  out,  monstro,  are,  avi, 
atum. 

Pompey,  Pompeius,  i,  M. 
poor,  pauper,  eris. 
possession,  obtain,  potior,  iri, 
itus  sum  (§  54,  6,  d). 
postman,  tabellarius,  i,  M. 
power  (in  .  .  .  of),  penes  (prep.). 
powerful,  potens,  tis. 
praise,  laus,  laudis ,  f.  ;  (act  of 
praising),  laudatio,  onis,  f. 
praise,  laudo,  are,  avi,  atum. 
prefer,  malo,  malle,  malui,  no 
sup.  (§  37,  3);  antepono,  po¬ 
nere,  posui,  positum;  prae¬ 
fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum. 
prepare,  j oaro,  are,  civi,  atum. 
present,  be,  adsum,  esse,  fui; 

at  or  in,  intersum ,  esse,  fui. 
preserve,  conservo ,  are,  avi, 
atum. 


VOCABULARY. - II. 


115 


pretend,  simulo,  are,  dvi,  atum  ; 

dissimulo,  are ,  dvi ,  atum. 
prevent,  prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
price,  pretium,  i,  N. 
prisoner  of  war,  captivus,  i,  m. 
produce,  fruges,  um,  f.  (pi.,  § 
14,  1,  c). 

profit,  prosum,  prodesse ,  profui. 
promis  e,  promissum,  i,  n.  ;  (verb), 
promitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum  ; 
polliceor ,  liceri,  licitus  sum. 
property,  bona,  orum ,  n.  (pl.). 
prosper,  secundo,  are  (no  perf., 
no  sup.). 

protection,  praesidium,  i,  n. 
provided,  dum,  dummodo  (§  62, 
2  ,d). 

providence,  providentia,  ae,  f. 
province,  provincia,  ae,  f. 
prowess,  virtus,  utis,  f. 

public  thanksgiving,  supplica¬ 
tio,  onis,  F. 

punish,  punio,  ire ,  ivi  and  ii, 
Itum. 

punishment,  poena,  ae,  F. 
pupil,  discipulus,  i,  M. 
put,  pono,  ponere,  posui,  positum ; 
(to  flight),  in  fugam  conicio, 
icere,  jeci,  jectum. 


a. 

quaestor,  quaestor,  oris,  m. 
queen,  regina,  ae,  f. 
quiet,  quietus,  a,  um. 


R. 

rapacious,  rapax,  acis. 
rapidly,  celeriter  (adv.). 
rather  (had),  malo ,  malle,  malui, 
no  sup.  (§  37,  3)*,  potius 
(adv.). 

reach,  venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum; 

pervenio,  venire,  veni,  ventum. 
read,  lego ,  legere,  legi,  lectum. 


receive,  accipio,  cipere ,  cepi,  cep- 
tum. 

recognize,  agnosco,  noscere,  novi, 
nitum. 

recover,  recipio,  cipere,  cepi , 
ceptum  ;  recupero,  are,  dvi, 
atum;  from  disease,  conva¬ 
lesco,  escere,  ui  (no  sup.). 
refresh,  reficio,  f  icere,  feci ,  fec- 
tum. 

reign,  regno,  are,  dvi,  atum. 
rejoice,  gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus 
sum  (semi-dep.,  §  35,  2). 
relate,  narro,  are,  dvi,  atum. 
relying,  fretus,  a,  um. 
remain,  maneo ,  manere,  mansi, 
mansum. 

remember,  reminiscor ,  isci,  no 
perf.  (dep.,  §  50,  4,  a); 
memini,  isse  (§  38,  1,  c). 
remind,  admoneo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
remove,  aufero ,  ferre ,  abstuli, 
ablatum. 

render,  reddo,  ere ,  idi,  itum. 
renew,  redintegro,  are ,  dvi,  atum. 
repent,  poenitet ,  poenitere,  poeni- 
tuit,  no  sup.  (impers.,  §  50, 
4,  c,  2). 

report,  fama,  ae,  f.  ;  (verb), 
refero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum. 
republic,  res  publica,  ae,  f. 
(§  14,  2,  d). 

repulse,  repello,  repellere ,  repuli, 
repulsum. 

restrain,  tempero,  are,  avi,  atum; 

coerceo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
retreat,  recipio ,  cipere,  cepi,  cep¬ 
tum  ;  se  refero ,  ferre,  tuli , 
latum. 

return,  revertor ,  verti,  versus  sum 
(dep.)  ;  redeo,  ire,  ii,  itum. 
revolution,  novae  res,  f.  (pl.). 
reward,  praemium,  i,  N. 

Rhine,  Rhenus,  i,  m. 
rise,  orior,  oriri  or  ori ,  ortus  sum 
(dep:,  §  35,  1,  h) ;  surgo, 
surgere,  surrexi,  surrectum. 
river,  fluvius,  i,  m.  ;  flumen,  inis, 
N. 

river-bank,  ripa,  ae,  f. 


116 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


road,  via ,  ae,  f.  ;  iter,  itineris ,  n. 
rock,  saxum ,  i,  n. 
roll,  volvo,  volvere,  volvi ,  volutum. 
Homan,  Romanus ,  a,  im. 

Home,  Roma,  ae,  f. 
rugged,  asper,  era,  erum. 
rule  (the  republic),  gero,  gerere, 
gessi,  gestum ;  impero ,  are, 
avi,  atum. 

run,  curro ,  currere,  cucurri,  cur¬ 
sum  ;  fugio,  fugere,  fugi, 
fugitum. 


s. 

«ad,  tristis,  e. 

safe,  tutus,  a,  um;  salvus,  a,  um. 
Safety,  salus ,  utis,  f. 
sailor,  nauta,  ae,  m. 
sake,  for  the,  causa  or  gratia 
(§  50,  1,  i,  Rem.), 
same,  idem  (§  20,  2). 
satisfy,  satisfacio ,  facere,  feci, 
factum. 

say,  dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum; 
(report),  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  la¬ 
tum  (§  37,  4). 
school,  ludus,  i,  m. 
scholar,  discipulus,  i,  m. 

Scipio,  Scipio,  onis,  m. 
sea,  mare,  is,  n. 
sea-shore,  ora  maritima. 
seated,  be,  consldeo,  dere,  sedi, 
sessum. 

see,  video,  videre,  vidi,  visum. 
seek,  peto,  petere,  petivi  and  petii, 
petitum ;  quaero,  quaerere , 
quaesivi  or  quaesii,  quaesitum. 
seem,  videor,  videri,  visus  sum 
(past  of  video'). 
seize,  occupo,  are,  avi,  atum. 
self,  ipse,  a,  um  (§  20,  2,  e; 
reflex,  se). 

sell,  vendo ,  dere,  didi,  ditum;  be 
sold,  veneo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii, 
itum  (§  35,  2,  b). 
senate,  senatus ,  us,  m. 
send,  mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum. 


sense,  sensus,  us,  m. 
servant,  servus,  i,  m.  ;  man  ser¬ 
vant,  famulus,  i,  m.  ;  maid 
servant,  ancilla,  ae,  f. 
serviceable,  utilis,  e. 
sesterce,  sestertius,  i,  m.  ;  one 
thousand,  sestertium,  i,  n. 
(§  85,  3). 

set  out,  proficiscor,  ficisci, 
fectus  sum  (dep.). 
severely,  graviter. 
shade,  umbra,  ae,  f. 
shall,  sign  of  fut.  tense  or  subj. 
sharp,  acer,  eris,  cre. 
sheep,  ovis ,  is,  f. 
ship,  navis,  is,  f. 
shore,  ora,  ae,  f.  ;  litus,  oris,  n. 
short,  brevis,  e;  parvus ,  a,  um; 

(scanty),  exiguus,  a,  um. 
should  (implying  duty),  opor¬ 
tet,  ere,  uit  (impers.) ;  other¬ 
wise  by  subj.  (§  57,  4,  and  c). 
shoulder,  humerus,  i,  m. 
show,  monstro,  are,  avi,  atum. 
show,  species,  ei,  f. 
shudder,  horreo,  horrere  (no 
perf.,  no  sup.). 

Sicily,  Sicilia,  ae,  f. 
side,  latus,  eris,  n.  ;  (on  this), 
citra  (prep.), 
signal,  signum ,  i,  N. 
silver,  argentum,  i,  N. 
since,  quoniam,  cum  (conj.). 
singing,  cantus,  us,  m. 
sit,  sedeo,  sedere,  sedi,  sessum. 
six,  sex ;  (six  hundred),  sexcenti , 
ae,  a. 

skilled,  peritus,  a,  um  (§  50, 
3,b). 

sky,  caelum,  i,  N. 
slaughter,  clades,  is,  F. 
slave  (male),  servus,  i,  m.  ;  (fe¬ 
male),  serva,  ae,  f. 
sleep,  dormio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum. 
small,  parvus,  a,  um. 
snow,  nix,  nivis,  f. 
so,  ita,  sic  (adv.);  (so  great), 
tantus,  a,  um;  (so  many), 
tot,  tam. 

soldier,  miles,  itis ,  c. 


VOCABULARY.  —  II. 


117 


some,  quidam ,  aliquis ,  aliquan¬ 
tum  (§  50,  2,  i/),  nonnulli; 
(somebody),  quispiam ;  (some¬ 
thing),  aliquid. 

some  .  .  .  other,  alius  .  .  .  alius 

(§  9)- 

son ,  filius,  i ,  M.  (p.  250). 
soon,  mox  (adv.) ;  cito  (adv.). 
soul,  animus ,  i,  M 
Spain,  Hispania,  ae,  f. 
spare,  parco ,  parcere ,  peperci  or 
parsi,  parcitum  or  parsum 
(§51,  2,  a). 

speak,  loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum 
(dep.) ;  (of  an  orator),  dico, 
dicere,  dixi ,  dictum. 
spring,  ver,  veris ,  N. 
stable,  stabilis,  e. 
stand,  .sio,  siare,  sfeh',  statum. 
standard,  signum,  i,  N. 
star,  stella,  ae,  f. 
state,  civitas,  dtis,  f. 
stork,  ciconia,  ae,  F. 
story, fabula,  ae,  F. 
strange,  novus,  a,  um. 
stream,  rivus,  i,  m. 
strip,  spolio,  are,  avi,  citum. 
strive,  nitor,  niti,  nisus  or  nixus 
(dep.).  [a,  um. 

strong,  validus,  a,  um  ;  firmus, 
strongly,  valide  ;  firmiter  ;  forti¬ 
ter  (adv.). 

study,  studeo,  ere,  ui  (no  sup.). 
subdue,  subigo,  igere ,  egi,  actum. 
Suessiones,  Suessiones,  um,  m. 

(pl.).  [a,  um. 

suitable,  aptus,  a,  um ;  idoneus, 
summer,  aestas,  at  is,  f. 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 
sure,  certus,  a,  um. 
surrender,  deditio ,  onis,  f.  ; 

(verb),  dedo,  dere,  didi,  ditum. 
surround,  cingo,  cingere,  cinxi, 
cinctum;  circumsto,  stare,  steti 
(no  sup.)  ;  circumeo,  ire,  ivi  or 
ii,  itum. 

sustain,  sustineo,  tinere,  tinui, 
tentum. 

swift  (rivers) ,  rapidus ,  a,  um  ; 
(persons,  &c.),  velox,  deis. 


swiftness,  celeritas,  dtis,  f. 
swim,  nato,  are,  avi,  atum. 
sword,  ferrum ,  i,  n.  ;  gladius, 
i,  M. 

T. 

take,  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum ; 
(possession  of),  occupo,  are, 
avi,  atum ;  (place),  passive  of 
gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestum ; 
(care),  citro,  are,  avi,  atum. 
talent,  talentum ,  i,  jsr. ;  (ability) , 
ingenium,  i,  n. 
teach,  doceo,  ere,  ui,  tum. 
teacher,  doctor,  oris,  m.  ;  magis¬ 
ter,  tri,  m. 

teli,  narro,  are,  avi,  atum;  dico, 
dicere,  dixi,  dictum. 
temper,  animus,  i,  m. 
tenacious,  tenax,  acis. 
tenth,  decimus,  a,  um. 
Tarentine,  Tarentinus,  a,  um. 
territories,  fines,  ium,  m.  (pl.). 
than,  quam,  or  abi.  case  (§  54, 5). 
that,  ille ,  illa,  illud;  is,  ea,  id; 

iste,  ista,  istud;  conj.  ut. 
theatre,  theatrum,  i,  n.  [se), 
themselves,  ipsi,  ae,  a  ;  (reflex, 
then,  tum,  tunc  (adv.). 
there,  ibi,  illic  (adv.) ;  (thither), 
eo  (adv.);  (there  is),  est; 
(is  there),  estne ;  (there  are 
some),  see  §  65,  2 ,  a.  [3,  b). 
therefore,  itaque,  igitur  (§  16, 
these,  see  this  (these  things), 
haec  (pl.,  §  20,  2). 
they,  see  he. 

thick,  densus,  a,  um ;  (wall), 
latus,  a,  um. 

thing,  res,  rei ,  f.,  neut.  adj. 
(§  47,  4,  a). 

think,  puto,  are,  avi,  dtum ;  (form 
an  idea),  cogito,  are,  avi, 
dtum;  (judge),  judico,  are, 
avi,  dtum  ;  (as  a  view),  sentio, 
tire,  si,  sum  ;  (estimate),  cen¬ 
seo,  ere,  ui,  um;  (an  indi¬ 
vidual  opinion),  opinor,  dri , 
atus  sum  (dep.). 


118 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


third,  tertius ,  a ,  um. 
thirst  (noun),  sitis,  is ,  F. ;  (verb), 
sitio,  ire,  ivi  or  it,  no  sup. 
(§  52,  1,  a). 
thirteen,  tredecim. 
this,  hic,  haec ,  hoc  (§  20). 
this  side  of,  citra. 
thoroughly,  pro  he  (adv.). 
those,  illi,  ae ,  a  (§  20,  2,  b,  c ,  d). 
thousand,  mille  (§  18,  1,  d). 
three,  tres ,  tria. 
through, per  (prep), 
throw,  jacio,  jacere,  jeci,  jactum. 
Tiber,  Tiberis,  is,  m.  ;  (acc.  ini). 
time,  tempus,  oris,  n. ;  (times), 
(§18,3). 

timid,  timidus ,  a,  um. 
to  (of  motion),  ad,  prep.;  (of 
relation),  dat.,  or  by  the  in- 
fin.  before  a  verb;  denoting 
purpose  (see  §  64,  and  2). 
to-day,  hodie  (adv.).  [(adv.). 

together,  und  (adv,) ;  simul 
to-morrow,  eras  (adv.). 
towards,  ad ;  (of  time) ,  sub. 
tower,  turris,  F. 
town,  oppidum,  i,  N. 
train,  exerceo,  ere,  ui,  itum.  [turn. 
transfer,  transfero,  ferre,  tuli,  la- 
treachery,  proditio,  onis,  f. 
treason,  proditio,  onis,  f. 
treat,  ago ,  agere ,  egi,  actum. 
tremble,  contremisco,  iscere,  ui. 
tribune,  tribunus ,  i,  m. 
tribuneship,  tribunatus,  us,  m. 
triumph,  triumpho,  are,  avi,  atum ; 

(noun)  triumphus ,  i,  M. 
troops,  copiae,  drum,  m.  (pi.), 
troublesome,  molestus,  a,  um. 
trust,  credo ,  dere,  didi,  ditum 
(§  51,  2,  a);  fido,  fidere, 
fisus  sum  (semi-dep.,  §  35,  2). 
truth  (true  things),  vera  (n.  pi.., 
§  47,  4,  b. 

tumult,  tumultus,  us,  m. 
turn  (verb),  verto,  vertere,  verti , 
versum;  (adv.,  by  turn),  in¬ 
vicem. 

Tuscans,  Tusci ,  drum,  M.  (pi.), 
two,  duo  (§  18,  1,  b). 


u. 

uncertain,  incertus,  a,  um. 
under,  sub  (also  §  54,  10,  b). 
understanding,  intellectus,  us,  m. 
undertake,  suscipio,  cipere ,  cepi, 
ceptum. 

undertaking,  inceptum ,  i,  N. 
unequal,  impar,  aris. 
unfriendly,  inimicus,  a,  um. 
unless,  nisi  (conj.). 
unlike,  dissimilis,  e  (§  17,  1,  b). 
until,  dum,  donee  (conj.). 
unwilling,  be,  nolo,  nolle ,  nolui 
(§  37,  2). 

unwillingly,  inoitus,  a,  um 
(§  «,  «)• 

unworthy,  indignus,  a,  um. 
upon,  in,  super  (§  42,  1,  c). 
use  (verb),  utor ,  uti,  usus  sum 
(dep.) ;  (noun),  usus,  us,  M. 


.v. 

value,  aestimo ,  are ,  dvi ,  atum; 

(noun),  pretium ,  i,  n. 
very  (superlative  degree),  (§  17, 
5,  b) ;  valde  (adv.) ;  magno¬ 
pere  (adv.). 

Verres,  Verres,  is,  m. 
vessel,  navis,  is,  f.  ;  vas,  vasis,  n. 
vexed  at,  b e,pigit,  pigere,  piguit 
and pigitum  est  (impers.,  §  50, 
4,  c,  2). 

victory,  victoria,  ae,  f. 
villa,  villa,  ae,  F. 

Volsinii,  Volsinii,  orum. 
vulture,  vultur,  uris,  m. 


w. 

wage,  gero,  gerere ,  gessi,  gestum  ; 
(against),  infero,  inferre,  in¬ 
tuli,  illatum. 


VOCABULARY. 


II. 


119 


wait,  exspecto ,  are ,  dvi,  atum ; 
maneo,  manere ,  mansi ,  man- 
sum. 

walk,  or  take  a  walk,  ambulo , 
are,  dvi,  atum. 

wall,  murus,  i,  m  ;  (of  a  city), 
moenia ,  turn,  n.  (pi.) ;  (of  a 
house),  paries,  etis,  M. 

wander,  erro,  are,  am,  atum ; 
(about),  vagor,  ari,  atus  sum 
(dep.). 

want,  careo,  ere,  ui,  itum  ;  (to  be 
wanting),  desum,  esse,  fui. 
war,  bellum,  i,  n.  ;  (wage  war) , 
infero,  inferre,  intuli,  illatum ; 
(in  war),  belli  (§  55,  3,  d). 
warn,  moneo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 
waste,  lay,  vasto,  are,  dvi,  atum; 

populor,  dri,  atus  sum  (dep.). 
watch,  vigilia,  ae,  f.;  (men), 
vigiliae,  drum,  m. 
water,  aqua,  ae,  f. 
wa ve,  fluctus,  us,  m. 
way,  via,  ae,  f. 
we,  nos  (§  19,  1). 
weak,  grow,  languesco ,  uescere, 
ui  (no  sup.), 
weapon,  telum,  i,  n. 
wearied,  fessus,  a,  um ;  (be 
weary) ,  (verb) ,  taedet,  tae¬ 
dere,  taeduit  or  taesum  est 
(impers.  §  50,  4,  c,  2). 
well,  bene  (adv.) ;  (adj.),  sdnus, 
a,  um. 

what  ?  quid  ? 

whatever,  quicquid  (§  21,  2,  b) ; 

quicumque  (§  21,  2,  a). 
what  o’clock,  quota  hdra. 
when,  cum,  ubi :  or  an  apposi- 
tive);  (when?)  quando  ?  (adv.). 
where,  ubi. 

wherefore,  quamdbrem ,  qudre, 
unde  (§  43,  2,  d). 
whether,  num,  ne. 
which  (of  two),  uter  (§  16, 1,  b). 
while,  dum  (§  43,  2,  h). 
white,  albus,  a,  um. 
whoever,  quicumque  (§  21,  2,  a). 
who  (which) ,  relative  qui,  quae, 
quod. 


who  (what),  interrog.,  quis 
(qui),  quae,  quod  (quid)  (§  21). 
wide,  Idtus,  a,  um. 
will,  volo  (§  37,  1) ;  (subj.  or 
sign  of  future  tense) ;  (noun), 
voluntas ,  dtis,  f.  ;  testamentum, 
i,  n. 

wind,  ventus,  i,  M. 
winter,  hiems,  is,  f.  ;  (winter 
quarters),  hiberna,  drum,  n. 

(P1-)-  . 

wise,  sapiens,  ntis. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volui  (no  sup., 
§  37,  1) ;  cupio,  ere,  ivi  or  ii, 
itum. 

with,  abl.  case;  (in  company 
with),  cum  (prep.,  §  19,  3,  e). 
within,  intra  (prep.), 
without,  sine  (prep.), 
wolf,  lupus,  i,  M. 
wood,  silva,  ae,  f.  ;  (fuel),  %- 
num,  i,  n.  ;  (building- wood) , 
materia,  ae,  f. 
worthy,  dignus,  a,  um. 
would  (subj.  or  §  57,  4,  c). 
wound,  vulnero,  are,  dvi,  atum; 

(noun),  vulnus,  eris,  n. 
write,  scribo,  scribere,  scripsi, 
scriptum. 

Y. 

year,  annus,  i,  m.  ;  (be  in  the 
year),  annum  ago,  agere,  egi , 
actum. 

yes,  repeat  the  verb, 
yesterday,  heri. 

yet,  tamen;  (not  yet),  nondum. 
you,  sing.,  tu ;  Pi-,  vos  (§  19,  1). 
your,  sing.,  tuus,  a,  um ;  (of 

more  than  one),  vester,  tra, 
trum. 

youth,  adolescens,  entis,  c . ;  juve¬ 
nis,  is,  c. ;  (younger),  minor 
natu. 

z. 

Zeno,  Zeno,  onis ,  M. 


INDEX  OF  SYNONYMES 


A. 

abesse,  190. 
accendo,  179. 
accidit,  159. 
accipio,  192. 
acies,  24,  156. 
adipiscor,  188. 
adolescens,  60. 
adversarius,  16. 
aedes,  179. 
aedificium,  179. 
aeger,  169. 
aegrotus,  169. 
aevum,  189. 
ager,  7. 
agmen,  22. 
agnomen,  Gr.  p.  32. 
agnosco,  162. 
aio,  79. 
alii,  187. 
aliquis,  31. 
alites,  169. 
amens,  190. 
amentia,  190. 
amnis,  15. 
ancile,  162. 
anima,  58. 
appello,  13. 
arvum,  7. 
atque,  10. 
aveo,  79. 
avis,  169. 

B. 

bellum,  156. 

C. 

calamitas,  182. 
callis,  69. 
campus,  7. 
capio,  192. 
catena,  47. 
celeber,  178. 
ceteri,  187. 


cito,  181. 
civitas,  21. 
clarus,  178. 
clipeus,  162. 
cognomen,  Gr.  p.  32. 
cognosco,  162. 
comes,  161. 
comitia,  17. 
commoror,  160. 
communico,  169. 
concessum  est,  75. 
concilium,  17. 
conor,  179. 
consilium,  17. 
constantia,  190. 
contigit,  159. 
cruciatus,  161. 
cunctus,  179. 
cupio,  79. 
curia,  161. 

D. 

deesse,  190. 
demens,  190. 
dementia,  190. 
demum,  190. 
denique,  190. 
depopulor,  180. 
desidero,  79. 
dico,  79. 
discrimen,  190. 
dissimulo,  69. 
ditio,  82. 
doceo,  21. 
doctus,  170. 
domus,  179. 
ductor,  181. 
dux,  181. 

E. 

edoceo,  21. 
educo,  21. 
emissarius,  184. 
ensis,  192. 


epistola,  25. 
erudio,  39. 
eruditus,  170. 
et,  10. 
evenit,  159. 
excors,  190. 
excipio,  192. 
exercitus,  22. 
experior,  191. 
explorator,  184. 

F. 

facies,  189. 
famulus,  161. 
fari,  79. 
fas  est,  75. 
festino,  14. 
flagito,  63. 
flamma,  179. 
flumen,  15. 
fluvius,  15. 
frustra,  169. 
furor,  190. 

G. 

gestio,  79. 
gladius,  192. 
gratiam  habere,  188. 
gratias  agere,  188. 

,,  referre,  188. 

H. 

habito,  160. 
haud,  156. 
homo,  36. 
hostis,  16. 
humanitas,  25. 

I. 

ignis,  179. 
illustris,  178. 
imber,  163. 
imperator,  181. 
imperium,  37. 


122 


impertio,  169. 
impetro,  188. 
in  singulos  dies,  182. 
incendium,  179. 
incendo,  179. 
inclitus,  178. 
infans,  60. 
infelicitas,  182. 
inflammo,  179. 
infortunium,  182. 
inimicus,  16. 
inquam,  79. 
intelligo,  183. 
interea,  157. 
interim,  157. 
iter,  69. 
iter  facere,  52. 

J. 

janua,  6. 

juramentum,  187. 
jusjurandum,  187. 
juvenis,  60. 

Ii. 

laqueus,  47. 
legatus,  180. 
lex,  17. 
libet,  86. 
licet,  75. 
litera,  25. 
litus,  23. 

M. 

mancipium,  161. 
maneo,  160. 
medeor,  61. 
mens,  58. 
miseria,  182. 
morbidus,  169. 

N. 

ne,  156. 
nemo,  179. 
nequidquam,  169. 
nimbus,  163. 
nitor,  179. 
nobilis,  178. 
nomino,  181. 
non,  156. 

O. 

obsideo,  29. 
obtineo,  188. 
oculi,  189. 
omnis,  179. 
oppidum,  21. 
oppugno,  29. 


INDEX  OF  SYNONTMES. 


opto,  79. 
ora,  23. 
orator,  180. 
oscines,  169. 

P. 

parma,  162. 
participo,  169. 
patria,  67. 
perduco,  21. 
periculum,  190. 
peregrinari,  52. 
peritus,  170. 
peto,  63. 
placet,  86. 
plebs,  17. 
pluvia,  163. 
poena,  161. 
populor,  180. 
populus,  17. 
porta,  6. 
portorium,  184. 
posco,  63. 
possum,  49. 
postremo,  190. 
postulo,  63. 
potentatus,  82. 
potentia,  82. 
potestas,  82. 
principatum,  37. 
proelium,  156, 
proficiscor,  52. 
propero,  14. 
provoco,  13. 
prudentia,  52. 
pugio,  192. 
pugna,  156. 

Q. 

que,  10. 
queo,  49. 
quidam,  31. 
quilibet,  31. 
quis,  31. 
quispiam,  31. 
quisquam,  31. 
quisque,  31. 
quivis,  31. 
quotidie,  182. 

R. 

recipio,  192. 
regio,  67. 
regnum,  37. 
reliqui,  187. 
rhetor,  180. 
ripa,  23. 
rivus,  15. 
rogo,  63. 
rus,  67. 


S. 

sacramentum,  187. 
sano,  61. 
sapientia,  52. 
saucio,  40. 
scientia,  52. 
scitum,  17. 
scriptura,  184. 
scutum,  162. 
semita,  69. 
senatus,  161. 
sentio,  183. 
servus,  161. 
sica,  192. 
sileo,  183. 
simulo,  69. 
singuli,  179. 
socius,  161. 
sodalis,  161. 
speculator,  184. 
succendo,  179. 
sumo,  192. 
supero,  190. 
supplicium,  161. 
suscipio,  192. 

T. 

taceo,  183. 
tandem,  190. 
tempestas,  188.  ■ 
tempus,  188. 
tento,  191. 
tormentum,  161. 
totus,  179. 
tribuo,  169. 
tributum,  184. 
turba,  190. 
tumultus,  190. 

U. 

ulciscor,  168. 
universus,  179. 
unusquisque,  31. 
urbs,  21. 
uterque,  31. 

y. 

vasto,  180. 
vectigal,  183. 
via,  69. 
vinco,  190. 
vinculum,  47. 
vindico,  168. 
vir,  36. 
voco,  181. 
volo,  79. 
volucer,  169. 
vulnero,  40. 
vultus,  189. 


ALLEN  &  GREENOUGH’S  LATIN  GRAMMAR, 


The  first  edition  was  published  in  1872,  and  was  widely  adopted,  reaching  a 
sale  of  over  30,000  copies .  In  1877,  the  editors  completed  a  revision,  which  has 
made  it  virtually  a  new  work  while  retaining  all  the  important  features  of  the  old. 
Attention  is  invited  to  the  following  merits  of  the  book : 

I.  The  Supplementary  and  Marginal  Notes  on  Etymology ,  Comparative  Philol¬ 
ogy ,  and  the  meaning  of  forms.  In  this  department  it  is  believed  to  be  more  full 
and  complete  than  any  other  school  text-book,  and  to  embody  the  most  advanced 
views  of  comparative  philologists. 

2.  Numerous  Introductory  Notes  in  the  Syntax ,  giving  a  brief  view  of  the  theory 
of  constructions.  These  Notes  are  original  contributions  to  the  discussion  of  the 
topics  of  which  they  treat ;  they  illustrate  and  greatly  simplify  syntactical  construe-, 
tion,  and  are  not  based  upon  abstract  theory,  or  “  metaphysics  of  the  subjunctive,” 
but  upon  linguistic  science%  or  upon  the  actual  historical  development  of  language 
from  its  simplest  forms. 

3.  Treatment  of  Special  Topics  of  Syntax.  On  these  points  we  invite  compari» 
son  with  other  school  grammars  on  the  score  of  simplicity  and  clearness. 

4.  The  extended,  and  often  complete,  lists  of  forms  and  constructions. 

5.  Tabulated  examples  of  peculiar  or  idiomatic  use. 

6.  The  full  and  clear  treatment  of  Rhythm  and  Versification ,  corresponding 
with  the  latest  and  best  authorities  on  the  subject. 

7.  The  unusual  brevity  attained  without  sacrifice  of  completeness  or  clearness. 

This  Grammar  expresses  the  results  of  independent  study  of  the  best  original 

sources.  It  has  been  strictly  subordinated  to  the  uses  of  the  class-room  through  the 
advice  and  aid  of  several  of  our  most  experienced  teachers.  The  rapid  adoption 
of  this  Grammar  in  over  three  fourths  of  the  leading  colleges  and  preparatory  schools 
of  the  country  is  believed  to  be  a  full  guaranty  for  its  adaptation  to  the  purposes  of 
instruction. 


ALLEN  &  GREENOUGH’S  LATIN  COURSE. 


Leighton’s  Latin  Lessons  (designed  to  accompany  the  Grammar). 

Six  "Weeks’  Preparation  for  Heading  Caesar  (designed  to  accompany 
the  Grammar,  and  also  to  prepare  pupils  for  reading  at  sight). 

Allen  &  Greenough’s  Caesar,*  Cicero,*  Virgil,*  Ovid,*  Sallust,  Cato 
Major,  Latin  Composition,  Preparatory  Latin  Course,  No.  II. 

(with  Vocabulary),  containing  four  books  of  Caesar’s  Gallic  War,  and  eight 
Orations  of  Cicero. 

Keep’s  Parallel  Rules  of  Greek  and  Latin  Syntax. 

Allen’s  Latin  Reader.  Selections  from  Caesar,  Curtius,  Nepos,  Sallust,  Ovid, 
Virgil,  Plautus,  Terence,  Cicero,  Pliny,  and  Tacitus.  With  Vocabulary. 

Crowell  &  Richardson’s  Brief  History  of  Roman  Literature. 
Crowell’s  Selections  from  the  Less  Known  Latin  Poets. 
Stickney’s  De  Natura  Deorum. 

Allen’s  (F.  D.)  Remnants  of  Early  Latin. 

Leighton’s  Critical  History  of  Cicero’s  Letters. 

Leighton’s  Elementary  Treatise  on  Latin  Orthography. 

White’s  Junior  Student’s  Latin-English  Lexicons. 

*  With  or  without  Vocabulary. 

A  Full  Descriptive  Catalogue  mailed  on  Application. 


G-INH  &  HEATH,  Publishers,  Boston,  Hew  York,  and  Chicago. 


GREEK  TEXT-BOOKS. 


Goodwin’s  Greek  Grammar.  Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition  for  1879. 

It  states  general  principles  clearly  and  distinctly ,  with  special  regard  to  those  who  are 
preparing  for  college. 

It  excludes  all  detail  which  belongs  to  a  book  of  reference ,  and  admits  whatever  wilt 
aid  a  pupil  in  mastering  the  great  principles  of  Greek  Grammar. 

The  sections  on  the  Syntax  of  the  Verb  are  generally  condensed  from  the  author’s 
larger  work  on  the  Greek  Moods  and  Tetises.  (See  below.) 

It  contains  a  brief  statement  of  the  author's  new  classification  of  conditional  sentences, 
with  its  application  to  relative  and  temporal  sentences ,  which  appears  now  for  the 
first  time  in  an  elementary  form. 

It  contains  a  catalogue  of  irregular  verbs ,  constructed  entirely  with  reference  to  the 
wants  of  beginners. 

All  forms  are  excluded  ( with  a  few  exceptions')  which  are  not  found  in  the  strictly 
classic  Greek  before  Aristotle. 

White’s  First  Lessons  in  Greek.  Prepared  to  accompany  Goodwin’s 
Greek  Grammar. 

A  series  of  Greek-English  and  English-Greek  Exercises,  taken  mainly  from  the 
first  four  books  of  Xenophon's  Anabasis ,  with  Additional  Exercises  on  Forms,  and 
complete  Vocabularies.  The  Lessons  are  carefully  graded,  and  do  not  follow  the 
order  of  arrangement  of  the  Grammar,  but  begin  the  study  of  the  verb  with  the 
second  Lesson,  and  then  pursue  it  alternately  with  that  of  the  remaining  parts  of 
speech.  It  contains  enough  Greek  Prose  Composition  for  entrance  into  any  college. 

Leighton’s  Greek  Lessons.  Prepared  to  accompany  Goodwin’s  Greek 
Grammar. 

A  progressive  series  of  exercises  (both  Greek  and  English),  mainly  selected 
from  the  first  book  of  Xenophon’s  Anabasis.  The  exercises  on  the  Moods  are 
sufficient,  it  is  believed,  to  develop  the  general  principles  as  stated  in  the  Grammar. 

Goodwin  &  White’s  First  Four  Books  of  the  Anabasis. 

Goodwin’s  Greek  Reader  contains  the  first  and  second  books  of  the  Ana¬ 
basis.  Also,  selections  from  Plato,  Herodotus,  and  Thucydides;  being  the 
full  amount  of  Greek  Prose  required  for  admission  at  Harvard  University. 

Goodwin’s  Selections  from  Xenophon  and  Herodotus  contains  the 
first  four  books  of  the  Anabasis,  the  greater  part  of  the  second  book  of  the  Hel- 
lenica  of  Xenophon,  and  extracts  from  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  books  of 
Herodotus. 

Anderson’s  First  Three  Books  of  Homer’s  Iliad. 

Goodwin’s  Greek  Moods  and  Tenses.  Gives  a  plain  statement  of  the 
principles  which  govern  the  construction  of  the  Greek  Moods  and  Tenses,— 
the  most  important  and  the  most  difficult  part  of  Greek  Syntax. 

F.  D.  Allen’s  Prometheus  of  iEschylus. 

Tarbell’s  Orations  of  Demosthenes. 

Flagg’s  Public  Harangues  of  Demosthenes. 

Tyler’s  Selections  from  the  Greek  Lyric  Poets. 

Seymour’s  Selections  from  Pindar  and  the  Bucolic  Poets. 
Whiton’s  Select  Orations  of  Lysias. 

White’s  CEdipus  Tyrannus  of  Sophocles. 

F.  D.  Allen’s  Medea  of  Euripides. 

Sidgwick’s  Introduction  to  Greek  Prose  Composition. 

White’s  Schmidt’s  Rhythmic  and  Metric  of  the  Classical  Lan¬ 
guages. 

Liddell  &  Scott’s  Greek-English  Lexicons.  Abridged  and  Unabridged. 
A  Full  Descriptive  Catalogue  mailed  on  application. 


G-INH  &  HEATH,  Publishers,  Boston,  Hew  York,  and  Chicago. 


NEW  BOOKS 


AND 


NEW  EDITIONS  FOR  1879. 


LATIN. 

A  brief  history  of  roman  literature  for  schools  and 

COLLEGES.  Translated  and  Edited  from  the  German  Edition  of 
Bender  by  Professor  E.  P.  Crowell  and  H.  B.  Richardson,  A.M.,  Amherst 
College,  Mass.  {Ready  in  August.) 

T\E  NATURA  DEORUM.  Translated  and  Edited  from  the  German 
**  Edition  of  Schoeman  by  Professor  Austin  Stickney,  formerly  of  Trin¬ 
ity  College,  Hartford.  {Ready  in  August.) 

TlEMNANTS  OF  EARLY  LATIN,  chiefly  Inscriptions.  Selected 
**  and  Explained,  for  use  in  Colleges,  by  Frederick  D.  Allen,  Professor 
of  Latin  in  the  University  of  Cincinnati.  {Ready  in  June.) 

Prepared  to  meet  the  need  which  many  of  our  best  teachers  of  Latin  feel, 
of  acquainting  students  with  the  earliest  forms  of  Latin,  as  an  aid  to  the 
better  comprehension  of  the  structure  of  the  language.  There  is  no  such 
book  in  existence,  the  nearest  thing  to  it  being  the  large  and  extensive 
work  of  Wordsworth,  which  is  not  adapted  to  school  use. 

A  CRITICAL  HISTORY  OF  CICERO’S  LETTERS.  By  R.  F.  Leigh- 
ton,  Ph.D.,  Principal  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  High  School.  The  History 
of  the  Letters  “ad  Familiares”  is  nearly  ready. 

AN  ELEMENTARY  TREATISE  ON  LATIN  ORTHOGRAPHY.  Em- 

bracing  the  Latest  Researches  of  Brambach,  Ritschel,  and  others. 
With  a  Vocabulary  of  Words  often  Misspelled.  By  R.  F.  Leighton,  Ph.D., 
Principal  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  High  School. 

SELECTIONS  FROM  THE  LESS-KNOWN  LATIN  POETS  — viz.,  Ca- 
tullus,  Lucretius,  the  Elegiac  W riters,  Lucan  and  Martial.  By  E.  P. 
Crowell,  A.M.,  Professor  of  Latin,  Amherst  College. 

PARALLEL  SYNTAX  OF  THE  MOODS  IN  GREEK  AND  LATIN. 

A  Prepared  by  R.  P.  Keep,  Ph.D.,  Instructor  in  the  Classical  Depart¬ 
ment  of  Williston  Seminary,  at  Easthampton,  Mass.  {Ready  in  June.) 

A  NEW  AND  COMPLETE  VIRGIL.  This  Edition  will  be  printed  from 
wholly  new  plates,  and  will  be  fully  annotated  by  Professor  J.  B. 
Greenough,  Harvard  University.  It  will  also  have  numerous  illustrations 
from  the  antique. 


GINN  &  HEATH,  Publishers,  Boston,  New  York,  and  Chicago. 


2 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


A  REVISED  EDITION  OF  ALLEN’S  LATIN  COMPOSITION.  Simpli- 
tied,  carefully  Graded,  and  Adapted  to  the  New  Allen  &  Greenough’s 
Latin  Grammar.  By  W.  F.  Allen,  Professor  of  Latin  and  History  at  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Wisconsin  and  Lecturer  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  ( Ready 
in  September. ) 

rjlHE  AGRICOLA  OF  TACITUS.  Edited  for  School  and  College  Use  by 
^  W.  F.  Allen,  Professor  of  Latin  in  University  of  Wisconsin. 


GREEK. 

FpHE  PROMETHEUS  OF  AESCHYLUS.  Edited,  with  Notes  and  Intro- 

duction,  by  Frederick  D.  Allen,  Professor  of  Greek  in  the  University 
of  Cincinnati. 

«ELECT  ORATIONS  OF  DEMOSTHENES.  Edited  by  Frank  B.  Tar- 
**  bell,  Yale  College.  This  work  will  contain  the  three  Philippics  and 
the  Oration  On  the  Chersonese,  from  the  Zurich  Edition  of  the  Text,  with 
an  Extended  Historical  Introduction  and  Explanatory  Notes. 

ipHE  PUBLIC  HARANGUES  OF  DEMOSTHENES.  Edited  by  Isaac 


Flagg,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  Cornell  University,  Ithaca, 


J. 

N.  Y. 

This  work  has  been  undertaken  in  view  of  the  f;ict  that  several  speeches 
belonging  to  this  head,  of  great  merit  and  importance,  have  not  as  yet  ap¬ 
peared  in  a  form  convenient  for  college  reading.  The  commentary,  ap¬ 
pended  to  a  carefully  edited  text,  will  be  adapted  to  the  requirements  of 
students  well  advanced  in  Greek.  Part  First,  forming  a  small  volume  by 
itself,  will  contain  the  three  Hellenic  Orations,  Symmories ,  Negalopolitans, 
and  Rhodians. 

«ELECTIONS  FROM  THE  GREEK  LYRIC  POETS,  with  an  Historical 

Introduction  and  Explanatory  Notes.  By  Henry  M.  Tyler,  Professor 
of  Greek  and  Latin  in  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass.  ( Ready  in 
June.) 

«ELECTIONS  FROM  PINDAR  AND  THE  BUCOLIC  POETS,  Contain- 

**  ing  six  Odes  of  Pindar,  four  Idylls  of  Theocritus,  a  Hymn  of  Calli¬ 
machus,  a  Hymn  of  Cleanthes,  and  one  of  the  Homeric  Hymns;  in  all 
thirteen  hundred  lines.  Edited  by  Professor  T.  D.  Seymour.  Western  Reserve 
College,  Ohio.  ( Ready  in  January ,  1880.) 

rpHE  FIRST  THREE  BOOKS  OF  HOMER’S  ILIAD.  By  Professor  F. 

E.  Anderson,  of  Harvard  University. 

THIRST  TWELVE  BOOKS  OF  HOMER’S  ODYSSEY.  With  Introduc- 
tion,  Notes,  and  Tables  of  Homeric  Forms,  for  School  Use.  By  W. 
W.  Merry,  A.M.,  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  England. 

GINN  &  HEATH,  Publishers,  Boston,  New  York,  and  Chicago. 


Since  the  issue  of  our  last  Annual  Catalogue,  the 
following*  Colleges  and  Schools  have  introduced 
Allen  and  Greenougli’s  Latin  Course:  — 


Michigan  University. 

University  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Mercersburg  College,  Pa. 
Westminster  College,  Pa. 
Monongahela  Coll.,  Jefferson, 
Pa. 

Kenyon  College,  O. 

Ohio  State  University. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  Female  College, 
Delaware,  O. 

University  of  Chicago,  III. 

Ft.  Wayne  College,  III. 

Butler  University,  III. 

Wesleyan  University,  Blooming¬ 
ton,  III. 

Princeton  College,  Ky. 
Washington  &  Jefferson  College, 
Pa. 

Franklin  &  Marshall  College, 
Lancaster,  Pa. 

Lincoln  University,  Pa. 

Frederic  College,  Md. 
Washington  College,  Chester- 
town,  Md. 

Western  Maryland  College,  Md. 
National  Deaf  Mute  College, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Roanoke  College,  Salem,  Va. 
Hiram  College,  Hiram,  O. 

St.  Paul’s  College,  Mo. 

Central  College,  Fayette,  Mo. 
Parsons  College,  Fairfield,  la. 
Adrian  College,  Mich. 

Hillsdale  College,  Mich. 

Battle  Creek  College,  Mich 
Milton  College,  Milton,  Wis. 
Lawrence  University,  Wis. 
Wayland  University,  Wis. 

Doane  College,  Nebraska. 
Pacific  Method.  Coll.,  Cal. 

Lowell  High  School,  Mass. 
Salem  High  School,  Mass. 

New  Bedford  High  School,  Ms. 
Northampton  High  School,  Ms. 
Bridgewater  High  School,  Ms. 
Weymouth  High  School,  Ms. 
South  Weymouth  High  School, 
Mass. 

Adams  High  School,  Mass. 


Winchester  High  School,  Mass. 
East  Douglas  High  School,  Ms. 
Billerica  Academy,  Mass. 

Lasell  Seminary,  Auburndale, 
Mass. 

Mr.  Nichols’  Lat.  School,  Boston. 
Private  School,  Lynn,  Mass. 
Bromfield  School,  Harvard,  Ms. 
Augusta  High  School,  Me. 

Saco  High  School,  Me. 

Wayne  High  School,  Me. 
Boothbay  High  School,  Me. 
Corinna  Union  Academy,  Me. 
Ladies’  Seminary,  Portland,  Me. 
Bucksport  Academy,  Me. 
Robinson  Academy,  Exeter,  N.  H, 
Brackett  Academy,  Greenland, 
N.H. 

Wolfboro’  Academy,  N.  H. 
Montpelier  High.School,  Vt. 
Poultney  Academy,  Vt. 

Fair  Haven  High  School,  Vt. 
Goddard  Seminary,  Barre,  Vt. 
Classical  School,  Waterbury,  Ct. 
Glastonbury  Academy,  Conn. 
Cheshire  Academy,  Conn. 

Adelphi  Acad.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Rockland  College,  Nyack,  N.  Y. 
Girls’  Normal  College,  N.  Y.  City. 
Claverack  Coll.,  Ciaverack,  N.  Y. 
Clinton  Grammar  School,  N.  Y. 
St.Johns  School,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. 
Drum  Hill  Sch.,  Peekskill,  N.  Y. 
Newburg  Institute,  Newburg, 
N.  Y. 

Newburg  Free  Academy,  New¬ 
burg,  N.  Y. 

MissCrofut’s  Girls’  School,  Yon¬ 
kers,  N .  Y. 

Kissick’s  Commercial  &  Classi¬ 
cal  School,  Brooklyn. 

Miss  Mackey’s  Girls’  School, 
Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Cook’s  Collegiate  Institute, 
Poughkeepsie,  N.Y. 

Trinity  School,  Tivoli,  N.  Y. 

New  Berlin  Graded  School,  N.  Y. 
Brewster’s  Station  Pub.  School, 
N.  Y. 


Charles  L.  Shaw’s  Sch.  Astoria, 

N.  Y. 

Millersville  State  Normal  Sch. 
Pa. 

Shippensburg State  Normal  Sch. 
Pa. 

Westchester  State  Normal  Sch., 
Pa. 

Chambersburg  Academy,  Pa. 

Hill  School,  Pottstown,  Pa. 
Wilkes  Barre  Academy,  Pa. 
Harrisburg  Acad.,  Harrisburg, 
Pa. 

Germantown  Academy,  German, 
town,  Pa. 

Pottsville  High  School,  Potts- 
ville,  Pa. 

Scranton  High  Sch.,  Scranton, 

Pa. 

Brown  &  O’Hea  Class.  School, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Cheltenham  Acad.,  Shoemaker- 
town,  Pa. 

Gettysburg  Academy,  Pa. 
Dickinson  Sem’y,  Williamsport, 
Pa. 

Lock  Haven  State  Nor.  Sch.,  Pa. 
Mansfield  State  Nor.  Sch.,  Pa. 
Hazleton  High  School,  Pa. 
Sunbury  High  School,  Pa. 
Moravian  Parochial  Sch.,  Beth, 
lehem,  Pa. 

Preparatory  School,  Carlisle,  Pa. 
Ury  House  School,  Foxchase,  Pa. 
New  Mahoning  School,  Pa. 
Mountain  Sem’y,  Birmingham, 
Pa. 

Montclair  High  School,  N.  J. 
Rutherford  Park  High  School, 

N.  J. 

Lambertville  High  School,  N.  J. 
Blairstown  Acad.,  Blairstown, 
N.  J. 

Plainfield  High  Sch.,  Plainfield, 

N.  J. 

Morristown  Academy,  N.  J. 
Wesleyan  Female  College,  Del. 
Miss  WorrePs  Sch.,  Wilmington, 
Del. 

Middletown  High  School,  Del. 
Park  Sem’y,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Emerson  Institute,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Mrs.  Archer’s  Sch.,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Cincinnati  High  Schools,  O. 
Dayton  High  School,  O. 
Worthington  High  School,  O. 
Moravian  Seminary,  Salem,  N.C. 
Ann  Arbor  High  School,  Mich. 
Ypsilanti  High  School,  Mich. 
Jackson  High  School,  Mich. 
Battle  Creek  High  School,  Mich. 


Kalamazoo  High  School,  Mich. 
Lapeer  High  School,  Mich. 
Monroe  High  School,  Mich. 

Flint  High  School,  Mich. 
Northville  High  School,  Mich. 
Charlotte  High  School,  Mich. 
Tecumseh  High  School,  Mich. 
Wayne  High  School,  Mich. 
Ludington  High  School,  Mich. 
Menominee  High  School,  Mich. 
West  Bay  City  High  School,  Mich. 
Orchard  Lake  Academy,  Mich. 
Leggett  Academy,  Detroit,  Mich. 
State  Normal  School,  Mich. 
Hinckley  Acad.,  Munroe,  Mich. 
Princeton  High  School,  III. 
Tuscola  High  School,  III. 
Ceneseo  High  School,  III. 
Soule’s  Acad.,  Highland  Park, 


Whipple  Academy,  Jacksonville, 
III. 

Jacksonville  High  School,  III. 
Morgan  Park  Military  Academy, 
III. 


Four  Division  High  Schools,  Chi¬ 
cago,  III. 

Chicago  University  Prep.  Dep’t., 
III. 

Riverside  High  School,  III. 
Highland  Hall,  III. 

Humboldt  High  School,  III. 

Dixon  High  School, III. 

Jennings  Seminary,  Aurora,  III. 
Champaign  Districts,  I  &  2,  III. 
Lake  Forest  Academy,  III. 

Allen’s  Academy,  Chicago,  III. 
Appleton  High  School,  Wis. 
Kemper  Hall,  Kenosha,  Wis. 

Eau  Claire  High  School,  Wis. 
Marshall  Academy,  Wis. 

Delphi  High  School,  Ind. 
Huntington  High  School,  Ind. 
Mishawaka  High  School,  Ind. 

No.  Manchester  High  School, 
Ind. 

Panora  High  School,  Iowa. 
Washington  High  School,  Iowa. 
Ottumwa  High  School,  Iowa. 
Hiatt  Academy,  Iowa  City,  Iowa. 
Waterloo  High  School,  Iowa. 
Clinton  High  School,  Iowa. 
Anamosa  High  School,  Iowa. 
Muscatine  High  School,  Iowa. 
Burlington  Academy,  Iowa. 
Fogg’s  School,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

St.  Cloud  Normal  School,  Minn. 
St.  James  Academy,  Macon,  Mo. 
Leavenworth  High  Sch.,  Kansas. 
Lincoln  High  School.  Neb. 
Lebanon  High  School,  Ky. 
Colorado  Springs  High  School, 
Colorado. 


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BOSTON  COLLEGE 


9031  035  24358  3 


